MEMORANDUM
Pending before the court is the defendant Murray, Inc.’s Motion for Summary Judgment (Docket No. 23), to which the plaintiff has responded (Docket No. 29). For the reasons discussed herein, the defendant’s motion will be granted in part and denied in part.
I. STATEMENT OF FACTS
Since approximately 1968, Raymond “Tommie” Waits has been employed by the defendant Murray, Inc. (“Murray”). 1 From at least 1972 until he was laid off on October 17, 1997, Waits operated a powered industrial truck, or forklift, at the defendant’s factory in Lawrenceburg, Tennessee. Athough Waits cannot recall exactly when he was diagnosed, he claims that he has been an insulin-dependent diabetic for at least the last twenty or twenty-five years. (Docket No. 24, attach. Ex. 1, Deposition of Raymond Tommie Waits at 44)
In 1996 the defendant developed and implemented Lift Truck Operations Medical Screening Parameters, which required employees to answer questions about their medical condition. (Docket No. 24 at 5) All active forklift operators are required to submit to this medical screening every three years. Under Murray’s Lift Truck Operations Medical Screening Parameters, individuals are automatically prohibited from operating lift trucks or forklifts under the following conditions: (1) their hearing capabilities in the “best ear” exceed 35db average for 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz test frequencies; (2) they have an established medical history or clinical diagnosis of insulin-dependent diabetes; (3) they are identified 'as epileptic through established medical history or clinical diagnosis, regardless of whether they are on medication to control the condition; (4) they have a current clinical diagnosis of a
On or about October 15, 1997, Waits was required to submit to the medical screening. During the screening, Waits reported that he was an insulin-dependent diabetic. 3 As a result, Waits was removed from his position as a forklift operator effective October 17, 1997, and eventually terminated from his employment at Murray. Murray did not require any further medical examinations or inquiries to determine the effect of Waits’ diabetes on his ability to operate the forklift safely. 4
After his termination, Waits filed a charge of discrimination with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”), alleging that he had been removed from his position as a forklift operator and terminated solely due to his diabetes, in violation of the ADA. On September 29, 2000, the EEOC filed a civil suit against Murray alleging individual discrimination against Waits and a pattern or practice of discrimination through improper medical screening under the ADA. The defendant has moved for summary judgment on all claims.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Summary Judgment Standard
Rule 56(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides that summary judgment may be rendered if “the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(c).
To prevail, the moving party must meet the burden of proving the absence of a genuine issue of material fact as to an essential element of the opposing party’s claim.
See Celotex v. Catrett,
To preclude summary judgment, the nonmoving party “is required to present some significant probative evidence that makes it necessary to resolve the parties’ differing versions of the dispute at trial.”
Gaines v. Runyon,
The court should also consider whether the evidence presents “a sufficient disagreement to require submission to a jury or whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law.”
Street,
B. Necessity of Being a Qualified Individual with a Disability
The defendant has moved for summary judgment, in part, on the ground that Waits is not a qualified individual with a disability and, thus, the EEOC is unable to bring a suit under the ADA on behalf of Waits. The EEOC brought this suit alleging that the defendant required periodic medical screenings of all forklift drivers, in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 12112(d)(4)(A). This provision states:
A covered entity shall not require a medical examination and shall not make inquiries of an employee as to whether such employee is an individual with a disability or as to the nature or severity of the disability, unless such examination or inquiry is shown to be job-related and consistent with business necessity.
The EEOC claims that this provision applies equally to employees who are disabled under the ADA and to employees who are not; thus, whether or not Waits is disabled is irrelevant. The defendant argues that Waits is not entitled to invoke the protections of the ADA unless and
As will be discussed, infra, the facts of this case do not fall clearly within the scope of section 12112(d)(4)(A). Instead, the EEOC’s claims may be analyzed more properly as alleging discriminatory qualification standards under section 12112(b)(6), 5 to which the defendant has raised the defense that the standards are job-related and consistent with business necessity.
