Evans v. City of Hutchinson

99 Kan. 477 | Kan. | 1917

The opinion of the court was delivered by

Mason, J.:

Laura Belle Evans recovered a judgment against the city of Hutchinson on account of injuries she received in a fall caused by irregularity in thq surface of a sidewalk due to the scaling off of the cement crust covering a space about two feet long and six inches wide. The defendant appeals.

1. One witness testified that the depression in the surface of the walk occasioned by the breaking and removal of the crust was about half an inch deep. Another who visited the place two or three weeks after the accident estimated the depth at three inches. Objection is made to the latter testimony on the ground that no showing was made that the condition had not changed.' There was no direct and explicit evidence to that effect, but it was shown that the hole in the walk had existed for several years and was not repaired until later. Moreover this objection was not specifically made at the trial and is not now tenable.

2. The jury returned an affirmative answer to a question submitted in these words: “Was the defect in the sidewalk over which plaintiff passed a place about two feet long and six inches wide where the upper crust or surface crust of the cement walk had broken through to a depth of about one-half inch ?” The defendant insists that a depression of half an inch is so shallow that the court should say as ‘a matter of law that it could not constitute an actionable defect. In view of the testimony already referred to the finding that the depth was “about” half an inch can hardly be regarded as indicating that it was not greater in places. In a number of cases somewhat similar defects in a sidewalk have been held to be so slight that no question for a jury is presented in an action seeking to hold the municipality liable for resulting injuries. (Note, L. R. A. 1916 A,'490, and notes therein referred to; Note, 20, Ann. Cas. 798.) The ordinary rule, however, as shown by cases cited in the notes referred to, is that liability depends on whether an injury such as that complained of should have been anticipated, by the exercise of reasonable prudence, as the result of the defect in question. (28 Cyc. 1367.) Each case turns to a large extent upon its own peculiar features. A review of the specific decisions arising out of facts having some likeness to those here presented would extend this opinion unduly, and is not regarded as necessary. Clearly the scaling off of the top of a cement sidewalk in irregular patches of considerable size, leaving a depression surrounded by an abrupt rise, although less than an inch in height, might cause a fall, as is said to have happened here. Whether such an accident ought, by the use of a fair degree of diligence, to have been anticipated and guarded against is a matter about which reasonable minds may differ, and therefore the question of the liability of the city was properly submitted to the jury. A break in the surface of a cement walk of the character described is an obvious defect, capable of being readily repaired, and this circumstance may serve to distinguish its menace from that of other small irregularities that are not easily to be avoided.

Language used in Gould v. City of Topeka, 32 Kan. 485, 4 Pac. 822, is quoted as indicating that before a city can be held responsible for injuries sustained in a sidewalk, the condition of the walk must be such that a court can say as a matter of law that it is dangerous. As recently explained that case holds merely that where reasonable minds may differ ■ as to the dangerous character of a defect in a street, the doubt may, not must, be given to the city authorities, by the tribunal charged with passing on the matter. (Klipp v. City of Hoyt, ante, p. 14, 160 Pac. 1000.)

3. The defendant maintains that the defect was so slight that notice to the city is not to be presumed from its existence even over the period of several years. The question raised by this contention is substantially the same as that just discussed. If the appearance of the walk was enough to apprise the city authorities that such an accident might happen, there was a sufficient basis for charging them with notice, and as has just been said, that was a fair question for the jury.

4. Complaint is made of the giving and refusal of instructions defining the duty of the city. The jury were told that the city was not an insurer, but was liable only for injuries caused by its failure to use ordinary care in keeping its sidewalks in a reasonably safe.condition. We think this sufficiently covered the ground of the instructions asked on the point, and cured any inaccuracy of statement elsewhere made. Instructions asked to the effect that there could be no liability unless the injury might have been reasonably foreseen by a person of ordinary intelligence and prudence might well have been given, but their omission was not prejudicial in view of instructions that a verdict for the plaintiff required a finding that the defective sidewalk was the proximate cause of the injury, proximate cause being defined as that which leads to and might have been expected to be directly instrumental in producing the injury. An instruction asked and refused regarding'circumstantial evidence was open to some criticism, but in any event the situation did not necessitate a special instruction on that subject.

5. A question submitted to the jury (presumably by the defendant) read as follows: “How was'plaintiff injured? Describe how it happened.” They answered: “Caught her toe.” It is argued that the question called for a statement of the proximate cause of the injury, and that the failure of the jury to determine it was a negative finding which acquitted the defendant. To us the answer seems responsive and in accordance with the allegations of the petition. In the absence of a request to have it made more explicit it fairly implied that the plaintiff had been tripped by the toe of her shoe striking the edge of the hole.

6.' The contention is also made that the evidence does not support the findings and verdict. We think upon each issue as to which that question is raised there was sufficient evidence to take the case to the jury.

The judgment is affirmed.