93 Vt. 437 | Vt. | 1919
This is a proceeding brought to the Public Service Commission pursuant to G. L. 4984, wherein the plaintiff seeks to condemn, for the creation of a storage reservoir, certain property of the defendant in the town of Yictory. Both parties appealed (or attempted to appeal) to this Court pursuant to G. L. 5038.
An appeal from the final order of the Public Service Com
The record before us shows that the order of the commission was made and filed June 21, 1918. On July 11, 1918, the plaintiff filed with the clerk of the commission its appeal therefrom. On that day, the defendant filed with the clerk of .Essex County an appeal from this order, and on the next day, July 12, 1918, it filed an appeal with the clerk of the commission. It thus appears that July 11th was the last day for filing an appeal, and the attempted appeal of July 12th was too late to be effective. It follows that the plaintiff’s appeal is properly before us, but that the defendant’s will have to be dismissed.
Nor is this result affected by the stipulation filed since the argument of the ease, wherein it is agreed that all motions to dismiss the cause from this Court are withdrawn and all grounds thereof waived. The well-established rule that jurisdiction cannot be conferred by waiver, consent, or agreement (State v. Hirsch, 91 Vt. 330, 100 Atl. 877; Miner’s Exrx. v. Shanasy, 92 Vt. 110, 102 Atl. 480) applies. For, the requirements of a valid appeal being statutory, the jurisdiction of this Court depends upon a compliance therewith, and cannot be conferred by agreement or waiver, express or implied. Wynn v. Tallapoosa County Bank, 168 Ala. 469, 53 So. 228; McKenzie v. Jensen, (Ala.) 75 South. 939; Bolton v. Cummings, 200 Mich. 234, 167 N. W. 19; Land v. Johnston, 156 Cal. 253, 104 Pac. 449; John v. Paullin, 24 Okl. 642, 106 Pac. 838; National Union F. Ins. Co. v. Martin, (N. D.) 170 N. W. 880; Keyes v. Baskerville, (S. D.) 170 N. W. 143; Atty. Gen. v. Barbour, 121 Mass. 568; King v. Penn, 43 Ohio St. 57, 1 N. E. 84; Perkins v. Perkins, 173 Mich. 690, 140 N. W. 161; Kenyon v. Probate Court, 17 R. I. 652, 24 Atl. 149; Humphrey v. Employer’s Liability Assur. Corp. 226 Mass. 143, 115 N. E. 253.
With us, an appeal in chancery partakes of the nature both of an “appeal” in its full and Civil Law sense, and of a writ of error. Yet it differs from each in essential particulars. It is unlike the former, in that it brings before this Court for review questions of law, only; and it is unlike the latter, in that it brings before this Court for review the whole ease. In such appeals, we have nothing to do with the facts, but take them as found below (Middlebury Electric Co. v. Murkland, 89 Vt. 10, 93 Atl. 291) and sit in error, only. Steffanazzi v. Italian Mut. Benefit Society, 91 Vt. 538, 101 Atl. 1010, L. R. A. 1918 B, 308. But the decree of the court of chancery is vacated by the appeal, and consequently the whole case is brought up by it; and all exceptions properly saved — those of the appellee as well as those of the appellant — are presented for consideration in this Court. Cooley v. Hatch, 91 Vt. 128, 99 Atl. 784, and cases cited.
On the other hand, when a bill of exceptions is allowed and filed, the judgment of the court below is not vacated, but remains valid until reversed or annulled. Snow v. Carpenter, 54 Vt. 17. Therefore the whole case does not come here for review, and only so much of it stands for consideration in this Court as is covered by the assignments of error of the excepting party. Stratton v. Holden & Martin, 91 Vt. 1, 99 Atl. 272.
The effect upon the judgment below being .the determinating factor, it is not difficult to say to which of these classes appeals from the Public Service Commission belong. For it is expressly provided b.y G-. L. 5038 that the order of the commission shall not be vacated by the appeal.
It must be held, therefore, that in the respect now under consideration, these appeals stand in this Court like cases here on exceptions, and that the plaintiff’s appeal does not bring up the defendant’s assignments of error.
We are told that various exceptions were saved by the plaintiff to the admission and exclusion of evidence. These are not briefed, and the plaintiff says that it lost the benefit of them by lack of opportunity to file them with the commission. The
The statute requires the commission to state its rulings, when excepted to. G. L. 5036. The procedure whereby such exceptions are saved and brought to this Court is, as we have seen, that of the court of chancery. Bacon v. Boston & Maine R. R., 83 Vt. 528, 77 Atl. 858.
There are now two ways of saving exceptions in cases in chancery. If the case is tried before a master, questions as to the admission or exclusion of evidence are not available in this Court, unless saved by exceptions to the report duly filed in the court of chancery. G. L. 1520. If the case is tried before a chancellor, such questions are available on appeal as in cases at law tried by the court (G. L. 1511), and the excepting party has thirty days from the day on which the judgment order is filed in which to file his exceptions. G. L. 1609. Considering the fact that the commission hears the evidence and finds its own facts, therein sitting as a chancellor does in cases tried before him, both alike acting as a court, we think that it was the intention of the Legislature that exceptions in hearings before the commission should be saved in the manner provided by the statute for trials before a chancellor. These parties, then, had thirty days from June 21, 1918, in which to file their exceptions.
This holding does not improve the defendant’s situation, for exceptions are brought up to this Court' only by force of an appeal, and when the defendant’s appeal failed, its exceptions went with it. Nor does it improve the plaintiff’s situation, unless the waiver resulting from a failure to brief is neutralized by the stipulation hereinbefore referred to, wherein it is agreed that the exceptions of both parties- shall stand for consideration.
