No. 7950 | Tex. | Jan 6, 1943
Lead Opinion
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This is a personal injury suit. It was filed in the District Court of Brazos County, Texas, by Miss Velma' J. Erisman against Guy A Thompson, in his official capacity as Trustee for International-Great Northern Railroad Company. Trial in the district court, with the aid of a jury, resulted in a verdict and judgment for Miss Erisman in the sum of $12,000.00. This
By her petition in the district court plaintiff alleged that she was driving an automobile along a public paved road in the daytime; that such road ran alongside the right of way of the defendant; that a wind was blowing in a direction from the railroad right of way toward and across the public road on which plaintiff was travelling; that the defendant had permitted its right of way to grow up in vegetation, such as weeds and grasses; that just before plaintiff was injured the servants, agents and employees of defendant set fire to the vegetation growing upon its right of way; that such vegetation was dry, and when set on fire made a very large fire; that a very dense smoke emanated from such fire; that such smoke was driven by the wind into, over, and across the public road along which plaintiff was driving; that such smoke was so dense that it made it impossible for the plaintiff to see cars approaching her from the opposite direction; that such smoke was so dense that the drivers of approaching cars could not see the plaintiff’s' car; that while plaintiff was driving on such road, under the circumstances above detailed, her car collided with a car travelling in the opposite direction, driven by one D. R. Vaughn; and that as a result of such collision plaintiff was very seriously injured.
As to the negligence of the defendant, the plaintiff’s petition alleges that the defendant was guilty of negligence, which proximately caused her injuries, by its servants and employees “operating said train at a low rate of speed and bringing said train to a stop at frequent intervals, and intentionally ignited and set fire to the said vegetation growing on said right of way at many different points within said right of way and along said railroad; that said vegetation was so ignited, and set fire by the said agents, employees and servants of the defendant in the due course of their business and employment and for the purpose of ridding the said right of way of said vegetation. That the said vegetation on said right of wiay was set afire and ignited at some places by the said agents, employees and servants of the defendant throwing burning substances from said train and at other places by disembarking from said train
Boiled down, the above-quoted portion of the plaintiff’s petition alleges that the vegetation on the defendant’s right of way was “intentionally” set afire in two ways: (a) by the servants, agents and employees of defendant throwing burning substances from the train into such vegetation, and (b) by such servants, agents and employees disembarking from the train and igniting such vegetation with burning matches or other instrumentalities.
We refer to the opinion of the Court of Civil Appeals for a very full and fair statement of the evidence offered at the trial, bearing on the question as to when and how the vegetation on defendant’s right of way was set afire. It is sufficient, for the purpose of this opinion, to state that the plaintiff’s evidence tended to show that the servants, agents and employees of the defendant set afire the vegetation in question in each of the two ways set out and specifically pleaded by the plaintiff.
The only issue submitted to the jury pertaining to the way the vegetation on defendant’s right of way was set afire is contained in Special Issue No. 6 of the court’s charge. Such issue reads as follows:
“Do you find from a preponderance of the evidence that the agents, servants and employees of the defendant, on December 6, 1938, set afire the vegetation growing on the right of way of the defendant at and near the scene of the collision at the time and place in question?”
The jury answered the above issue, “Yes.” Also, the jury found that the setting afire of the vegetation on defendant’s right of way was negligence, and was the proximate cause of the plaintiff’s injuries.
Defendant duly and seasonably excepted to Special Issue No. 6 on various grounds. We shall not attempt to set out or state all of such grounds. It is sufficient to say that this issue was excepted to on the ground that it eliminated the question of an intentional setting of the fire, and combined into one
Under Article 2189 it is provided that the trial court “shall submit the case upon special issues raised by the pleadings and the evidence in the case. Such special issues shall be submitted distinctly and separately. Each issue shall be answered separately.” Under Article 2190 it is provided that the trial court, when he submits a case on special issues, “shall submit all the issues made by the pleadings and the evidence.” Both articles restrict the issues to be submitted to those raised by the pleadings and the evidence. The conjunctive conjunction “and” is used. An issue raised by the pleadings alone cannot be submitted, and likewise an issue raised by the evidence alone cannot be submitted. Under the plain language of the two- statutes, before an issue can be submitted at all it must be raised by both “the pleadings and the evidence.”
