Introduction
Envirotech Inc. (“Envirotech”) appeals the dismissal of its Second Amended Petition in the Circuit Court of Jefferson County. The trial court dismissed the petition with prejudice finding that Enviro-tech had “alleged no causal connection between any actions by the Defendant [sic] and any alleged damages suffered by the Plaintiff.” On appeal, Envirotech contends that it did allege a causal connection between the actions of the Defendants and its damages. We reverse and remand.
Factual and Procedural Background
On June 13, 2006, Envirotech filed a four-count Second Amended Petition against Defendants. 1 Envirotech’s Second Amended Petition was more than 60 pages long, 2 with 80 pages of exhibits. In summary, 3 the petition alleged that:
St. Louis Bridge Company 5 bid on the Highway Project and included DKW in its bid as a subcontractor. The contact was awarded to St. Louis Bridge. However, DKW never performed any work on the project. The work that DKW was contracted to perform was actually performed by TIC. 6 TIC was not a “disadvantaged business enterprise.” In an attempt to hide TIC’s work on the project, employees obscured TIC logos on their trucks and otherwise represented themselves as DKW employees throughout the project. 7
Meanwhile, DKW was the general contractor on a project at thе St. Louis Renaissance Hotel (“the Hotel Project”). DKW hired Envirotech as its sole subcontractor to do interior demolition on the Hotel Project. During the time Enviro-tech worked on the Hotel Project, the work schedule was accelerated and DKW otherwise made it difficult for Envirotech to perform its duties. DKW withheld payment from Envirotech.
Envirotech substantially completed its work under the contract. DKW certified that Envirotech’s work was 95% complete on March 12, 2001, and projected the completion date as March 20, 2001. However, Defendants induced DKW to force Enviro-tech to be unable to perform. DKW failed to provide Envirotech with water to complete the work. DKW also demanded that Envirotech work on holidays and weekends and DKW accelerated Envirotech’s work schedule, increasing Envirotech’s costs. Because of DKW’s actions, induced by Defendants, Envirotech did not complete the work on March 20, 2001.
On April 2, 2001, DKW terminated Envi-rotech. DKW did not properly give Envi-rotech termination notice as set out in the contract. DKW also withheld a $2.3 million payment and hired TIC to finish the job. DKW then falsely accused Enviro-tech of defaulting on the subcontract and made a false claim on Envirotech’s surety, causing the surety to stop issuing bonds for Envirotech on new projects.
Envirotech alleged that Defendants instigated this scheme in order to funnel money to TIC. Although DKW was being paid for work on the Highway Project, TIC actually performed the work. Defendants could not directly pay TIC for its work on the Highway Project, because that would leave a “paper trial” that could
Envirotech’s petition was based on the foregoing allegations. More specifically, the petition (incorporating all above facts) alleged in Count One, titled “Combination to Injure or Destroy Envirotech’s Busi: ness,” that the Defendants conspired with DKW “to injure or destroy Envirotech’s business.” Envirotech alleged that on December 9, 2000 it was hired by DKW to do demolition work on the Hotel Project, and the agreement was embodied in a written contract on January 3, 2001. However, DKW never intended to be bound by the contract because it had agreed with Defendants to wrongfully terminate Envirotech and replace Envirotech with TIC. In paragraphs 144-149, Envirotech specifically alleged:
knowing that.. .DKW had hired Enviro-tech to perform millions of dollars in interior demolition, lead and asbestos abatement work at the Gateway Renaissance Hotel, Defendants herein caused and induced DKW to terminate and stop paying Envirotech for the reasonable value of such services on and after April 2, 2001, without lawful justification or excuse. In furtherance of the conspiracy, after April 2, 2001, DKW refused to pay any of the amounts due to Enviro-tech for the reasonable value of Enviro-tech’s work.. .terminating Envirotech in the manner in which DKW acted and then notifying Envirotech’s bonding company, the Defendants intended to cause such damage [to] Envirotech that Envirotech would fail as a business and because of such failure be unable to discover the reason for its termination— so that DKW could hire TIC and launder the proceeds for the [Highway] Project, through overpayments for TIC’s work on the [Hotel Project] project...
