71 F. 270 | U.S. Circuit Court for the District of Southern California | 1895
The grounds upon which the defendant moves the court for peremptory instructions, although more numerously stated in the motion itself, may be comprehended under three heads, as follows: First, that the evidence fails to establish the representative capacity of the plaintiff, or, in other words, that she is the duly appointed and qualified executrix of the last will
J. With reference to the first of these grounds, it is only necessary to observe that I see no reason to depart from the ruling, made in the early stage of the trial, permitting the probate record from San Bernardino county to go to the jury. On the contrary, further reflection satisfies me of the correctness of that ruling.
2. The second ground of the motion, that the evidence fails to show that the defendant was negligent, suggests the inquiry: What is the duty of an employer, as to the instrumentalities whereby the servant performs his work? And, next, was this duty discharged by the defendant in the present case? With reference to the first branch of (lie inquiry, the rule of law has been often and authoritatively declared to be that an employer is not to be held as guarantying or warranting the absolute safety of the instrumentalities which may be provided for the use of the employe, but it is the duty of the employer to exercise ordinary care in furnishing sufficient and safe materials, machinery, and other means by which the service is to be perform (id, and to keep them in repair and order, and to make inspections, tests, and examinations at the proper intervals. The servant does not undertake to incur the risks arising from negligence in providing suitable and safe material or other instruments with which he is to work. His contract implies that, in regard to these matters, his employer will exercise due care in making adequate provision that no danger shall ensue to him; and this duty the master cannot delegate to a servant, so as to exempt himself from liability for injuries caused to another servant by its omission. It will be observed from this language, however, that it cannot apply when the injured person is himself the servant to whom the master delegated the duty whose omission caused the injuries. In the application of this rule, where injury has resulted from a defective appliance, the courts have generally, if not uniformly, held that, in order to make the employer responsible, plaintiff must prove, either that the employer had actual knowledge of the defect, or by the exercise of ordinary care could have obtained such knowledge in time to have prevented the injury. In the present case, it is not claimed that the defendant had actual knowledge of the defective roj>e, but plaintiff insists that the defect itself was of such a nature as to charge the defendant with negligence. Is this position tenable? I think not. While it is true that negligence may sometimes be implied from a defective appliance, yet, in order to this result, the defect must be patent and obvious, and a failure to discover it the result of carelessness. Such were the facts in the case of Mateer v. Railway Co. (Mo. Sup.) 15 S. W. 970, cited and relied on by defendant. This is evident from the second paragraph of the syllabus of the case, which is as follows:
“Whore * * a brakeman is injured, while mounting the car, by the pulling out of a bolt which held a round of the ladder in place, the company is liable if, l>y 1he use of ordinary care, it could have discovered the defect, and negligence may be inferred from the nature of the defect.”
“Tlae nature of the defect itself, shown by the testimony in this ease, was such as to warrant, fairly, an inference of omission of such care. If it be conceded that the omission was ascribable to some car inspector of defendant, it yet furnishes no barrier to plaintiff’s action. It has been often ruled that, in regard to such inspections, the car inspector is a representative of the master, and not a fellow servant of the train operative.”
I repeat, then, that in the case just referred to the inference of negligence from the defect was indulged because the defect was so obvious to the eye as to have been discoverable by a reasonable inspection. Nothing of -the sort is claimed in the pending case. On the contrary, the defect was not open to visual observation, but latent. The rope was not discolored, nor was there anything whatever in its appearance to suggest a suspicion of its unsoundness. Under these circumstances, the rule is well settled that negligence will not be presumed merely from the defect,- but, to make defendant liable, there must be other and affirmative proof of negligence. No such proof has been offered in this- case. All that is shown, even remotely bearing upon this question, is that some of the ropes were kept in a store and others in the boiler room; but there is no evidence whatever that these were unsafe or improper places for such purposes.
3. While this ruling disposes of the pending motion, yet since the question of contributory negligence has been largely discussed by the attorneys for the respective parties, and since I have formed decided opinions thereon, I think it not inappropriate for me to announce them. The particulars wherein defendant insists that the negligence of the deceased contributed to his injuries are these: First. That he could have performed the service in which he was engaged — that is, cleaning the windows of the factory — from the inside of the building, without resorting to the hazardous method of suspending himself by rope and tackle at a high elevation on the outside of the building; that the former method of doing the work was practicable and safe, and the latter hazardous; that the deceased, without any direction from the defendant, but after having been warned of its dangers, voluntarily selected the latter method, and therefore was responsible in law for his injuries. This position, it seems to me, is well taken. Second. Defendant urges, as another ground of contributory negligence, that the deceased had equal means with the defendant of ascertaining the defective condition of the rope. This ground is closely related to, and may be considered in connection with, the third, to which I now pass. Third. Defendant further insists that, if it could be claimed that the defect in the rope was of such a nature that, by the exercise of ordinary care, the defect could have been discovered, yet upon the deceased devolved the duty of making such inspections as were necessary, and therefore any omission in this respect was the negligence of the deceased. With reference to the immediate connection of the de
1 am clearly of opinion that a verdict for the plaintiff, if returned by the jury on the evidence which has been adduced, could not he permitted to stand, and the defendant’s motion for peremptory instructions is allowed.