Both plaintiff and defendants appeal from orders partially granting requests for the production of documents. Such interlocutory discovery orders are generally not appealable because they usually do not affect a substantial right that would be lost if the trial court’s rulings are not reviewed before final judgment.
Mack v. Moore,
We note first that the trial court attempted to certify the matter for appeal pursuant to Rule 54(b) of the Rules of Civil Procedure, finding that its rulings affected a substantial right of defendants. The trial court’s order was not, however, “final” in nature, and the trial court may not make an interlocutory order immediately appealable by a Rule 54(b) certification.
Lamb v. Wedgewood South Corp.,
308
N.C. 419, 425,
In Sharpe, the trial court ordered the production of documents concerning the participation of the defendant physician in a Physician’s Health Program. Defendants physician and hospital appealed, contending that the records were protected by a statutory privilege and therefore were not subject to disclosure. This Court dismissed defendants’ appeal, holding that it was interlocutory and did not affect a substantial right of defendants. In reversing our decision, our Supreme Court held that where “a party asserts a statutory privilege which directly relates to the matter to be disclosed under an interlocutory discovery order, and the assertion of such privilege is not otherwise frivolous or insubstantial, the challenged order affects a substantial right under [N.C. Gen. Stat. §] 1-277(a) and 7A-27(d)(1).”
Sharpe,
In this case both plaintiff and defendants bring forward numerous assignments of error, presenting two important questions of first impression for our consideration: first, whether the plaintiff in an action for breach of contract and “bad faith” against an insurer is entitled to discover internal documents relating to the bad faith issue prior to demonstrating that defendants’ policy provides coverage for plaintiff; second, whether and to what extent either “work product” immunity or attorney-client privilege protect an insurer’s claim file (including internal memoranda, correspondence, and legal opinions) from discovery in a “bad faith” claim against the insurer.
I. Bifurcation of Discovery
Defendants argue that the trial court erred in requiring them to produce internal documents because there has not yet been a determination that the homeowners’ policy issued by defendants provides coverage for plaintiff’s claim.
We are aware that the appellate courts in several of our sister states have held that a plaintiff is not entitled to discover internal
documents generated by an insurer until the plaintiff proves that there is coverage under the policy.
See, for example, Bartlett v. John Hancock Mut. L. Ins. Co.,
Plaintiff argues that this question is not properly before us on this appeal, because it was not raised in the trial court. Rule 10(b)(1) of our Rules of Appellate Procedure provides in pertinent part that “[i]n order to preserve a question for appellate review, a party must have presented the trial court with a timely request, objection or motion, stating the specific grounds for the ruling sought if the specific grounds are not apparent.”
State v. Eason,
Here, there was no request that the trial court bifurcate discovery or enter an order pursuant to the provisions of Rule 26(d) to sequence or time discovery so that discovery related to the bad faith issues would follow the completion of discovery related to the coverage issues. Thus, we must agree with plaintiff that this important issue is not properly before us at this time.
As it seems likely, however, that this question will continue to arise in the trial courts, we point out that our Rules of Civil Procedure permit the parties to use discovery methods in any sequence, unless the trial court “upon motion, for the convenience of parties and witnesses and in the interests of justice, orders otherwise...N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 26(d) (1999). Thus, it appears that a party may move that the trial court in its discretion schedule discovery so that discovery related to a coverage question precedes discovery related to a bad faith claim. Before making its decision on a motion to bifurcate the issues or to sequence discovery, the trial court should consider, among other things, the factual context in which the question arises, as well as the existence and nature of the coverage dispute. Further, since the determination of the existence of coverage under an insurance policy is a question of law for decision by the trial court, the trial court may choose to expedite a hearing to determine the coverage question.
Because the bifurcation issue is not properly before us at this time, we overrule this assignment of error.
II. Immunity and Privilege Issues
“The primary purpose of the discovery rules is to facilitate the disclosure prior to trial of any unprivileged information that is relevant and material to the lawsuit so as to permit the narrowing and shaipening of the basic issues and facts that will require trial.”
Bumgarner v. Reneau,
Parties may obtain discovery regarding any matter, not privileged, which is relevant to the subject matter involved in the pending action, whether it relates to the claim or defense of the party seeking discovery or to the claim or defense of any other party ....
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 26(b)(1) (1999). The test of relevancy set out in Rule 26(b)(1) is much less stringent than the standard of relevancy found in N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 401 (1999). For discovery purposes, information need only be “reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence ....” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 26(b)(1).
Both parties in the instant case appeal orders by the trial judge compelling and denying discovery of certain documents. These orders contain neither findings of fact
Here, the record does not reveal that either party requested that the trial judge make findings of fact. It has been repeatedly held by our Supreme Court that, “[w]hen the trial court is not required to find facts and make conclusions of law and does not do so, it is presumed that the court on proper evidence found facts to support its judgment.”