In the second count, titled “Interference with Prospective Advantage,” Envirotech alleged that DKW created a valid business expectancy when it hired Envirotech. En-virotech substantially completed the work, but Defendants caused and induced DKW to terminate Envirotech on April 2, 2001, without lawful justification or excuse, so that DKW could hire TIC to replace Envi-rotech. Defendants further induced DKW to refuse to pay Envirotech for the work it had already performed.
In Count Three, Envirotech alleged “Conspiracy to Breach and Tortious Interference with Contract.” Envirotech included specific contents of the December 9, 2000, contract and specific instances of breach by DKW. One such allegation is that DKW forced Envirotech to work more than eight hours per day, on Saturdays and on Sundays, but refused to compensate Envirotech for overtime. However, within days of terminating Envirotech, TIC began working at the site and was paid “overtime rates.” Envirotech contends that the motivation for such breaches of the contract was an attempt to force Envirotech to “fail” so that DKW could hire TIC. Envirotech alleged that DKW’s actions were induced by Defendants.
In its fourth count, Envirotech alleged “Conspiracy to Breach and Tortuous Interference with Contract” “in the alternative to Counts 1, 2, and 3.” In this count Envirotech alleged breach of a September 18, 1999, contract between Envirotech and DKW. Envirotech alleged that it performed all work associated with the contract by March 2000, but DKW did not pay Envirotech for such work. Envirotech al
Also in the petition, although not in a separately numbered count, Enviroteeh alleged:
At the time DKW terminated Enviro-tech, DKW seized tools, equipment, and supplies of Enviroteeh which were on the Gateway job site, converting such to the use of DKW and TIC. Although Enviroteeh demanded a return of its tools, equipment and supplies, DKW or TIC or both used Envirotech’s wrongfully seized tools, equipment and materials during TIC’s work on the Gateway Renaissance Hotel.
After Enviroteeh filed its Secоnd Amended Petition, Defendants filed motions to dismiss. St. Louis Bridge argued, inter alia, that the Second Amended Petition failed to prove a proximate cause “between [Envirotech’s] alleged contract damages and the St. Louis Bridge Defendant’s alleged conspiratorial acts on a project wholly unrelated to Plaintiff’s project.” TIC argued, inter alia, in its motion that Envirotech’s petition failed to state a claim because “Plaintiff has alleged no theory of causation which can be attributed to the conduct of the Thomas Defendants.” It also alleged that Enviroteeh commingled causes of action within the petition.
The court heard the motions on November 15, 2006 and dismissed Envirotech’s Second Amended Petition with prejudice, stating only “The plaintiff has alleged no causal connection between any actions by the Defendant [sic] and any alleged damages suffered by the Plaintiff.”
Enviroteeh appealed. On appeal, Envi-rotech claims that the trial court erred in dismissing its Second Amended Petition on the grounds that it alleged no causal connection because (a) Enviroteeh did plead that it was damaged by one or more unlawful acts of a co-conspirator, done in furtherance of the conspiracy and the acts of one conspirator are the acts of all conspirators, for which all parties to the conspiracy are jointly and severally liable; and (b) Enviroteeh pleaded all five elements of a civil tort conspiracy. In its second point, Enviroteeh argues that the trial court erred in dismissing its petition on the grounds that it alleged no causal connection because it was an erroneous aрplication of law in that Enviroteeh pleaded that all defendants participated by ordering, inducing or encouraging DKW, thereby aiding and abetting DKW in some way. In its final point, Enviroteeh argues that the trial court erred in dismissing its petition for fading to allege a causal connection because Enviroteeh pleaded a causal connection by alleging that TIC participated in the conversion of Enviro-tech’s tools, equipment and materials during its work on the Hotel Project.
Standard of Review
In reviewing a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, we must assume all of plaintiff’s averments are true and give the plaintiff the benefit of every reasonable inference therefrom.