Regardless of the basis of the EEOC’s claims, however, the EEOC must show that the defendant has discriminated against individuals with disabilities. The statutory language of the enforcement provision of the ADA limits claims to those “alleging discrimination on the basis of disability ....” 42 U.S.C. § 12117(a). 6 “Discrimination” under the ADA is defined in section 12112(a), where it states that “[n]o covered entity shall discriminate against a qualified individual with a disability because of the disability of such individual in regard to job application procedures, the hiring, advancement, or discharge of employees, employee compensation, job training, and other terms, conditions, and privileges of employment.” (emphasis added). Thus, all claims under the ADA must, at their core, involve allegations of discrimination against individuals with disabilities. As the defendant argues, an individual who is not disabled under the ADA cannot seek the protections of the statute. Unless the EEOC’s individual claim on behalf of Waits is brought within that framework, it is not a proper claim under the ADA. 7
The ADA defines a disability as: “(A) a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of the individual; (B) a record of such an impairment; or (C) being regarded as having such an impairment.” 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2). The parties do not appear to dispute that diabetes is a physical impairment.
See also Kells v. Sinclair Buick
—GMC
Truck, Inc.,
C. Pattern or Practice Claim
As a separate argument, the EEOC claims that it is entitled to proceed against Murray regardless of whether Waits is disabled because it “protects the public interest in seeing that violations of federal law are remedied.” (Docket No. 29 at 10) The EEOC claims that the defendant’s “policy makes disability-based distinctions because it singles out particular medical conditions and medications. Where EEOC can establish liability for a pattern or practice of discrimination, excluded victims with disabilities may be identified later for remedial purposes.”
Id.
(citing
United States v. City and Co. of Denver,
Although inartfully worded, the EEOC is re-stating its claim that the defendant engaged in a pattern or practice of discriminating against qualified individuals with disabilities. In the Amended Complaint, the EEOC alleges that
[sjince at least 1996 ... Defendant Employer has required employees who seek or hold forklift/towmotor positions to submit to medical inquiries and examinations that are not job-related and are not consistent with business necessity
The effect of the practices complained of ... has been to deprive ... a class of employees of equal employment opportunities, including the opportunity to hold forklhytowmotor positions, and to otherwise adversely affect their statuses as employees because of unlawful medical inquiries and/or examinations.
(Docket No. 18, Amended Complaint, paras. 13-14) The EEOC is alleging a practice of disparate treatment of individuals with certain disabilities, or perceived disabilities. The defendant has not addressed this claim in its motion for summary judgment and has not responded to the EEOC’s argument that it may proceed with this claim without specifying individuals who have been discriminated against prior to the remedial phase of the litigation.
As noted, the ADA has incorporated the procedures and remedies available under Title VII. 42 U.S.C. § 12117(a). In
Int’l Brotherhood of Teamsters v. United States,
The plaintiff in a pattern-or-practice suit is the Government, and its initial burden is to demonstrate that unlawful discrimination has been a regular procedure or policy followed by an employer or group of employers. At the initial, ‘liability’ stage of a pattern-or-practice suit, the Government is not required to offer evidence that each person for whom it will ultimately seek relief was a victim of the employer’s discriminatory policy. Its burden is to establish a prima facie case that such a policy existed. The burden then shifts to the employer to defeat the prima facie showing of a pattern or practice by demonstrating that the Government’s proof is either inaccurate or insignificant....
If an employer fails to rebut the inference that arises from the Government’s prima facie case, a trial court may then conclude that a violation has occurred and determine the appropriate remedy. Without any further evidence from the Government, a court’s finding of a pattern or practice justifies an award of prospective [equitable] relief....
When the Government seeks individual relief for the victims of the discriminatory practice, a district court must usually conduct additional proceedings after the liability phase of the trial to determine the scope of individual relief ... [A]s is typical of Title YII pattern-or-practice suits, the question of individual relief does not arise until it has been proved that the employer has followed an employment policy of unlawful discrimination.
