68 N.Y.S. 719 | N.Y. App. Div. | 1901
Lead Opinion
The plaintiffs and some of the defendants are nieces of Mary L. Everdell, who died in 1897, leaving a will of real and personal property, of which the defendants Jacob F. Miller and Elizabeth Hill are executors and trustees.
Mary L. Everdell had several brothers and sisters. Some of them were married and had children. Mary Everdell and her two sisters, Matilda and Catherine, were maiden ladies, each possessed of property, the precise amount of which does not appear. It is claimed by the plaintiffs that in the year 1879 the three sisters, Catherine, Matilda and Mary, made an agreement between themselves, by virtue of which the one dying first was to leave all her property to the other two; the one second to die was to leavé all her property to-the survivor; and the surviving sister was to devise and bequeath by will all the property of which she died the owner to their nieces. It is claimed that this agreement was carried out by Matilda, the first sister to die, and by Catherine, the second sister, but that Mary never made any such will as by this contract she agreed, but that, oh the contrary, she by her will left a large portion of her property to persons other than her nieces. This action is brought to enforce the specific performance of this alleged agreement, and to obtain a judgment that the legatees and executors under the will of Mary L. Everdell should hold the property received by them as trustees for the niece's who shall be adjudged to be the owners of all that property, and that they shall be required to transfer said property to the nieces in order to carry out the agreement.
There is grave doubt in our minds whether the proof was sufficient to establish the making of the contract as alleged. The rule as to the amount of evidence necessary to establish an agreement of this kind is that it will not be enforced where the evidence leaves it unceitain what the precise agreement is. (Gall v. Gall, 29 Abb. N. C. 19, and notes; Healy v. Healy, 55 App. Div. 315, 319.) The evidence in this case leaves it somewhat uncertain, and if the matter were presented to us as an original proposition, it is doubtful whether we would be able to find that the contract was made. But we are not disposed to found our decision upon that ground, because in our judgment there are some legal questions in the case which determine its disposition, even if we should adopt the conclusion of the learned justice at the Special Term, that the evidence did establish the making of the contract relied upon by the plaintiffs.
The claim was that the three sisters had made a contract by which the first one to die should devise and bequeath her property to the survivors; the second one to do the same to the last survivor, and the last to give all her property to her nieces. It is shown that Matilda, the first sister to die, made her will in April, 1881, and by it gave all her property to her two sisters. In July, 1881, the surviving sisters, Catherine and Mary, made their wills, by which each one gave to the other all her property, real and personal. The will of each sister gave a. legacy to their brother Francis Everdell during his life; but it is not necessary, in my judgment, to lay any stress upon that legacy, because it was provided in each will that the remainder in that legacy should belong to the sisters. Neither Catherine nor Mary made any provision in her will for the nieces, and so far as they were concerned the alleged agreement was never carried out, nór was there any intention of carrying it out by either of them, so far as appears. The wills of Catherine and Mary were
The fact that these various wills were made is not disputed, nor is it alleged on the part of the plaintiffs that Mary Everdell ever made such a will as it is claimed was provided for by the agreement. There is no pretense that in any of her wills she ever left one penny to any of her nieces except what was left by the last will which is attacked. This fact is important as showing the difference between this case and all the other cases in the books where it has been attempted to enforce an agreement to make mutual wills. In the leading case of Lord Walpole v. Lord Orford (3 Ves. Jr. 402), and in every case which has followed it, as far as I can discover, down to the case of Edson v. Parsons (85 Hun, 263 ; 155 N. Y. 555), the agreement to make the mutual wills had been carried out and each party to the agreement had made such a will as it' was claimed the agreement called for. The grievance in each case was that after the death of one party to the agreement the survivor had attempted to revoke the will which he had made in accordance with the contract, and the relief asked was that the attempted revocation should be held to be ineffectual and that the first will made, in pursuance of the agreement, should be established as the will of the testator.
It is quite apparent that in all such cases the Statute of Frauds could not be successfully invoked, because, although the original contract had been by parol, yet it had been executed by a writing made with the express intention of carrying it into effect; and'the complaint in each case was that there had been an attempt by a subsequent act to destroy - the effect of the writing which had been
Nor is this case within the rule of those cases where the plaintiff has performed services upon the faith of an agreement to devise property to him after the death of the one for whom the services were rendered. In such a case the well-settled rule of equity applies that the person who has fully performed his part of the contract has the right to enforce the specific performance of the contract on the part of the other party to it, although, if no part of it had been performed, it would have been void under the Statute of Frauds.