Gettings v. Farr,
Discussion
First, we note that Envirotech’s petition, and its appellate brief are far from
Civil Conspiracy
Envirotech’s claims are based on the allegation that the Defendants were involved in a civil conspiracy. A civil conspiracy is an agreement or understanding between two or more persons to do an unlawful act, or to use unlawful means to do an act which is lawful.
Gettings,
To establish a claim for civil conspiracy, some Missouri cases state that the plaintiff must plead sufficient facts to support the following elements: “(1) two or more persons; (2) an object to be accomplished; (3) a meeting of minds on the object or course of action; (4) one or more unlawful
8
acts; and, (5) damages.”
Lyn-Flex West, Inc. v. Dieckhaus,
Thus, it appears that the unlawfulness element can be found in either the ends sought or the means used. See 34 Mo Prac. 16:2 (2007). Here, Envirotech has alleged unlawfulness in both the ends sought, defrauding the State of Missouri, and the means used, i.e. interference with a business expectancy, interference with/ breach of a contract, conversion, etc.
In civil conspiracy, each tortfea-sor is jointly and severally liable and each defendant is made responsible for the acts of the other done “in pursuance of the common design.”
Gettings,
If the underlying wrongful act alleged as part of a civil conspiracy fails to state a cause of action, the civil conspiracy claim fails as well.
Gettings,
Conspiracy to breach a contract has been long recognized as a plausible civil conspiracy claim in Missouri. See
Contour Chair Lounge Co., Inc. v. Aljean Furniture Mfg. Co.,
To properly plead his case, a plaintiff seeking joint and several liability for an act committed in furtherance of an unlawful conspiracy must plead two things. He must plead the underlying unlawful act which damaged him. He must also plead the civil conspiracy, which allows him to hold the defendants jointly and severally liable for damages caused by actions taken in furtherance of the conspiracy.
Causation
All three of Envirotech’s points on appeal assert different reasons that the trial court erred in dismissing Envirotech’s Second Amended Petition on the grounds that Envirotech alleged “no causal connection between any actions by the Defendant [sic] and any alleged damages suffered by the Plaintiff.” The first two points address similar issues and will be taken together. In its first point, Envirotech argues that the trial court erred in finding that it had not alleged a causal connection because (1) Envirotech pleaded that it was damaged by unlawful acts of DKW, a co-conspirator, done in furtherance of the conspiracy and (2) Envirotech pleaded all elements of civil conspiracy.
More specifically, Envirotеch argues that the trial court failed to follow the Pinkerton 9 doctrine in that it dismissed the petition “because Envirotech did not allege that its damages were caused by the actions of the present defendants” and because DKW was not a party to the action. Although the Defendants made these arguments to the trial court, 10 it is not clear why the court ruled there was no proximate causation. The court’s order simply stated that “[t]he plaintiff has alleged no casual connection between any actions by the Defendant [sic] and any alleged damages suffered by the Plaintiff.” 11
Proximate cause is generally an issue in cases involving negligent torts and centers around foreseeability. It seems axiomatic that proximate cause is not generally an issue in intentional tort cases such as this. Envirotech alleged that Defendants intended to cause Envirotech’s injuries and intended to defraud the state of Missouri. This allegation is at odds with the idea that Defendants are “too far removed from the ultimate injury or damage” to hold them liable. If Defendants’ actions were intended to defraud the State of Missouri or intended to injure Envirotech, the damages certainly “appear to be a reasonable and probable consequеnce of the act.. .of the defendant.” Taking Envirotech’s allegations as true, Defendants should have known that there was an appreciable chance that Envirotech would be injured by their actions.
More specifically, Envirotech alleged specific causal links. Envirotech alleged, inter alia, that Defendants induced DKW to: (1) accelerate the project; (2) withhold progress payments and other payments, and make false set offs; (3) wrongfully terminate Envirotech after it had substantially completed its work, and after DKW had certified that Envirotech had completed 95% of the contract; (4) wrongfully give notice of default to Envirotech’s bonding company; (5) enter into a contract with Envirotech knowing it will breach; and (6) convert Envirotech’s tools, equipment and supplies for its and TIC’s use. These allegations establish a direсt link between Defendants’ conduct and Envirotech’s damages.
