133 S.W. 470 | Tex. App. | 1910
This suit was brought by appellee against appellants to remove cloud from title to two tracts of land situated in Bosque County, cast thereon by the record of two abstracts of judgments duly recorded and indexed in said county. Plaintiff alleged that during the year 1898 appellants brought two suits in the Justice Court of precinct No. 1, Tarrant County, against John Luther, in each of which they recovered judgments against said Luther, one for $175.50 with costs of suit, and the other for $226, with costs, each bearing ten per cent interest from date of rendition thereof, November 28, 1898. That thereafter on the 14th of March, 1908, abstracts of said judgments were by them caused to be duly filed, recorded and indexed in the office of the county clerk of said Bosque County; that subsequent to the filing of said abstracts, towit: in November, 1908, plaintiff purchased said tracts of land from said John Luther, defendant in said judgments; that the same are a cloud upon plaintiff's said title and hinder the sale and transfer thereof; that both of said judgments are void, because no service was ever had on plaintiff's vendor, defendant Luther, in said Justice Court cases and prayed for judgment removing said cloud from the said title.
Appellants answered by general and special exception, pleas of not guilty, general denial, and by way of cross-bill averred that said judgments are valid and subsisting, and that they were duly rendered and obtained in favor of said Estey Camp against said John Luther, the defendant therein, the vendor of appellee; and that the same were duly abstracted in said Bosque County, as alleged by appellee, prior to the latter's purchase of the land, and that if appellee ever acquired any interest or title to said land, he acquired same through said purported conveyance from said Luther, the defendant in said judgments, and with full notice, both actual and constructive, of the existence thereof, and of the record of said abstracts thereof in said Bosque County, and subject to the liens created thereby on said lands, and that by reason of the premises, appellants have and are entitled to valid and subsisting judgment liens in the amounts of said two respective judgments, with costs and accrued interest, as per the terms thereof, as against said lands, superior to any claim or interest of appellee thereto, and prayed for a foreclosure of the same.
The case was tried before the court without a jury, and judgment rendered in favor of appellee, from which this appeal is prosecuted.
The principal question raised by this appeal, as presented by the first three assignments, is whether or not the trial court ruled correctly in admitting testimony de hors the record of the two Justice Court judgments, seeking to impeach the verity thereof. The bill of exception shows that, over objection of appellants, John Luther, the defendant in said Justice Court judgments, was allowed to testify that he never *325 had any notice that any suit had been filed against him in the Justice Court of Tarrant County by Estey Camp, and that he was never served with citation in either of said causes, and that he did not know of the rendition of said judgments until some time in 1908, when he was informed thereof by the sheriff of Bosque County, who then had executions in his hands, issued thereon against him. The constable, at the time that the citations were supposed to have been served upon him, testified, over objection of appellants, that he had no personal recollection of ever having served said citation, but admitted, however, that the returns thereon were made by him. Copies of said two Justice Court judgments were introduced in evidence, as well as the citations upon which they were rendered, together with the abstract of said judgments, duly filed, recorded and indexed in Bosque County, as alleged in the pleading; and each of said judgments recited that the defendant, John Luther, although duly cited, had made default, and the returns upon said citations showed that said Luther was duly served in person. Appellants by their proposition contend that the evidence above mentioned, admitted over their objection, was not admissible, for the reason that it was sought thereby to impeach and attack, in a collateral proceeding, the validity of the judgments in question, by showing by parol testimony, de hors the record, that defendant had not been served with process or duly cited therein, in the face of the recitals and adjudication in said judgments of the fact that he had been duly cited, because the same imported absolute verity, and the validity thereof could not be impeached in such manner.