But this case does not come within the principle established in either of these classes of cases. It is not an attempt to establish a will which has been made, but it is an attempt simply to procure the courts to make for a party a will which she never executed, disposing of her property in a way which she never intended. The persons who make this attempt never had any contractual relations with the testatrix, nor with any of the parties to the alleged contract ; they never did any act by way of part performance; they never acquired a legal right to any of the property affected by the alleged contract, nor have they lost anything because of an attempt to perform the contract by either party to it or by an attempt by any one else to perform it.
That this contract is within the Statute of Frauds will not probably be denied. (Gould v. Mansfield, 103-Mass. 408 ; Gooding v. Brown, 35 Hun, 148 ; Ellis v. Cary, 74 Wis. 176.) Being within the Statute of Frauds it is void in equity as well as in law. (Wheeler v. Reynolds, 66 N. Y. 227.) But although a contract may be void as within the Statute of Frauds, yet the courts of equity in their discretion will sometimes require the specific performance of such a contract where the party seeking that performance has so far executed it on his part that it would operate as a fraud upon him if he were not able to secure the benefit of it; but it is conceded that this rule of equity trenches upon the statute and operates practically as a repeal of it, and, therefore, the courts are loath to extend this doctrine of part performance to a case which has not already by well-settled rules been brought within the principles thus far established. (Story Eq. Juris. § 766; Pom. Spec. Perf. § 98.)
One of the rules which the court has established in respect of this
Proof of that fact is entirely lacking in this case. The facts even do not establish by fair inference that any of the wills were made with reference to the alleged contract. Indeed, when Catherine made her will, no such contract was in her mind,-for in it, and in the will of her sister Mary, made at the same time, no provision was made by either for any of the nieces.
It is also a rule that the party seeking specific, performance must have done by way of part performance some act which is not only exclusively referable to the contract, but is of such a nature that if the contract should not be performed that person would be practically defrauded by reason of the act which he had done in part performance of the contract and in reliance upon it. (Canda v. Totten, 157 N. Y. 281 ; Wheeler v. Reynolds, supra ; Story Eq. Juris. § 763 ; Pom. Spec. Perf. § 104.) There is no pretense in this case that the plaintiffs ever did any act in part performance of this-contract, or in fact that they ever knew anything about it. So far as they are concerned, this was simply an attempt on the part of other persons to make a' gift to them which never was executed; and they are in the same position as any person' who attempts in equity to enforce the specific performance of an agreement to make a gift, which will never be done. (Young v. Young, 80 N. Y. 422.)
But it is said that Matilda and Catherine Everdell having partly performed this contract, the plaintiffs have by virtue of that part performance some standing in equity to obtain this relief. But the plaintiffs are not assignees of either Catherine or Matilda; they never received anything from them, and ■ neither Catherine nor Matilda ever occupied towards them the position of trustees. Whatever right they can have exists, if at all, by reason of this void contract; and if they should be permitted to enforce it we would have the remarkable situation of a person claiming to be at liberty to enforce a void contract, because by . the contract he claims a right
At the time this contract was made, in 1879, and when it was executed by Matilda so far as it was executed, there were living other brothers and sisters, who are the parents of the .plaintiffs, and of the nieces who have been made defendants. Hone of the brothers or sisters at that time had died leaving children ; so that if these three sisters had died at that time, the only persons who would have taken their estates would have been the living brothers and sisters. So far as the nieces were concerned, neither of these three ladies had a legal obligation towards them, either to support them or to pay them any money or to give them any part of their estates. Whatever they might see fit to give them was simply a matter of favor, and was not done and cannot be said to have been done in performance of any legal obligation which either of these ladies ever owed to any niece. The nieces were not parties to this contract. Indeed, it does not appear that they had any knowledge of its existence for many years after it is alleged to have been made. So we have here an effort by persons who are not parties to a contract to enforce it.
Under certain circumstances that undoubtedly can be done. (Lawrence v. Fox, 20 N. Y. 268.) But while this case has established a principle which is undoubtedly well settled in the jurisprudence of this State, yet that principle has never been so far extended as to permit a person to enforce such a contract unless some obligation existed towards him on the part of the one who procured the contract to be made for his benefit. Ho case can be found where a person has been permitted to bring an action under the principle established in Lawrence v. Fox (supra), to enforce a mere gift, unaccompanied by any obligation of the promisee to the person for whose benefit the thing was to be done. That a mere stranger cannot claim the benefit of a contract between other parties, and that to entitle a third person to such a benefit there must be either a new consideration or some prior right or claim against one of the con
It is very clear that if this was a contract to pay money to -these-persons, within the cases cited above, the plaintiffs could not maintain this action; and we are not aware of any rule of equity which authorizes a person to maintain an action of that kind for equitable-relief where he would have no standing in a court of law to enforce-what he said was a legal liability. The. only case in the books, so- ■ far as I can discover, in which even a suggestion was made that such an action may be maintained, is the case of Edson v. Parsons(155 N. Y. 555), in which the court below found that the alleged agreement to make mutual wills, had never been made, and dismissed the complaint of the beneficiary upon that ground. That finding was-affirmed by the General Term (85 Hun, 263), and upon appeal to theOotirt of Appeals it was held that the facts were disputed, and that,.