TIC cites Messman v. Riss & Co., 255 . S.W.2d 80, 82 (Mo.App. St. Louis 1953), in support of its argument that Envirotech failed to allege proximate causation. In Messman, the appellate court upheld the trial court’s dismissal of a conspiracy claim because it found that the plaintiffs alleged damage was unrelated to the alleged conspiracy. Messman, however, is factually distinguishable from this case.
In
Messman
the plaintiff attempted to hold the defendant liable for another’s gasoline bill by way of asserting a conspiracy between the two for illegally sharing highway permits. See
Id.
However, there was no alleged conspiracy “to obtain credit for the sale of gasoline or motor oil.”
Id.
at 83. Instead, the object of the alleged conspiracy was to “operate trucks on the highway ... without ... securing the requisite permits.”
Id.
at 82-83. Indeed, there was no allegation that the defendant
Here, however, Envirotech specifically alleged that it was injured by Defendants’ actions taken in pursuit of their conspiracy to defraud the State of Missouri. Envirotech also alleged that Defendants conspired with the object of injuring Envirotech. 12 Either of these types of allegations provides a direct causal link between Defendants and Envirotech’s damages.
Factual Arguments
Both TIC and St. Louis Bridge interjected multiple factual arguments into their motions to dismiss, appellate briefs and oral argument as if the trial or appellate courts were supposed to weigh credibility and make findings. However, because this case was dismissed on the pleadings, neither the trial court nor this court can weigh the facts.
When determining whether to dismiss a case, we review the petition to determine whether the facts alleged meet the elements of a recognized cause of action, or a cause that might be adopted in that case.
Gettings,
We will not extend this opinion by addressing all factual arguments made by the parties. Suffice it to say that weighing credibility or determining which allegations are “fabricated” would be a misapplication of the law, so all such arguments are rejected. Perhaps Envirotech will be unable to prove the allegations asserted. Envirotech alleged that Defendants caused its damages by inducing DKW to take certain actions, in pursuance of an illegal conspiracy. Our inquiry into the facts must end there.
Specifically, we will address St. Louis Bridge’s argument that “Appellant may have been entitled to seek breach of contract damages against DKW for [accelerating the contract], however, such relief does not fit within Appellant’s alleged conspiracy.” If, as St. Louis Bridge acknowledges, Envirotech is “entitled to seek” breach of contract damages against DKW, it follows that it is also “entitled to seek” damages against Defendants for their involvement in a conspiracy wherein DKW was induced to breach the contract. It is no defense that there is an available action against DKW, since all conspirators are joint wrongdoers and each is hable for the loss.
See Byers Bros. Real Estate & Ins. Agency, Inc., v. Campbell,
TIC’s Brief
In its brief, TIC does not fohow Enviro-tech’s points relied on, but asserts multiple additional grounds to affirm the dismissal. In addition to proximate causation of the conspirаcy claims, TIC attacks the underlying claims set forth in the pleadings, arguing that Envirotech failed to state claims upon which relief can be granted. To properly plead a case for civil conspiracy against Defendants, Envirotech must
In its motions to dismiss, TIC argued only that Envirotech faded to allege causation. However, failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted is a jurisdictional defect and can be raised at any time.
Lone Star Industries, Inc. v. Howell Trucking Inc.,
However, when a challenge to a pleading for failure to state a claim is brought for the first time on appeal, the pleading will be more liberally construed than if the сhallenge was made via a motion to dismiss. The purpose of pleadings is to present, define, and isolate the issues, so that the trial court and all parties have notice of the issues. When an attack on the sufficiency of a petition is made for the first time on appeal, the pleading will be held good unless it wholly fails to state a claim. In this determination, the petition will be given its fullest intendment as a claim for relief.