Independent of the above statutes, pleadings determine the issues upon which parties go to trial, and it is not even proper to admit evidence unless it is addressed to or bears upon some issue raised by the pleadings. Jordan v. Meyers, 89 Tex. 233" court="Tex." date_filed="1896-02-19" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/jordan-v-meyers-3976952?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="3976952">89 Texas 233, 24 S. W. 92; American Legion of Honor v. Anderson, 61 Tex. 296" court="Tex." date_filed="1884-03-14" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/supreme-council-of-a-l-of-h-v-anderson-4894372?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="4894372">61 Texas 296. The rule further is that allegations of the plead
Under the above rules of law the plaintiff’s petition defined the cause of action this defendant was called upon to meet. Defendant had the legal right to expect the allegations of the petition and the evidence offered thereunder to coincide. Under the plain language of Articles 2189 and 2190, supra, the defendant .had the right to have the issues submitted to the jury so framed as to coincide not only with the evidence, and not only with the pleadings, but with both the pleadings and the evidence. In submitting a negligence case, the special issues should be restricted to the specific acts of negligence defined by the pleadings and supported by the evidence. Fox v. Dallas Hotel Co., 111 Tex. 461" court="Tex." date_filed="1922-04-19" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/gussie-fox-v-dallas-hotel-co-3937837?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="3937837">111 Texas 461, 240 S. W. 517; Walgreen-Texas Co. v. Shivers, 137 Tex. 493" court="Tex." date_filed="1941-07-23" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/walgreen-texas-co-v-shivers-4897710?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="4897710">137 Texas 493, 154 S. W. (2d) 625; St. Louis, S. F. & T. Ry. Co. v. Wilson (Com. App., opinion approved), 279 S.W. 808" court="Tex. Comm'n App." date_filed="1926-02-10" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/st-louis-s-f--t-ry-co-v-wilson-4999478?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="4999478">279 S. W. 808; Simmonds v. St. Louis, B. & M. Ry. Co. (Com. App., opinion approved), 29 S.W.2d 989" court="Tex. Comm'n App." date_filed="1930-06-25" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/simmonds-v-st-louis-b--m-ry-co-5002157?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="5002157">29 S. W. (2d) 989; Kansas City, M. & O. Ry. Co. v. Perry (Com. App.), 6 S.W.2d 111" court="Tex. Comm'n App." date_filed="1928-05-16" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/kansas-city-m--o-ry-co-v-perry-5000966?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="5000966">6 S. W. (2d) 111.
As defined by the plaintiff’s petition in this case, the defendant was called upon to defend an action wherein it was alleged in plaintiff’s petition that its servants, agents and employees “intentionally” set afire the vegetation on its right of way. Furthermore, such petition specifically pleaded how such servants, agents and employees accompanied the act of setting such vegetation afire. This was the cause of action the defendant was called upon to meet. Plaintiff was bound by her pleadings. The defendant had the right to have Special Issue No. 6 so framed as to submit the question only of an “intentional” setting of the fire. Furthermore, the defendant had the right to have such issue so framed as to submit the question of the setting of such fire to the way and manner pleaded by the plaintiff.
We agree with the rulings of the Court of Civil Appeals on the other law questions presented in the application for writ
The judgment of the Court of Civil Appeals is affirmed.
Opinion delivered January 6, 1943.
Rehearing overruled February 10, 1943.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
I am not in accord with the holding in the majority opinion.
As stated in the majority opinion, the plaintiff alleged that the defendant’s agent intentionally set fire to the grass on its right of way, causing smoke to envelope her so that she could not see her way, — thus resulting in the collision in which she was injured. In my opinion the court by Special Issue' No. 6 properly submitted to the jury the question as to whether defendant’s agents set the vegetation on fire. Said issue, as submitted, was as follows:
“Do you find from a preponderance of the evidence that the agents, servants and employees of the defendant, on December 6, 1938, set afire the vegetation growing on the right of way of the defendant at and near the scene of the collision at the time and place in question. ?”