It is insisted by the defendants that the decree of the surrogate upon the contest of the will of Mary Everdell before him is a conclusive adjudication that the plaintiffs cannot maintain this action. But the surrogate has no equity jurisdiction ; and, even if this claim has been made in his court, the surrogate could not have adjudicated upon it. He could only say whether the will presented to him was the last will of Mary Everdell; and, if it was, he was bound to admit it to probate, leaving to this court, which alone has full equity jurisdiction, the right to make such a judgment as the plaintiffs ' should be entitled to.
But, for the reasons stated above, we conclude that the plaintiffs had no standing in court to maintain this action, and the judgment must be reversed and a new trial ordered, with costs to the appellants to abide the event.
Ingraham, J., concurred.
Concurrence Opinion
I concur with Mr. Justice Ruhsey. The result of the judgment appealed from is that the court has made a will for the testatrix by which all of her property is disposed of after her death for the benefit of certain persons, although a will making such a disposition of her property was never signed or executed as required by statute ; and this result is effected because it is alleged that the deceased made an agreement many years ago to make a will dividing her property among certain specified persons, although none of the legatees and devisees who seek to enforce this alleged oral agreement were parties to the agreement or paid any of the consideration lipón which it was based. Such á result would, it seems to me, violate the express provisions of the statute which prescribe the formalities necessary to the execution of a valid will of real or personal property and open the door to the fraud which it was the special object of the statute prescribing such formalities to prevent. By the statute in relation to the execution of wills (2 R. S. 03, § 40) it is provided : “ Every last will and testament of real or personal property, or both, shall be executed and attested in the following manner: 1. It shall be subscribed by the testator at the end of the will. 2. Such subscription shall be made by the testator in the presence of each of ■the attesting witnesses, or shall be acknowledged by him' to have been so made to each of the attesting witnesses. 3. The testator, at the time of making such subscription, or at the time of acknowledging the same, shall declare the instrument so subscribed to be his last will and testament. 4. There shall be at least two attesting witnesses, each of whom shall sign, his name as a witness, at the end of the will, at the request of the testator.” And in this State it has been uniformly held that these requirements must be strictly complied with before a will can be admitted to probate or be effectual to dispose of the property of a testator. It is unnecessary to cite authorities to sustain this proposition, but the last expression of the Court of Appeals on the subject is Matter of Andrews (162 N. Y. 1). It is there said: “ It has long been the settled policy of this state to require certain formalities to be observed in the execution of wills; these provisions are exceedingly simple and calculated to prevent frauds and uncertainty in the testamentary dispositions of property.” It was there determined that
In this case, the testatrix never made a will in pursuance of this alleged oral agreement. Ho such will was ever executed by her with or without the formalities required by the statute; and no will, therefore, exists which was valid under the statute, or which could be admitted to probate to efEect such a disposition of the testatrix’s property. In the absence of such a formally executed will, no court has the power to make a will for the testatrix and thus dispose of her property after her death as though she had made a will as prescribed by the statute. In all of the cases which have enforced these mutual agreements to make a will of which I have any knowledge, a will executed with the formalities required by law had been actually executed in pursuance of the agreement, and it was that will that the judgment enforced as against a will subsequently made and which, but for the agreement, would have revoked the prior will made in pursuance of the agreement. This consideration seems to me to bar the' enforcement by the court of such an oral executory agreement as was alleged in this case where no will was actually executed in pursuance of its provisions.
I concur, therefore, in the reversal of this judgment.
Yah Brunt, P. J., concurred; Hatch, and O’Brien, JJ., dissented.
Dissenting Opinion
I find myself finable to agree with the majority of the court in the disposition which is made of this case. The trial court has found that the three sisters, Matilda, Catherine and Mary L. Everdell,. entered into an agreement each with the other that each should make her last will and testament, and should therein give, devise and bequeath to the survivors or survivor all of her property, so that the sister last surviving should receive the entire estate of the two-sisters who predeceased her, and that the survivor should make and leave a last- will and testament giving her entire estate, including the property derived from the two deceased sisters, to all the nieces of the sisters, share and share alike; that Matilda and Catherine both died prior to Mary, each leaving a last will and testament which disposed of her property in accordance with the agreement. Matilda, the first to die, devised her property to Catherine and Mary, except that she gave to her brother,-Francis Everdell, the use of certain property during his lifetime, and upon his death, or if he should sooner pay over the same, to the surviving sisters, the same to go to them absolutely. Catherine was next to die, and she gave and devised in like manner her property to' her sister Mary, making the same provision therein with respect to Francis Everdell as'-was contained in Matilda’s will. Under these wills Mary took and received the entire property and estate left by the sisters as aforesaid. Mary, after having received the estates of her sisters, repudiated the agreement arid by her last will and testament disposed of the greater part of her estate in violation of the provisions of the agreement. The court further found that such agreement was a valid, binding agreement, and decreed performance in accordance with it, as demanded in the complaint.