Id.,
at 360-61,
In
Davoll v. Webb,
Although the court can find no other Courts of Appeals cases addressing this issue directly, the court is persuaded that the Teamsters framework is appropriate for pattern-or-practice claims under the ADA. Hence, the EEOC is not required to prove that any individual job applicants or employees of Murray were qualified individuals with disabilities during the liability phase of the litigation. The EEOC’s prima facie claim of a pattern or practice of disability discrimination is not dependent on showing that Waits is disabled. 9
D. Improper Medical Inquiries under the ADA
The EEOC has alleged a pattern or practice of discrimination based on the defendant’s alleged violation of section 12112(d)(4)(A). Section 12112(d)(4)(A) states that medical examinations and inquiries “of an employee as to whether such employee is an individual with a disability or as to the nature or severity of the
In
Sullivan v. River Valley Sch. Dist.,
an employer’s discretion to order employees to undergo examinations is hardly unbounded. Post-hiring demands for examinations can only be made where shown to be ‘job-related and consistent with business necessity.’ 42 U.S.C. § 12112(d)(4)(A). Thus, for an employer’s request for an exam to be upheld, there must be significant evidence that could cause a reasonable person to inquire as to whether an employee is still capable of performing his job. An employee’s behavior cannot be merely annoying or inefficient to justify an examination; rather, there must be genuine reason to doubt whether that employee can ‘perform job-related functions.’ 42 U.S.C. § 12112(d)(4)(B).
Hence, according to the interpretation in Equal Employment Opportunity Commission regulations, any examination ordered by the employer must be restricted to discovering whether the employee can continue to fulfill the essential functions of the job. See 29 C.F.R. Part 1630, App. § 1630.14(c) (offering interpretive guidance to § 1630.14(c)). While not controlling authority, this administrative interpretation does represent ‘a body of experience and informed judgment to which courts and litigants may properly resort for guidance.’ Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson,477 U.S. 57 , 65,106 S.Ct. 2399 ,91 L.Ed.2d 49 (1986). Accordingly, we adopt this qualification for a fitness-for-duty examination, acknowledging it is not an excuse for every wide-ranging assessment of mental or physical debilitation that could conceivably affect the quality of an employee’s job performance.
Id. at 811-12.
The EEOC argues that because the screening is not prompted by individual employee behavior, it is not permissible under section 12112(d)(4)(A) and is in violation of the ADA. The defendant has offered no evidence that would “cause a reasonable person to inquire as to whether [an individual employee] is still capable of performing his job.” There is nothing individualized about Murray’s policy or its application. The medical screening serves to preclude individuals who have specific medical conditions or who are taking certain prescription medications from operating forklifts.
Thus, on its face, Murray’s medical screening is not permitted under section 12112(d)(4)(A). This finding, however, does not necessarily mean that Murray’s policy violates the ADA. Although not presented as such, the defendant’s policy seems to fall more properly within the scope of section 12112(b)(6), which states that discrimination prohibited by the ADA includes
using qualification standards, employment tests or other selection criteria that screen out or tend to screen out an individual with a disability or a class of individuals with disabilities unless the standard, test or other selection criteria, as used by the covered entity, is shown to be job-related for the position in question and is consistent with business necessity.
42 U.S.C. § 12112(b)(6). The EEOC Guidelines define “qualifications standards” as “the personal and professional attributes including the skill, experience, education, physical,
medical,
safety and other requirements established by a cov
In this case, the defendant requires all active forklift operators to submit to medical screening every three years. (Docket No. 24, attach. Ex. 6, Deposition of Pat Kent at 23) James Oliver, the defendant’s Health and Safety Director since 1978, admitted that forklift operators must undergo medical screening regardless of whether they exhibited any unusual performance or behavior problems. (Docket No. 24, attach. Ex. 4, Deposition of James Oliver at 18) If the screening reveals that a forklift operator has certain medical conditions, he or she is per se excluded from continuing in that position. 10 Thus, for example, under the policy, “[i]f [an employee is] a Type I diabetic and require[s] insulin management, [Murray] do[es] no further screening at that point. They’re deferred at that point from driving a lift truck.” (Docket No. 24, attach. Ex. 6, Deposition of Pat Kent at 20) This exclusion applies to all individuals suffering from Type I, insulin-dependent, diabetes (and other specified conditions) regardless of whether they have suffered any performance problems. Id. at 22-23.
Because Murray’s screening is not prompted by individual conduct, it does not seem to come within the scope of medical examinations and inquiries covered by section 12112(d)(4)(A). Instead, Murray’s requirement that all forklift operators must submit to periodic medical screening and its
per se
exclusion of individuals with certain medical conditions from operating forklifts appears to be the type of generally-applieable qualification standard discussed in section 12112(b)(6). Although the parties do not present their arguments under the framework of section 12112(b)(6), Murray’s medical screening will not violate the ADA if it falls within the scope of this subsection. The parties’ arguments on whether the screening is job-related and consistent with business necessity applies equally to both provisions; hence, there is no prejudice to either party in considering the EEOC’s claim under this section.