To which the jury answered “Yes.”
It is true that plaintiff alleged that the fire was set out by defendant’s agents, at some places by throwing burning substances from the train, and at others by disembarking from the train and igniting the vegetation with matches or other instrumntalities; but the controlling question was whether the defendant’s agents had negligently set out the fire which caused the damage, and not whether the fire had been applied directly to the vegetation by the hands of defendant’s agents, or had been thrown by such agents from a moving train. There was no evidence that the grass was set on fire in any other manner than by the employees either throwing burning substances into the grass or by applying the fire directly to the grass by hand. There was no material difference between these two methods of setting out the fire. Liability of the Railroad Company for the consequences would arise under the same circum
It may be argued that some of the jurors might have believed that the fire was set out by throwing substances from the train, while others believed that the agents disembarked from the train and set out the fire by matches or other instrumentalities; and, if so, the jury would have answered the issue as submitted in the affirmative, even though there was not unanimity of opinion among all twelve of the jurors as to how the fire was set out. This may be true, but it must be remembered that the information which was needed by the court in order to write a judgment was not how the fire was set out, but whether defendant’s agents set out the fire. That was all that was important. It is sufficient if they agree on the happening of the ultimate or controlling event. It would be too much to expect that all twelve jurors should be brought to agreement upon all the subordinate fact-theories which may condition liability. This would be carrying the matter of unanimous verdict too far. Such a result was not attained under the old general charge, and we should not require it under the special issue system.
This case is easily distinguishable from the case of Dallas Hotel Co. v. Fox, cited in the main opinion. In that case there were allegations of a number of separate acts of contributory negligence, such as failing to lock the elevator, crawling partly under the elevator, and the like. The court did not separately submit the various acts of contributory negligence, but bundled them all up and submitted them in a single question, as follows:
“Was Alexander Fox guilty of contributory negligence in his conduct in, around, or about the said elevator or the shaft thereof prior to or at the time he was injured ?”
In the case at bar, only one act of negligence was alleged— setting the grass on fire. It was not necessary for the court to separately submit to the jury the issue as to how the grass was set afire — whether by applying a match directly to the grass or by tossing a firebrand into it.
In Walgreen-Texas Co. v. Shivers, cited in the main opinion, the trial court wholly failed to submit to the jury the issue as
The case of St. Louis, S. F. & T. Ry. Co. v. Wilson, cited in the main opinion, was a case in which the judgment was reversed because the court split the issue into two questions instead of combining all of the elements in a single issue.
The case of Simmons v. St. Louis, B. & M. Ry. Co., cited in the main opinion, was a case of misconduct of the jury in answering some of the issues in a given way to accomplish a given result.
The case of Kansas City, M. & O. Ry. Co. v. Perry, cited in the main opinion, was a case in which the court refused to • separately submit the issue as to whether a truck driver killed at a crossing was negligent in failing to discover the presence of the train, or in failing to avoid collision after discovering it.
None of the cases above discussed had under consideration the question now before us.
Long ago this Court recognized the danger incident to unduly splitting up the issues and separately submitting each circumstance introduced in support of a cause of action. In the case of Missouri, K. & T. Co. v. McGlamory, 89 Tex. 635" court="Tex." date_filed="1896-06-04" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/missouri-kansas--texas-railway-co-v-mcglamory-3931703?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="3931703">89 Texas 635, 35 S. W. 1058, 1059, it was said:
“This rule does not permit a litigant to annoy the court or confuse the jury by special charges upon the weight of, or giving prominence to each circumstance introduced tending to support his cause of action or defense, but requires him at his peril to present in such special charge for the consideration of the jury a fact or group of facts which, if found by them from the evidence to be true, establishes in law some material issue presented by the pleading.”
In my opinion the rule which requires issues to be separately submitted must be applied more tolerantly, if the special issue system, with all its beneficial features, is to survive.
Opinion delivered January 6, 1943.