186 Iowa 1172 | Iowa | 1919
In the year 1913, Henry Evers and his wife, Margaret, were residents of Sac City, Iowa. They
“This agreement, made and entered into'this 24th day of June, 1913, by and between Henry Evers and Margaret Evers, husband and wife, of Rae City, Iowa, parties of the first part, and Minnie Margaret Heilig, party of the second part, witnesseth:
“Whereas the parties of the first part are advanced in years and feeble in body and will need the care and attention and services of someone competent and willing to care for them during the declining years of their lives and look after their physical wants and comforts;
“And whereas, the second party, who is a granddaughter of the parties of the first part, has agreed upon the request and solicitation of the parties of the first part to render the said parties of the first part such services in the way of care and attention as they shall need during the remainder of their natural lives and the survivor of them. ■
“Now, therefore, in consideration of the premises, the parties of the first part hereby agree to convey unto the party of the second part the following described real estate,' situated in the county of Rae and state of Iowa, to wit:
“The Northwest quarter (N'W%) of Rection twenty-seven (27) in Township eighty-nine (89) North, Kange thirty-five (35) West of the 5th P. M., and to execute unto the said paily of the second part a conveyance of said premises subject only to a lease of the same to the present tenant. '
“And the party of the second part hereby expressly agrees, in consideration of said conveyance, that she will render such services to the parties of the first part during the remaining years of their lives and each of them as the said first parties or either of them may need, and she will care for them and look after all their wants and physical comforts during all of such times.
“Henry X Evers,
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her
“Margaret X Evers, '.
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“Minnie Margaret Heilig.
“Witnesses:
"/. Fuller,
“Orville Lee.”
Oil ilie same date, Henry Evers and wife united in executing and delivering to Mrs. Heilig a deed with the usual covenants of warranty for the 160 acres of land owned by them. The recited consideration for the deed is, “the love and affection we hear our granddaughter,” and an “agreement on part of our granddaughter, Minnie Margaret Heilig, that she will render to us such service as we may need during our declining years and-care for our physical wants and comforts during the remaining years of our lives and of each of us, which agreement is of even date herewith and is in writing.”
The deed was recorded on the day following its date. On the same day, also, Margaret Evers, wife of Henry, as to whose mental competency no question is raised, made and executed a will, by which she made her granddaughter, Mrs. Heilig, the sole beneficiary of all the estate of which said testatrix should die seized or possessed.
Three days later, June 27, 1913, Mrs. Heilig, accompanied by both her grandparents, returned to her home in South Dakota, where she kept and cared for them during the remainder of their lives. On October 6, 1914, Mrs. Heilig sold and conveyed the farm to the defendant A. E. Webb, both her grandparents, Henry Evers and Margaret Evers, and her husband, John Heilig, joining in making such conveyance by warranty deed.
Henry Evers died June 11, 19.15, and his wife, Margaret. died on December 6th of the same year. Their bodies
To complete this outline of matters not in serious dispute, it should also be said that, in the year 1909, four years prior to the conveyance made by him to his granddaughter, Henry Evers executed a will, by which he gave and devised to his wife a life estate in all his property, in lieu of dower, subject to which he gave and devised all his property and estate to Fred Evers and Minnie Heilig, share and share! alike.
On November 6, 1916, this action was begun by Fred Evers, to set aside and declare void the deed made by his father and mother to their granddaughter, and the deed made by Mrs. Heilig and her grandparents to the defendant Webb; also, that he be decreed to be the owner of an undivided half of the quarter section, and that a partition thereof be made, and for general relief.
In support of his demand, he alleges that, at the date of the first-named deed, June 24, 1913, Henry Evers Avas wholly incompetent to make such conveyance; that he Avas then suffering from senile dementia, and wholly unable to understand or comprehend the nature and effect of his ael or the papers executed by him; and that such instruments are, therefore, void. He further alleges that such contract and conveyance were made without considera!ion, and were procured by Mrs. Heilig by undue influence exercised over said grantor by herself and others acting in her behalf.
As to the defendant Webb, the plaintiff charges that he took title to the land with notice and knowledge of the alleged defect in the title of Mrs. Heilig, and still withholds a large part of the agreed consideration, to await the ultimate determination or adjudication of the plaintiff’s claim to a share in the land.
By an amendment, plaintiff pleads the relationship between Mrs. Heilig and her grandparents, and alleges that,
The defendants admit the execution and delivery of the deeds sought to be set aside, and deny all charges of fraud and undue influence in their procurement. They also plead the contract of June 24, 1913, hereinbefore set out, and allege that the same was fully and in good faith performed and carried out by Mrs. Ileilig and her husband, thereby rendering good and sufficient consideration for the conveyance of the land to her. They also deny the allegation of mental unsoundness made against ITenry Evers, or that, lie was in any wise' incompetent to make the deed.