See, e.g. Cripe v. City of San Jose,
First, the court must determine whether the defendant’s medical screening falls within the scope of acceptable “qualification standards, employment tests or other selection criteria” under section 12112(b)(6). “Qualification standards” is the only one of the three terms that is defined in the EEOC’s regulations. “Qualification standards” are defined as “the personal and professional attributes including the skill, experience, education,
In fact, however, the EEOC’s regulations and courts interpreting this provision have intertwined the definition of a qualification standard with the requirement that it be job-related and consistent with business necessity. Thus, in
Belk v. Southwestern Bell Tel. Co.,
[t]he purpose of this provision [12112(b)(6) ] is to ensure that individuals with disabilities are not excluded from job opportunities unless they are actually unable to do the job. It is to ensure that there is a fit between job criteria and an applicant’s (or employee’s) actual ability to do the job.
Selection criteria that exclude, or tend to exclude, an individual with a disability or a class of individuals with disabilities because of their disability but do not concern an essential function of the job would not be consistent with business necessity.
29 C.F.R. § 1630, App. § 1630.10.
This interpretation also supports the overall purpose of the ADA, which is to “prohibit employers from making adverse employment decisions based on stereotypes and generalizations associated with the individual’s disability rather than on the individual’s actual characteristics.”
EEOC v. Prevo’s Family Mkt., Inc.,
Thus, in order to meet its burden, the defendant must prove that its qualification standards are based on actual ability rather than on general physical or mental impairment and that they are “necessary for the operation of [its] business.”
Cripe v. City of San Jose,
[a] significant job related function of a forklift operator is being able to operate the vehicle safely.... [A]n individual cannot safely operate a forklift if he cannot stay alert and maintain total awareness of his surroundings at all times. Dr. Mills determined that certain medical conditions created a distinct possibility the operator would lose alertness, posing a direct threat to the health and safety of employees in the workplace. Based largely on [Department of Transportation] regulations, 11 Dr. Millshelped Murray develop medical screening parameters to reduce the risk of that occurrence by screening for, among other things, uncontrolled hypertension, epilepsy, seizures, cardiovascular disorders and diabetes. 12 As individuals with those conditions are more likely than others to suffer lapses of attention, they pose a significant threat to the health and safety of other employees if allowed to operate a fork lift. The medical inquiries conducted by Murray were plainly related to the employees’ ability to perform an essential job related function of a forklift operator (i.e., maintaining consciousness and complete alertness at all times operating a forklift) ....
(Docket No. 24 at 12)
The EEOC does not appear to dispute that a forklift operator must “stay alert and maintain total awareness of his surroundings” in order to operate the forklift safely. The EEOC does dispute, however, whether the defendant may assume that all insulin-dependent diabetics — or individuals with other specified medical conditionS' — -are incapable of meeting this requirement. Regardless of whether these individuals are at somewhat greater risk of failing this requirement than individuals without these medical conditions, the EEOC argues that the defendant must conduct an individualized inquiry to determine whether a specific employee has difficulty maintaining alertness.
The defendant’s policy does appear, on its face, to be based on improper stereotypes and generalizations about individuals with the specified medical conditions. In order to disprove this inference, the defendant must establish that these medical conditions always cause specific physical or mental limitations that prevent the individuals from operating forklifts safely. Otherwise, the defendant is engaging in precisely the type of behavior that the ADA was designed to prevent: making employment decisions based on generalized assumptions about physical and mental impairments without determining the individual capabilities of each employee with the specific impairment.
Although the defendant is permitted to engage in medical screening under the ADA, it has the burden of establishing that the screening is job-related and consistent with business necessity.
See Monette,
E. OSHA Requirements
As a separate defense to the EEOC’s allegations, the defendant claims that its regulations are required under the General Duty Clause of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (“OSHA”), 29 U.S.C. § 654(a)(1). The EEOC regulations provide that “[i]t may be a defense to a charge of discrimination under this part that a challenged action is required or necessitated by another Federal law or regulation, or that another Federal law or regulation prohibits an action ... that would otherwise be required by this part.” 29 C.F.R. § 1630.15(e). The admittedly few courts that have considered this provision have accepted it as a complete defense to an ADA claim, as long as the defendant could show that the action was, in fact, required by another Federal law.