Appellee, while admitting that said judgments could not be impeached in a collateral proceeding, insisted that the present was in the nature of a direct attack upon said judgments, and hence he was entitled to show by parol that no service was ever had upon the defendant therein, and that said judgments were therefore void. So that we are met upon the threshold of this inquiry with the question as to whether or not the attack in the present instance upon the Justice Court judgments is direct or collateral. If the former, then it was competent to show by parol testimony that the defendant in said judgments was never served with process, and that the court had no power to render the same, and that the same were therefore void. But if such attack is collateral, then the rule seems to be well settled that judgments of courts of general jurisdiction over the subject matter and parties thereto, where service of citation appears from the face thereof, can not be assailed in a collateral proceeding, but in such case they import absolute verity, and are not subject to impeachment. See Heck v. Martin,
With reference to the presumptions that should obtain in collateral attacks upon Justice Court judgments, see also Clayton v. Hurt,
As to what constitutes a collateral attack, it is said in Cyc., vol. 23, p. 1062, that "The term collateral, as used in this connection, is opposed to 'direct.' If an action or proceeding is brought for the very purpose of impeaching or overturning the judgment it is a direct attack upon it. Such is a motion or other proceeding to vacate, annul, cancel or set aside the judgment, or any proceeding to review it in an appellate court, whether by appeal, error or certiorari, or bill of review or, under some circumstances, an action to quiet title. On the other hand, if the action or proceeding has an independent purpose, and contemplates some other relief or result, although the overturning of the judgment may be important or even necessary to its success, then the attack upon the judgment is collateral. This is the case when the proceeding is founded upon the judgment in question or upon its incidents or consequences as a judgment, or where the judgment forms a part of plaintiff's title or of the evidence by which his claim is supported." See note 68, p. 1064, Id. See, also, Brooks v. Powell,
In O'Neal v. Potvin,
In the case of Loan and Deposit Co. of A. v. Campbell, *327
27 Texas Civ. App. 52[
It will be observed in this case that the suit was not brought with the view nor for the purpose of canceling the judgment, and there is no prayer to that effect, but it only seeks, as shown by the prayer, to have judgment removing the cloud from his title, which was the lien fixed thereon by the recording of the abstracts of said Justice Court judgments. Nor do we think plaintiff had the right, even if he had so alleged, to bring an action to set aside the judgments themselves. He was not interested therein, except so far as the same may have constituted a lien upon the land, which was an incident of said judgments. We therefore think that the attack on the judgments was not a direct attack, but was merely a collateral attack thereon; and, being such, the Justice Court judgments reciting that the defendant therein had been duly served, imported absolute verity, and could not be impeached by parol testimony de hors the record, for which reason the court erred in admitting the testimony of both the defendant Luther and the constable over defendants' objection. See Heck v. Martin, Williams v. Haynes, Crawford v. McDonald, supra; Irion v. Bexar County, 26 Texas Civ. App. 527[
But, even if we are mistaken in this view, and the attack should be held to be direct, then the question arises as to whether or not the appellee, who was a stranger to said judgments, would have the right to make a direct attack thereon. Appellants' counsel, in an able and elaborate argument, contend that he would not have such right, and cite in support of their contention numerous authorities, among them Black on Judgments, vol. 1, sec. 317, wherein it is said: "As a general rule, a judgment will not be vacated or set aside at the motion of a third person not a party to the action. It will be remembered that such persons have the right to impeach a judgment collaterally whenever and wherever it comes in conflict with their rights, if it was founded in fraud and collusion, and this will generally be adequate protection to them."