Lone Star Industries,
In its second point, TIC argues that Envirotech failed to state a claim in Count II, titled “Interference With Prospective Advantage.” TIC states, and we agree, that this claim is for interference with a business expectancy. “A claim for tortious interference with a contract or business expectancy requires proof of each of the following: (1) a contract or a valid business expectancy; (2) defendant’s knowledge of the contract or relationship; (3) intentional interference by the defendant inducing or causing a breach of contract or relationship; (4) absence of justification; and (5) damages resulting from defendant’s conduct.”
Downey v. McKee,
TIC argues that Envirotech failed to allege that Defendants’ actions were done “without justification” or by “improper means.” TIC cites
Schott v. Beussink
for the proposition that “a defendant is justified in interfering with a prospective business advantage unless he or she uses improper means to do so.”
The language in
Schott
originates from
Lick Creek Sewer Systems v. Bank of Bourbon,
which adopts the proposition that “where both the plaintiffs and defendants are parties to the contract, the defendants’ breach is not the basis of a cause of action for tortious interference with a business or contractual relationship.”
In this same point, TIC also argues that Envirotech “provided only bare
TIC completes its second point with another argument that Envirotech has failed to prove that its damages were proximately caused by Defendants. It argues that Envirotech alleged that Defendants “encouraged” DKW to breach the contract, but does not allege that this encouragement was the
cause
of the breach. In fact, Envirotech alleged that Defendants “induced” DKW to breach the contract. Induce, as defined in Missouri case-law, is “to move and lead (as by persuasion or influence), to inspire, call forth or bring about by influence or stimulation.”
Tri-Continental Leasing Co. v. Neidhardt,
In the next point, TIC argues that Count III, “Conspiracy to Breach and Tor-tious Interference with Contract” failed to state a claim in that Envirotech failed to plead facts establishing that Defendants acted without justification and were the proximate cause of the breach of contract. As we previously discussed, Envirotech did allege that Defendants acted without justification.
With regard to causation, TIC changes tactics somewhat and argues that Envirotech did not allege that “but for” Defendant’s actions, DKW would have followed through with and fully performed under the contract. More specifically, TIC argues that “most” of the allegations of DKW’s wrongdoing “had nothing to do with Defendants” and merely alleging “some” actions on the part of Defendants was insufficient, without alleging that those actions caused DKW to breach the contract. In reviewing a motion to dismiss, we must take all facts and reasonable inferences in the light most favоrable to the pleader.
Gettings,
Envirotech alleged that it substantially performed its part of the contract and Defendants “induced” DKW to breach. Envirotech does not use the words “but for,” however, causation can be reasonably inferred from Envirotech’s allegations. TIC’s argument that there were two possible causes of the breach is
& factual
determination that has no place in the review of a motion to dismiss. It is improper for this court to weigh facts when reviewing a motion to dismiss. See
Gettings,
In its fourth point, TIC argues that Count TV, “Conspiracy to Breach and Tor-tious Interference with Contract,” failed to state a claim in that Envirotech failed to plead facts establishing that Defendants acted without justification and were the proximate cause of the breach of contract. Count IV involves the September 1999 contraсt between DKW and Envirotech for lead abatement and asbestos removal. Once again, TIC argues that Envirotech
In its fifth point, TIC argues that Envi-rotech “commingles” causes of action in violation of Rule 55.11, which requires that plaintiffs state claims founded upon separate transactions or occurrences in separately numbered counts. TIC states that Envirotech’s Second Amended Petition is a “frustrating and confusing” pleading, and we agree. Envirotech’s petition contains sixty pages of repetitive allegations and unnecessary facts. However, it states claims upon which relief can be granted and does not warrant dismissal.