I am of opinion that the finding of the court is clearly supported by the testimony, and answers the requirements as to the degree of strictness of proof required by the rule laid down in Gall v. Gall (64 Hun, 600). The parol testimony given in the case is clear and distinct and practically uncontradicted to the effect that the sisters, a long time prior to their death, agreed among themselves to make mutual wills, so that .the ultimate disposition of the property shotild. become vested in their nieces, parties to this action. The wills support the oral testimony. That of Matilda bore date April 4, 1881;
As applied to the facts of this case, however, the agreement having been performed, and the surviving sister having received its benefits, the right of the nieces to the property became absolute. It was not essential or necessary that any will should have been made by Mary to vest title in them, or secure their rights. They took, not by virtue of the will, but by virtue of the agreement which had been made and executed by the two sisters who had died. If Mary had left no will, their rights would not have been defeated, and the making of a will contrary to the agreement did not operate to divest them of such right. The Statute of Wills, under such circumstances, manifestly can have no application, for it is not the will of Mary which is to be effectual to vest in the nieces the title of the property; they take by virtue of the executed agreement. The method by which that agreement was to be carried into effect was
So far as the bequests in the wills to Francis Everdell is concerned, there was no departure from the agreement. In this respect the three wills were alike. The bequest itself was in the nature of a necessity and a desire to aid the brother, and was evidently shared in by all of the sisters, as the wills upon this subject are the same. Francis L. Everdell was indebted to the sisters for moneys and certain stocks loaned to him, belonging to them. . The stocks he had hypothecated and raised money thereon for use in his business, and the sisters evidently intended that these debts should be discharged and the stocks returned during the lifetime of Francis, and, if not, at his death. The necessity for the bequest in this form was due to the circumstance of Francis’ indebtedness, and whatever be its legal character, it did not have the effect of showing any departure from the agreement. In any event, Mary L. Everdell could not be heard to say, nor can her representatives, that this bequest is a départure from the agreement. The wills contained it; Mary received the property; and after the death of her two sisters she proceeded to recover the stock and collect the debts which were due and owing from the brother, and has, therefore, placed a practical construction upon the wills and her right thereunder. She had reduced to her own possession, prior to her death, all of the property which came to her through the wills of her sisters, including this.
Aside from this feature, the’terms of the wills correspond with the proof and both together answer the requirements of the law and clearly support the finding of the learned court. Indeed, as I view this case, unless the agreement for mutual wills be supported, it may as well be said that the law. does not authorize, or validate, such agreements, for here the existence of the agreement is clear, cogent and convincing, and the proof shows its execution by two of the sisters. Upon the facts, -therefore, I think the action can ' be maintained and the judgment is proper, if it can be supported within legal rules. As to the latter question, I entertain no doubt whatever, for, as I view the law laid down by the Court of Appeals in Edson v. Parsons (155 N. Y. 555), such question is authoritatively determined. Therein an action was brought to enforce a
Two things were decided in that case: First, that such an action could be maintained and, if supported by sufficient proof, the agreement enforced; and, second, that the ultimate beneficiary under the agreement had standing to maintain the action, although not a party to the agreement. It seems clear, therefore, that under the facts and the law, as presented by this case, the plaintiffs are entitled to the benefits of the judgment which has been rendered. The Statute of Frauds constitutes no bar to the action. It would have been a complete answer to it had the agreement remained executory, but it having been executed, and Mary L. Everdell having received the benefits under it, she was bound to vest the property, which she devised, in accordance with its terms; and, having failed, equity will enforce the agreement and make the disposition which she ought to have made. (Healy v. Healy, 55 App. Div. 315.) All of the eases relied upon by the appellants in support of the statute as a bar are distinguished by the fact that in each the alleged agreement remained executory, and no performance was had under it. In the present case there was clear consideration by the devise of the property to Mary and her enjoyment of it. The doctrine of Lawrence v. Fox (20 N. Y. 268) and kindred cases has no application. That was an action at law to enforce a promise made by one party to another for the benefit of a third person. This is an action in equity for the-specific performance of a contract and, in effect, to impress a trust in favor
I think, therefore, that the. judgment should be affirmed. ■
O’Brien, J., concurred.
Judgment reversed, new trial ordered, costs to appellants to abide event.
Concurrence Opinion
I concur, and in addition I think that no will was made by either of the sisters which was at all a compliance with the contract as sworn to.