Estrada v. Burnham,
The documents that plaintiff seeks to discover may be organized into four categories: (A) entries in a “claims diary”; (B) a report by outside investigator Ward-THG; (C) internal memoranda; and (D) internal policy manuals. We will examine in detail the trial court’s rulings as they relate to the documents in each category.
A.
Defendants’ “claims diary” is a document containing about 115 computer entries dated 12 May 1996 through 30 December 1998, detailing actions taken by defendants during the course of plaintiff’s claim, including summaries of conferences with in-house and outside counsel. Many of the entries are brief procedural “summaries” or notes containing little pertinent information, privileged or otherwise. After reviewing the claims diary in camera, the trial court found that twenty-one entries were protected in whole or part by the attorney-client privilege. Following a second hearing, the court found that four additional diary entries were shielded from discovery under the work product doctrine. The trial court then ordered production of the remaining portions of the claims diary. The documents submitted to the trial court for its in camera inspection were filed as a part of the record on appeal and have been carefully examined by this Court. The claims diary contains handwritten marginal notes apparently made by the trial court beside the entries found to be protected, designating each entry as “privileged,” or occasionally “privileged atty.”
Defendants argue that all of the diary entries are protected from discovery by either the “work product” doctrine or the attorney-client privilege, and that plaintiff is entitled to none of the information in the claims diary. Rule 26 of our Rules of Civil Procedure tempers its broad grant of the power to discover any matter relevant to pending litigation through an exemption for privileged matter (such as the attorney-client privilege), provision for protective orders, and a qualified immunity for documents and other tangible things prepared “in anticipation of litigation.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 26(b)(3). The protection given to matters prepared in anticipation of trial, or “work product,” is not a privilege, but a “qualified immunity.”
Willis v. Power Co.,
The primary reasons for the protection given by Rule 26 to materials prepared in anticipation of litigation are to maintain the adversarial trial process and to ensure that attorneys are properly prepared
for trial by encouraging written preparation.
Hickman v. Taylor,
Balanced against the importance of protecting work product is the fundamental consideration that procedural rules should be construed to allow discovery of all relevant information in order to facilitate a trial based on the true and complete issues.
See Hickman,
This Court has recently noted that the phrase “in anticipation of litigation” encompasses a concept without sharply defined boundaries.
Cook v. Wake County Hospital System,
Our decision in
Cook v. Wake County Hospital System
provides some guidance in determining whether documents are prepared in the ordinary course of business, rather than in anticipation of litigation. In
Cook,
plaintiff was injured in a fall on the premises of defendant hospital. Pursuant to the hospital’s risk management policies, a form entitled “Hospital Incident or Accident Report” was prepared by hospital personnel within twenty-four hours after the accident. After plaintiff filed suit, defendant declined to produce the accident report, and plaintiff sought to compel its production. We held that the trial court erred in failing to require the production of the accident report, which was prepared in furtherance of a “number of nonlitigation, business purposes.”
Cook,
We are aware that there is disagreement among our sister jurisdictions as to whether insurance claims files should be granted work product privilege. Some courts require direct involvement of an attorney before granting protection.
See, for example, Thomas Organ Co. v. Jadranska Slobodna Plovidba,
Here, defendants carried out the investigative process and ultimately denied plaintiff’s claim. It appears that the investigation stage of the claims process is one carried out in the ordinary course of an insurer’s business within the meaning of Willis and Cook. Until defendants determined that their homeowners’ policy did not provide coverage to plaintiff, we cannot say as a matter of law that defendants “reasonably” anticipated litigation. Consequently, we do not believe that material prepared in the course of the investigatory process is normally entitled to the Rule 26 qualified work product immunity. We acknowledge the possibility of litigation in any such case with catastrophic injuries, but decline to hold that even in such tragic cases litigation can be reasonably anticipated prior to a decision on coverage. Even in cases where coverage is clear, a plaintiff might well disagree with an insurer about the damages to be paid. While that is also true as to almost any case, we cannot conclude that there is a reasonable possibility of litigation in every case.
Thus, documents prepared before an insurance company denies a claim generally will not be afforded work product protection.
See Ring,
After an exhaustive review of the entries in the claims file at issue in the case before us, we cannot say on this record that the trial court abused its discretion in denying “work product” protection to a large number of the claims diary entries. We now consider whether the trial court abused its discretion in determining that some of the entries in the claims diary were not protected by the attorney-client privilege.
Like the work-product exception, the attorney-client privilege may result in the exclusion of evidence which is otherwise relevant and material. Thus, courts are obligated to strictly construe the privilege and limit it to the purpose for which it exists.
Upjohn Co. v. United States,
The attorney-client privilege operates to protect confidential communications between attorneys and their clients. “Its purpose is to encourage full and frank communication between attorneys and their clients and thereby promote broader public interests in the observance of law and administration of justice.”