Likewise, Freeman on Judgments, sec. 91, says: "As a general rule, none but the parties to a judgment can have it set aside. Every litigant, if an adult, is presumed to understand his own interests, and to be fully competent to protect them in the courts. He has the right to waive all irregularities in proceedings by which he is affected, and is entitled to exclusively decide upon the propriety of such waiver. To allow disinterested third persons to interpose in his behalf and to undertake the management of his business according to their judgment, would create intolerable confusion and annoyance and produce no desirable result. *328 To permit third persons to become interested after judgment and to overturn adjudications to which the original parties made no objection, would encourage litigation and disturb the repose beneficial to society. Therefore, if the defendant be the real, as well as the nominal, party affected, as long as he is satisfied with the judgment, all other persons must be. None of his subsequent assignees can complain for him. He who purchases lands liable to a judgment lien can not have the judgment vacated for irregularity to avoid the lien." The same author says, in section 512: "No person will be permitted to proceed in equity against a judgment or decree to which he is not a party, and which does not at its rendition affect any of his rights. If the parties to an adjudication are satisfied with it, no outside persons will be permitted to intermeddle with it at law or in equity. The grantee of land charged with a judgment lien at the date of the grant can not have the judgment set aside for fraud, nor can he in any manner inquire into the consideration of the judgment, for the purpose of impeaching or avoiding it. Having taken the land subject to a lien of which the grantor made no complaint, the grantee must abide by that lien, unless he can show that it was procured by fraud and design and calculated to prejudice him as a subsequent purchaser.
In the case of Marriner v. Smith,
The Supreme Court of Nebraska, in Powell v. McDowell,
Cyc., vol. 23, p. 898b, discussing this subject, says: "A judgment will not be vacated or set aside on the motion of a third person who was not a party or privy to the action, unless it appears that the moving party was the real party in interest, although the judgment proceeded for or against a nominal party, or was a surety for the principal debtor or a garnishee, or unless the judgment was obtained by fraud or collusion, and he bears such relation thereto that his rights may be affected."
In Packard v. Smith,
We think the above authorities announce a correct principle of law, because we do not believe that a stranger to the judgment, notwithstanding the fact that he may have purchased the property that may be affected by the lien, ought to have the right to institute a direct proceeding for the purpose of setting aside the original judgment. Therefore, if he had no such right the attack must be regarded as collateral, in which case, we have seen, parol testimony could not be offered to impeach the judgment, for which reason we sustain the several assignments complaining of the admission of such testimony.
The fourth assignment questions the sufficiency of the evidence to support the judgment. In passing upon this point, and without going into the evidence in detail, suffice it to say that outside of the testimony of Luther, the defendant in the Justice Court judgments, there was no evidence showing or tending to show that he was not served with citation in said cases. While the constable testified that he had no personal recollection of having served the citation upon him, yet when they were shown to him he admitted that they were correct, and his whole evidence, we think, has the tendency rather to sustain than to negative the correctness of his returns. So that, even if the attack was direct, and it was proper to have admitted parol testimony for the purpose of showing that the said Luther had not been served with citation, still, we are inclined to believe that, even in that event, the judgment could not be sustained. It would have been but the testimony of an interested defendant against the return of a sworn officer, who was not shown to have had any interest in making a false return. We think that the solemn records of a court ought not to be set aside upon such testimony. While it may be true that defendant Luther was not served, yet it is better to adopt a rule sustaining and supporting the solemnity of judgments where thus attacked, rather than to open a door for setting them aside by the testimony of one witness, especially where he is shown to be interested.
In Hamble v. Davis,
In Herman on Estoppel, vol. 1, sec. 544, it is said: "Where there is a finding by the court that a defendant has been duly served with process, such finding can not be impeached by the evidence of such defendant. For if a record of a judgment is prima facie evidence, the burden of proof to overthrow this presumption of service is on the defendant, and his uncorroborated testimony should not be allowed to *330 overcome the return of the officer as to service, and the recital in the record of jurisdiction, when it is for his interest to have the record impeached."
The Supreme Court of Illinois, in Davis v. Dresback,
We are therefore inclined to believe that the evidence in this case, even if it had been properly admitted, was not sufficient to show that the Justice Court judgments had been rendered without legal service, and therefore sustain the assignment presenting that question.
It follows from what has been said that we think the trial court erred in rendering judgment for appellee, but should have rendered judgment for appellants on their cross-action.
It is therefore ordered that the judgment of the court below be reversed and judgment now here rendered in behalf of appellants for the amounts shown to be due them on said Justice Court judgments, together with interest and costs, with a foreclosure of their judgment lien upon the two tracts of land described in plaintiff's petition.
Reversed and rendered.
Writ of error refused.