More specifically, TIC’s argues that “Counts III and IV entitled ‘Conspiracy to Breach and Tortious Interference with Contract’ are confusing and seem to contemplate two causes of action at once: conspiracy and tortious interference.” Indeed, these counts do “contemplate two causes of actions at once” and properly so. To establish Defendants’ liability, Enviro-tech must plead facts of
both
conspiracy
and
the underlying claim. Although conspiracy has its own “elements” that must be proven, it is not a separate and distinct action and is predicated on proof of the underlying wrong. See
Gettings,
TIC also argues that Count I is titled “Combination to Injure or Destroy Envirotech’s Business” but contains an allеgation that TIC “converted” Envirotech’s tools, equipment and supplies. First, we note that whether Envirotech stated a claim is not determined by the title of its purported claims, but by the facts alleged. “It is the facts stated in the petition, along with the relief sought, which under our system of code pleading are to be looked at to determine the cause of action, rather than the form of the petition.”
Goe v. City of Mexico,
Conversion
Next, we address TIC’s sixth point, in which TIC argues that Envirotech failed to plead every element for a claim for conversion against TIC, and its seventh point, in which TIC argues that Envirotech failed to state a claim for conspiracy to convert. These points correlate with Envirotech’s and St. Louis Bridge’s third points on appeal.
To state a claim for conversion, a plaintiff must plead and prove that he was entitled to possession, the defendant exercised unauthorized control and the defendant deprived plaintiff of his right to possession.
IOS Capital, LLC v. Allied Home Mortgage Capital Corp.,
In its petition, Envirotech alleged (albeit not in a separately titled count) that:
At the time DKW terminated Enviro-tech, DKW seized tools, equipment, and supplies of Envirotech which were onthe Gateway job site, converting such to the use of DKW and TIC. Although Envirotech demanded a return of its tools, equipment and supplies, DKW or TIC or both used Envirotech’s wrongfully seized tools, equipment and materials during TIC’s work on the Gateway Renaissance Hotel.
In reviewing a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, we review the petition to determine whether the facts alleged meet the elements of a recognized cause of action, or a cause that
might be adopted
in that case.
Gettings,
TIC argues that Envirotech’s allegation “does not state a dirеct conversion claim against TIC” because it alleged that DKW converted the tools. We agree. The allegation very clearly states that DKW seized the tools and is not clear to whom Envirotech made its demand for return of the tools. Rather, it appears that Envirotech was attempting to hold Defendants liable for DKW’s conversion through joint and several liability established by conspiracy. However, on appeal, Envirotech argues that it pleaded that TIC “participated” or “joined” in the conversion of its tools. To the extent that this is an argument that it made a direct claim against TIC for conversion, this point is denied.
Envirotech’s allegations in the petition do state a claim of conspiracy to convert. Once again, we return to the two-step process of establishing liability in conspiracy. First, Envirotech must plead all facts of an underlying wrong, here conversion.
The facts alleged by Envirotech meet the elements of conversion. Enviro-tech pleads that DKW “seized tools, equipment and supplies
of Envirotech.”
A reasonable inference from this statement is that Envirotech owned and was entitled to possession of those tools. Envirotech also states that DKW “converted” the tools to its own use and use by TIC, and characterizes the seizure of the tools as “wrongful.” These allegations establish that DKW exercised unauthorized control of the tools. Finally, Envirotech alleged that it demanded return of the tools, equipment and supplies but the items were not returned. Thus, it alleged facts stating that the defendant deprived it of its right to possession. Clearly, Envirotech stated both a “use or appropriation” by DKW indicating a “claim or right in opposition to” Enviro-tech’s and a refusal to give up possession on demand.
See, Bell,
Next, to hold a defendant hable for damages resulting from the conversion, Envi-rotech must plead that the defendant was involved in an illegal conspiracy. As we have discussed in great detail, Envirotech has alleged that TIC and the other defendants were involved in the illegal conspiracy. 15 Thus, Envirotech has alleged sufficient facts to state a claim for conspiracy to convert. 16
The trial court erred in dismissing Envi-rotech’s petition for the reason that Envi-rotech failed to allege proximate cause. In all counts, Envirotech stated claims upon which relief can be granted. While Envi-rotech did not state a claim for conversion against TIC, it did state a claim against Defendants for conspiracy to convert. The case is rеversed and remanded to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Notes
.Donald and Claudia Thomas, Thomas Industrial Coating, (“TIC”) Thomas Equipment and Management Co. and Riverfront Industrial Coatings, Inc. were represented by the same attorney throughout the action and will be called collectively "TIC.” St. Louis Bridge Construction Co., St. Louis Bridge Company, Thomas Industrial Coating, LLC, George M. Johnson, William Johnson, GM Johnson Companies, Inc., and St. Louis Bridge Construction Company, LLC, were represented by the same attorney throughout the action and will be called "St. Louis Bridge.” Collectively, we will refer to all defendants as "Defendants.”