Such a waiver cannot be recalled without leave of this Court. It is just as effective as an express waiver, which is binding unless leave is granted to withdraw it. Fadden v. McKinney, 87 Vt. 316, 89 Atl. 351. It stands like a waiver of objection to evidence, which the court may hold a party to or allow to be withdrawn, in its discretion (In re Martin’s Est., 92 Vt. 362, 104 Atl. 100); or a concession of counsel, which is binding until the court exercises its discretion and relieves the party from this effect. United
No application has been made to this Court to recall the waiver referred to. But treating the filing of the stipulation as such an application, which is the most we can do, we think relief ought to be denied. For reasons already given, the defendant’s exceptions cannot be saved to it; and it seems so unfair to give effect to an agreement that, can only operate to the advantage of one party though intended to benefit both, that.,in the exercise of our discretion we disregard the stipulation and dispose of the case on the record before us.
We have left then, nothing for consideration but the plaintiff’s objections to the assessment of damages.
The plaintiff insists that the item of $10,500 on account of increased cost of cutting and- marketing the hardwood standing on the east slope of the basin was improperly allowed. In discussing, this claim, we will assume that all of this hardwood was standing on land owned by the defendant but wholly separated from the land sought to be taken by lands owned ,by others. The argument is that it is only contiguous lands that can be considered as one piece in the assessment of damages in condemnation cases, and, inasmuch as the hardwood does not stand on land contiguous to the land taken, nothing can be allowed for its depreciation. While there are cases apparently supporting this claim, and expressions are to be found in our own cases consistent with it, contiguity is not always the controlling question. Generally speaking, the rule contended for by the plaintiff affords a correct basis for the assessment of damages, but it does not in all cases.
Where two or more pieces of real estate, though separated even by an intervening fee, are used as one enterprise, and constitute fairly necessary and mutually dependent elements thereof, they are in the eye of the law a single parcel, and the taking of one necessitates payment for the -injury to the others. To state the proposition in its usual form, the damages in such cases are to be assessed by comparing the value of the whole enterprise before the taking with the value of what remains of it after the taking. This rule is recognized in the following eases, some of which are cited by the plaintiff. Potts v. Penn., etc., R. Co., 119 Pa. 278, 13 Atl. 291, 4 Am. St. Rep. 646; Kennebec Water Dist. v. Waterville, 97 Me. 185, 54 Atl. 6, 60 L. R. A. 856; Monongahela Nav. Co. v. United States, 148 U. S. 312, 37 L. ed. 463, 13 Sup.
Such parcels can be considered as one only when they are so inseparably connected in the use to which they are devoted that the taking of one necessarily and permanently injures the other. 2 Nichols, Em. Dom. § 241. See also, Lewis, Em. Dom. § 698 et seq.
The subject is well covered by a note to Sharpe v. United States, 57 L. R. A. 932, where the cases are reviewed and the holdings summarized to this effect: Where property is so situated that it is used as a unit, and each part is dependent upon the other, damages for the taking of a particular piece will not be limited to the value of that piece, but will be extended to the whole.
And this is the logic and the justice of it. In no other way can the damages awarded be an “ equivalent in money, ’ ’ for in no other way can the owner be made whole for the taking.
We agree with the contention that the question whether these lands were used as one project is one of fact, and that, being prima facie separate parcels, the burden lies on the defendant to establish its claim in this behalf. So, unless this fact appears, the award as made cannot stand. Nor can we examine the transcript to supply the fact. In re Bugbee’s Will, 92 Vt. 175, 102 Atl. 484. It must appear from the findings. That this fact is not expressly found is apparent from an inspection of the commissioner’s report. But when its findings are read in the light of the geography of that section and the well-known course of business usual in such enterprises, of which we take judicial notice (15 R. C. L. 1080, 1122), we think it appears as an inference fairly to be drawn from what is shown, and necessary to support the decision below. The defendant’s project was on a large scale. It consisted of a large lumber manufacturing plant with machinery and equipment. It was located in the midst of a vast natural basin. Nearly forty million feet of hard and soft timber belonging to the defendant stands on the slopes of this basin, not counting that on the land to be submerged. It is found that so much of this as stands on the west side can be manufactured without additional expense by the
But it is argued that the findings do not show that tb mill was equipped with hardwood machinery so as to make available for the manufacture of the hardwood in question. A sufficient answer to this is that it does not appear that special machinery is required for the manufacture of hardwood. And if appeal is made to our general information on such subjects; we should reply that the same saw and the same edger are used in the manufacture of hardwood and softwood, and this is as far as the manufacture of hardwood usually goes at mountain mills. A specific finding on this point was unnecessary. .
It is further argued that it is not found and did not appear that the defendant is now cutting any of the hardwood on the east side. But this fact, if it be such, would not of itself prevent the lands being considered a single parcel for the assessment. Operations on the hardwood on the east side generally may have been interrupted or postponed for one reason or another without affecting the defendant’s right to damages, or prevent the east side from being a necessary part of the common enterprise.
Nor was the award rendered illegal by the method by which it was arrived at. The laAV measures the damages by the market value rule. This value is, as claimed, the difference between the value of the entire tract before the taking and its value thereafter. But the commissioners could properly arrive at this result by adding to the value of the land taken the injury
Order affirmed, and cause remanded that a new time of payment he fixed and such further proceedings had as may he required not inconsistent with the views herein expressed.