Upjohn,
The burden of establishing the attorney-client privilege rests upon the claimant of the privilege. A privilege exists if “(1) the relation of attorney and client existed at the time the communication was made, (2) the communication was made in confidence, (3) the communication relates to a matter about which the attorney is being professionally consulted, (4) the communication was made in the course of giving or seeking legal advice for a proper purpose, although litigation need not be contemplated, and (5) the client has not waived the privilege.
State v. McIntosh,
The mere fact that the evidence relates to communications between attorney and client alone does not require its exclusion. “Only confidential communications are protected. If it appears by extraneous evidence or from the nature of a transaction or communication that they were not regarded as confidential, or that they were made for the purpose of being conveyed by the attorney to others, they are stripped of the idea of a confidential disclosure and are not privileged.”
Dobias v. White,
Here, it appears that the twenty-one diary entries found by the trial court to be protected by the attorney-client privilege were either requests to counsel for advice and opinions, or were counsel’s reply to such requests. Upon careful review of the record, we find no evidence that the trial court abused its discretion when it ordered the partial production and partial protection of the claims diary entries.
B.
Defendants also argue that the trial judge erred in compelling discovery of an investigative report compiled by independent claim adjusters (Ward-THG) hired by defendants. The report, dated 22 May 1996, contains an accident report, interviews with plaintiff and the investigating police officer, and photographs of the accident scene. Defendants argue that the trial court erred in failing to find the Ward-THG report shielded from discovery as work product. We disagree. Defendants hired Ward-THG as part of its investigation into plaintiffs claim and considered the report in making a decision about whether to deny the claim. As we point out above, we cannot find as a matter of law that defendants could “reasonably anticipate” litigation of a coverage question before the investigative procedure was completed and before defendants denied plaintiff’s claim. We find no evidence that the trial judge abused his discretion in ordering the production of the Ward-THG report.
C.
Next, both parties argue that the trial court erred in its order regarding production of defendants’ internal memoranda. Of the thirteen documents marked as exhibits, the trial court required that defendants produce four of the documents. All of the remaining documents appear to have been either generated by defendants’ claims counsel or directed to counsel, and all appear to be focused on the central legal question of whether the automobile at issue in this case was in “dead storage” at the time of the accident in question. Applying our decisions with regard to attorney-client privilege as discussed above, we cannot find that the trial court abused its discretion in declining to order production of these documents. The four memoranda ordered to be produced by the trial court were also generated by defendants’ in-house counsel, but are brief notations with regard to action being, or to be, taken on the claim. While there is a cogent
D.
Finally, defendants contend that the trial court erred in ordering the production of four portions of defendants’ online procedures manual, a reference database containing voluminous information to assist in the investigation and disposition of insurance claims. The document marked Exhibit 17 is a detailed description of intracompany claims handling procedures. Plaintiff argues that he is entitled to discover this document to determine whether defendants complied with their own internal procedures in denying the homeowners’ claim giving rise to this litigation. Likewise, Exhibit 20 is a document which contains guidelines for referring claim files to in-house or private counsel for resolution of legal issues. There is no evidence of record that defendants’ employees consulted these procedural manuals in making the coverage decision in this case, and defendants argue that their contents are irrelevant to this litigation. While the documents might not be admitted at a future trial, we cannot say as a matter of law that the information sought is not “reasonably calculated” to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 26(b)(1). Therefore, considering the broad parameters of relevancy in the discovery process, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in ordering production of Exhibits 17 and 20.
Exhibit 18 is a distillation of research into court decisions involving the definition of “dead storage,” and suggests some of the facts and circumstances that are important in determining when an automobile is in “dead storage” for insurance purposes. Exhibit 19 is a collection of laws and regulations in the area of claims handling and unfair claims practices. Defendants argue that this information is available to plaintiff elsewhere, and to require production of these documents gives plaintiff the benefit of defendants’ research. While this is an argument a trial court may properly consider in ordering production of documents of this sort, in this case we cannot find that the trial court abused its discretion in requiring their production.
We find support for our position in the decisions of other jurisdictions and the federal courts.
See, for example, Blockbuster Entertainment Corp. v. McComb Video,
In summary, we have reviewed the trial court’s rulings on these discovery motions under an abuse of discretion standard, there having been no request that the trial court make findings of fact or conclusions of law with regard to its rulings. We also stress that important related questions, such as waiver of the attorney-client privilege and a demonstration of the necessity for production of documents otherwise protected as work product, are not before us on this appeal but are for another day.
It appearing that the trial court conscientiously examined all documents in question herein and soundly exercised its discretion in light of case law interpreting our discovery rules, the orders of the trial court must be, and hereby are
Affirmed.