See, e.g., Bower v. Federal Express Corp.,
The General Duty Clause of OSHA provides for the duties of employees and employers and states that each employer “shall furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees.” 29 U.S.C. § 654(a)(1). The defendant argues that it
recognized the operation of forklifts in this particular plant by persons with specific medical conditions, such as insulin-dependent diabetes, posed a hazard likely to cause death or serious physical harm to its employees. Murray was thus required by OSHA’s General Duty Clause to take affirmative steps to eradicate the hazard and protect its employees. The only way successfully to eradicate this recognized hazard was to conduct medical inquiries of all current and potential forklift operators to determine if they had the hazard-posing conditions.
(Docket No. 24 at 13)
The EEOC claims that the General Duty Clause does not require the defendant to preclude all individuals suffering from specific impairments from operating forklifts. The EEOC asserts that the ADA simply prevents an employer from relying on generalizations in fulfilling its obligations under the General Duty Clause. Thus, for example, an insulin-dependent diabetic who is determined to suffer from frequent blackouts due to uncontrolled blood sugar may be precluded from operating a forklift because it would pose a hazard in the workplace, but employees may not be precluded solely on the basis of their medical conditions without any individualized assessment of the specific risk posed by their operation of a forklift.
The EEOC’s argument is well-taken. Again, in order to rely on a
per se
exclusion of all individuals with certain medical conditions, the defendant must show that the condition necessarily results in a specific limitation that would preclude
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons discussed herein, the defendant’s motion for summary judgment on the individual claim on behalf of Raymond Waits will be granted. The defendant’s motion for summary judgment on the EEOC’s claim of a pattern or practice of discrimination in violation of the ADA will be denied.
An appropriate Order shall Enter.
ORDER
Pending before the court is the defendant Murray, Inc.’s Motion for Summary Judgment (Docket No. 23). For the reasons discussed in the accompanying Memorandum, the defendant’s motion is GRANTED as to the individual claim on behalf of Tommie Waits and DENIED as to the EEOC’s claim of a pattern or practice of discrimination.
It is so Ordered.
Notes
. Unless otherwise noted, the facts have been drawn from the Amended Complaint (Docket No. 18) and the plaintiff's Response to Defendant’s Statement of Undisputed Material Facts (Docket No. 30).
. Murray updated their screening parameters on a yearly basis, and it is somewhat unclear whether these are the guidelines that were in effect in October 1997. (Docket No. 24, attach. Ex. 4, Oliver Dep. at 8-11) Nonetheless, there were no relevant changes to the parameters concerning insulin-dependent diabetes, and these parameters provide a sufficient example of the per se exclusions implemented by Murray in 1996.
. There is evidence that Murray had been informed of Waits's condition years before. In the report of a November 9, 1987 vision exam on Waits (required for all forklift operators), the nurse conducting the exam made a note of "Insulin — -Diabetes. No limitations.” (Docket No. 24, attach. Ex. 6, Deposition of Pat Kent, attach. Ex. 4 at 1)
.Waits actually obtained and submitted a letter from his primary physician, Dr. Clayton Wilson, after his medical screening but prior to his layoff. (Docket No. 24, attach. Ex. 7, Deposition of Sandra J. Calvert at 33-34; id., Calvert Dep., attach. Ex. 2) Dr. Wilson stated that he was "not aware of any serious episodes of low or high [blood] sugar which would cause problems with [Waits’s] employment as a lift truck operator.” (Docket No. 24, attach. Ex. 7, Calvert Dep., attach. Ex. 2) Both James Oliver, Murray's Health and Safety Director, and Pat Kent, a nurse in the department, stated that such information would not even be considered under Murray’s exclusionary policy regarding insulin-dependent diabetes. (Docket No. 24, attach. Ex. 4, Oliver Dep. at 24; id., attach. Ex. 6, Kent Dep. at 46)
. Section 12112(b) provides several definitions or types of discrimination prohibited under subsection (a). Section 12112(b)(6) states that the term "discriminate" includes
using qualification standards, employment tests or other selection criteria that screen out or tend to screen out an individual with a disability or a class of individuals with disabilities unless the standard, test or other selection criteria, as used by the covered entity, is shown to be job-related for the position in question and is consistent with business necessity.