. Under Rule 55.05(1) a petition must contain a short plain statement of the facts showing that the pleader is entitled to relief. Enviro-tech’s petition was not a short plain statement of the facts.
. We have omitted facts аnd allegations that do not directly pertain to the question presented in this appeal, namely whether the trial court erred in dismissing the petition because Plaintiff failed to show causation.
. Project number J6I0985G.
. St. Louis Bridge Company was also known as St. Louis Bridge Construction Company and St. Louis Bridge Construction Company, LLC. St. Louis Bridge was owned by Defendants GM Johnson Companies, Inc., George M. Johnson and William Johnson.
. St. Louis Bridge owned 50% of TIC. TIC, Inc. was owned and controlled by Donald and Claudia Thomas. Thomas Equipment and Management Company was also owned by the Thomases. Riverfront Industrial Coatings, Inc. was owned or controlled by Claudia Thomas and was considered a female-owned "disadvantaged business enterprise” engaging in industrial painting.
.After an investigation, the Missouri Department of Transportation found that DKW had no commercially useful function in the project and thаt St. Louis Bridge should be assessed fines. Plaintiff attached a copy of the findings to the Second Amended Petition.
. The term unlawful, as it relates to civil conspiracy, is not limited to conduct that is criminally liable, but rather may include individuals associating for the purpose of causing or inducing a breach of contract or business expectancy.
Lyn-Flex West, Inc. v. Dieck-haus,
.
Pinkerton v. United States,
. TIC argued in its motion to dismiss that Envirotech’s "alleged harm was caused by DKW and not the Defendants.” TIC argues in its appellate brief that Envirotech failed to show "proximate causation” because "all of the actions alleged to have caused Enviro-tech’s damages were taken by DKW, a non-party to this action." (Emphasis added). St. Louis Bridge offered similar arguments.
.Clearly it would be error to find lack of proximate causation because DKW was not a party to the action. As we have explained, proof of civil conspiracy allows a plaintiff to hold a defendant liable for the wrongful act
of another,
if that wrongful act was committed in furtherance of an illegal conspiracy. All conspirators need not be joined in an action to hold any of the conspirators liable, because conspiracy results in joint and several liability. See
Grubb,
. We note that Envirotech’s petition would be sufficient, even if it had not alleged that Defendants intended to injure it. The plaintiff need not be the object of the conspiracy. It is sufficient for the plaintiff to allege that it was damaged as a result of actions taken in furtherance of the unlawful conspiracy. See
Gettings,
. St. Louis Bridge emphasizes that the plaintiff must prove the elements of a civil conspiracy claim "by clear and convincing evidence.”
See, e.g., Koehler v. Warren Skinner, '
. The exact language of Schott reads "A defendant is justified in inducing a contract's breach, unless the defendant uses improper means to induce the breach.”
. TIC also argues that Envirotech did not allege a "meeting of the minds between DKW and TIC with regard to the alleged conversion.” Indeed, Envirotech did not specifically allege a meeting of the minds with regard to the conversion of its tools and supplies; however, it alleged a meeting of the minds with regards to the conspiracy as a whole.
. This issue seems to be unclear to the parties. To clarify, we reiterate that once Envi-rotech properly pleads conspiracy, it has stated a claim against persons
other than the wrongdoer
for joint and several liable for the damages. Thus, to hold Defendants liable for damages from the conversion, Envirotech did not have to allege that Defendants converted the tools. Rather, it had to allege that Defendants were involved in a conspiracy that resulted in the conversion of the tools. If both sets of facts are proven at trial, the Defen