The trial court, after hearing the testimony of numerous witnesses, offered on either - side, found against plaintiff, and embodied in its decree a finding that, on the date of the contract and deed, Henry Evers had sufficient mental capacity to legally execute those instruments; that, after the stroke or attack from which he suffered on June 3, 1913, he had recovered or improved in a material degree before June 24th; that he knerv the act in which he was engaged; knew the members of his family and those who were the natural recipients of his bounty; knew the property he possessed; and had a well-defined judgment how he wished to dispose of the same. The court concedes that the truth of these findings, or of some of them, is in dispute, but, in its opinion, the decided preponderance is with the views expressed and the conclusion announced.
Counsel on both sides agree that the case thus stated involves, for the most part, only familiar and well-established principles of law and equity, and that, for the plaintiff to establish any right or interest in the 160 acres, it must be found from the evidence, as a matter of fact, either (1) that the deed was obtained through undue influ
It is a quite constant feature of cases of this kind that but little effort is required to find plenty of Avitnesses who have seen some sign of deterioration in a person whose mental soundness is questioned, and this is especially true Avhere the alleged unsoundness bears the taking title of senile dementia; while, on the other hand, there is usually no lack in the number who knew the alleged dement Avell, and are equally certain that his mental vigor and soundness were not materially abated. This conflict arises not so much from recklessness of Avitnesses, as from the varying conception they have of what constitutes mental unsoundness, for the purposes of the law.
“The presumption is, he was sane when the contraer was made, and the burden is upon appellants to show that he Avas not, and that he Avas, in fact, incapacitated from making the contract. In order to avoid the contract, it must appear not only that defendant was unsound of mind or insane, when it was made, but that this unsoundness or insanity was of such character that he had no reasonable perception or understanding of the nature and term-s of the contract. Mere weakness of mind or unsoundness to some
This rule has been too often stated and too often approved to justify us in taking time and space for a review of the authorities.
If, therefore, we concede, as is proper under the record, that plaintiff did produce evidence on the trial fairly tending to show that, at and about the time this deed was made, the mind of Henry Evers was, to some degree, weakened and clouded by illness or by senile decay, it does not follow that the conveyance ought to be set aside. That result can be justified only by the further finding that the mental deterioration of the grantor had reached a stage where he was incapable of fairly comprehending the nature and effect of his act. For if, notwithstanding' his mental weakness, if any, he still had sufficient capacity to know and understand, and did, in fact, know and understand the nature and effect of the contract and deed made by him, it is not within the province of the court to set them aside. It is not a question whether what he did was reasonable or unreasonable, just or unjust, or whether the disposition made of his property was one which the court or any other person would have made under the circumstances. It was' his legal light to divide the property between his heirs, or give it all to one or to neither, or to convey it in consideration of an assured support for himself and his aged wife during the remainder of their lives; and such act on his part is not to be nullified except by an affirmative showing of mental incapacity which had progressed to the extent above indicated. Whether that stage of imbecility had been reached by Henry Evers was, under the evidence, a fair question of fact for the decision of the trial court, and that question the court solved against the contention of the appellant.
Is the record such that, upon its consideration de novo,
On this date last named, as we have before stated, he suffered a stroke or attack which rendered him, for a short time, speechless, and physically weak. It also fairly appears that he was mentally confused, and the physician called in expressed the idea that he had become insane, and there was talk of taking him to the hospital, which was abandoned when Mrs. Heilig came, and consented to remain and take care of the old people. The plaintiff, who lived ten miles away, and reached his parents in the afternoon of that day, says his father did not recognize him, and was unable to speak intelligently, except, 'Sometimes, to answer yes or no to questions asked him. He wandered about aimlessly; used words or expressions of no apparent meaning; mumbled to himself; was liable to fall down,-if not watched and assisted; tried to smoke, and did not seem to know which end of the pipe to put in his mouth. The next morning, he seemed a little better, and was able to dress,himself with little help.
Plaintiff left for his own home on the morning of June
Except a Mr. Lamoreux, no witness who saw him between the date of the deed to Mrs. Heilig and his death, suggests any doubt of his soundness of mind; but all. some five or six in number, thought him competent. Now, in order to entitle plaintiff to the relief asked, it must also be
The presumption of his mental soundness at that time is also strengthened by the testimony of the notary who prepared the deed, witnessed Evers’ signature, and took his acknowledgment, as it is also by the other witnesses living in Dakota at the time, and there meeting and knowing said grantor. Taking the testimony of all the nonexpert witnesses on either side, and giving them all due credit for candor and good faith, it must he said that it fairly preponderates in favor of the theory that, on June 24, 1913, and on October G, 1914, Henry Evers was possessed of sufficient mental capacity to make a valid contract and deed.