. The Enforcement provision of the ADA states:
The powers, remedies, and procedures set forth in sections 2000e-4, 2000e-5, 2000e-6, 2000e-8, and 2000e-9 of this title [Title VII enforcement provisions] shall be the powers, remedies, and procedures this sub-chapter provides to the Commission, to the Attorney General, or to any person alleging discrimination on the basis of disability in violation of any provision of this chapter, or regulations promulgated under section 12116 of this title, concerning employment.
42 U.S.C. § 12117(a).
.Under the ADA, the EEOC may bring a charge of unlawful employment practice and may file a civil action without a charging individual. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f) (establishing ability of EEOC to bring a civil action for enforcement of Title); see also 42 U.S.C. § 12117(a) (adopting the powers, remedies, and procedures of enforcing Title VII as equally applicable to the ADA). Still, the EEOC is limited by the statutory language of the ADA to bringing only claims “alleging discrimination on the basis of disability ...." 42 U.S.C. § 12117(a).
. The defendant argues that the EEOC has conceded that Waits was not disabled under any definition. (Docket No. 24 at 8) In the initial case management conference in this case, held before Judge Higgins prior to the case being transferred to this judge, the EEOC stated that it was “not contesting the fact that [Waits] may... not be disabled— under the ADA.” (Docket No. 9, Transcript of Proceedings, January 12, 2001, at 4) Further, when the court asked, “There is no issue under your case as to whether he was a qualified individual with a disability?” the EEOC responded, “No, Your Honor.” Id. at 11.
. If the EEOC prevails in the liability phase of its claim, it may then seek monetaiy damages on behalf of qualified individuals with disabilities affected by the discriminatory policy. This would include Waits, if the EEOC could show either that he had a record of a disability or that he was regarded as disabled.
. Although the defendant's policy excludes individuals with several medical conditions from operating forklifts, see Statement of Facts, supra, the parties focused their arguments on individuals suffering from insulin-dependent diabetes. Thus, the court's analysis is often limited to this medical condition although it applies equally to the other per se exclusions in the defendant's policy.
. The defendant repeatedly asserts that its screening parameters are based, in large measure, on the safety regulations promulgated by the Department of Transportation ("DOT”) for commercial motor vehicle operators.
See, e.g.,
(Docket No. 24, attach. Ex. 4, Oliver Dep. at 38-39) However, since 1995, those regulations have
not
prohibited insulin-dependent diabetics from operating
non-commercial motor vehicles
like forklifts. Under the DOT regulations, a person cannot be physically
The forklifts used by Murray do not fall within the DOT's definition of a commercial motor vehicle but are non-commercial vehicles which the DOT has found do not require a general prohibition on insulin-dependent drivers. Thus, the defendant cannot rely on these regulations as establishing, as a matter of law, acceptable regulations of its forklift operators. The regulations may be used to support the defendant's arguments, but it must demonstrate that the factual distinctions between forklifts and commercial motor vehicles {e.g., forklifts have a maximum speed of between 7 and 10 miles per hour (Docket No. 24, attach. Ex. 3, at 4)) do not outweigh their persuasiveness.
. The term "uncontrolled” is applied only to hypertension. Under the defendant’s policy, all individuals with epilepsy and insulin-dependent diabetes, whether controlled or not, were prohibited from operating forklifts.
. As noted, the defendant does not address the other specified medical conditions in its motion. Thus, the parties arguments are presented in relation to insulin-dependent diabetes.
. Although not presented as such, the defendant appears to be claiming that individuals with insulin-dependent diabetes present a direct threat to the health and safety of others in the workplace, which is a specific qualification standard found in section 12113(b). As the Sixth Circuit has established,
[a] direct threat means that there is ‘a significant risk of substantial harm to the health or safety of the individual or others that cannot be eliminated or reduced by reasonable accommodation.’ 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(r). To determine if an individual poses a direct threat, the trial court should evaluate the following factors: ’(1) The duration of the risk; (2) The nature and severity of the potential harm; (3) The likelihood that the potential harm will occur; and (4) The imminence of the potential harm.’ 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(r).
Hamlin v. Charter Township of Flint,
More directly relevant in this case, ”[t]he determination that an individual poses a ‘direct threat’ shall be based on an individualized assessment of the individual’s present ability to safely perform the essential functions of the job.” 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(r);
see also EEOC v. Exxon Corp.,