Large reliance is placed by appellant upon the expert testimony of Doctors Findley, Studebaker, and McCreight. The first named, Dr. Findley, alone attempts to speak of Evers from personal observation, and his judgment, founded thereon, is entitled to respectful consideration; but the question still remains one upon which the court was required to reach its own conclusion from the evidence as a whole. The doctor’s professional attendance on the old man rvas limited to two visits on June 3d, and one visit on June 4th; and, in view of later developments, and the testimony of the many witnesses who saw the patient at different times during the remaining two and a half years of his life, the conclusion is justified that there was a mistake in this physician’s diagnosis of a confirmed, hopeless condition of senile dementia, from which there was no possibility of recovery or improvement.
The other physicians, having answered as to their general qualifications to speak as experts, were each asked to
“Now, Doctor, assuming the facts to be as I stated, basing your answer upon your knowledge, observation, and experience as a physician and surgeon, are you able to express an opinion as to the mentality or mental condition of the person or patient I have referred to ?”
An affirmative answer having been obtained, it is followed with the question whether a person such as there described is of sound or unsound mind, to which the witness responds that such a person is a victim of senile dementia, which is a permanent and progressive ailment.
Without at all reflecting upon counsel in their manner or method of presenting their testimony, it is proper to say that it is a real misfortune that, in the trial of nearly every case involving questions of mental condition, the idea seems to px’evail that the weight and value of expert testimony is in proportion to the length and perplexity of the interrogatory by which it is extracted fx’onx the witness; when, in truth, the vex*y multiplicity of detail and the piling up of item on item, many of them being, as a matter of common knowledge, wholly consistent with perfect soundness of mind, axid many others having no fair basis ixx the testimony, tend only to detract from the weight and value of the witness’ opinion, when the court or jury comes to consider the merits of the issue to be decided. Evidence that an old man’s eyesight is dim, his hearing impaired, his hand unsteady, his voice tremulous, his joints rheumatic, his step shortened, and so on through all the long list of unwelcome signals of the approaching end of his earthly career, may all be true; and yet the divine spark, the immortal mind, may still shine with undimmed radiance until it lights
Applying that test, we have no hesitancy in saying that the deficiency we have before pointed out in the plaintiff’s proofs of the alleged mental incapacity of Henry Evers by nonexpert testimony is not bridged OArer or supplied by the testimony of the physicians. The eAddence of these experts may. be conceded to be the accepted, scientific vieAV of the profession, based on the assumption of the entire correctness of the hypothesis on which their opinion is formed; but it manifestly proves too much for the plaintiff’s case. They agree that a man in the condition described in that statement is in an advanced stage of senile dementia, and that such condition is always progressive and incurable. Now, with a single exception, the record shows, by every one of the numerous witnesses who saw or knew Henry E:vers during the two and a half years of his life after June 5y1913, that he- did improve to such an extent that he impressed them all Avith the belief that lie was a man of sound mind. We cannot discard all this concurring testimony as false or mistaken. It is far easier and more reasonable to conclude that lie Avas not a senile dement, as, indeed, he could not have been if we are to accept the opinion of all the medical witnesses as to the nature of such a condition.
There is still another aspect of the case to Avhich Ave may well advert. It is argued that it was an unnatural thing for-this old man and his wife to convey the farm to their granddaughter alone, leaving no substantial estate to
It is to be kept in mind, too, that there i$f nowhere in the record any suggestion that the wife of Henry Evers was lacking in mental capacity. As the wife of Henry, the mother of Fred, and grandmother of Minnie, and a woman presumably of normal mind and character, she must have been as nearly impartial in her affections for these persons as it is humanly possible to be; and the fact that she freely united with her husband in making the contract and deed to Minnie, is evidence of no small value that she be
There is some evidence that Henry was angry at Fred for attempting to put him under guardianship, and it is possible that that fact may have had some influence over his mind. But even if this be so, it tends more to show that the old gentleman still retained the normal qualities of the average man than to indicate any failure of mental capacity.
There is no occasion for further discussion. The finding of the trial court that the allegation of mental incapacity on part of Henry Evers to make the conveyances sought to be set aside has not been sustained by sufficient proof, is affirmed. The repeated criticism of the trial court, indulged in by counsel for appellant, to the general effect that its attitude and rulings on the trial were unfair, or influenced by undue sympathy for the principal appellee, is not justified by anything in the record.
The decree below is right, and it is — Affirmed.