ENTERTAINMENT VENTURES, INC., а California corporation; 80 Drive-In, Inc., an Alabama corporation; Mini-Cinema of Alabama, Inc., an Alabama corporation; and Jefferson Drive-Ins, Inc., an Alabama corporation; T. W. Tidmore; Frank L. Thompson, Jr.; and L. J. Pepper, Plaintiffs, v. Honorable Albert P. BREWER, Governor of the State of Alabama; Honorable Floyd H. Mann, Director of the Department of Public Safety of the State of Alabama; Captain Willie B. Painter, Department of Public Safety of the State of Alabama; Captain E. J. Dixon, Department of Public Safety of the State of Alabama; Lt. R. H. Holmes, Department of Public Safety of the State of Alabama; City of Birmingham, a municipal corporation; Honorable Jamie Moore, Police Chief of the City of Birmingham, Alabama, and their successors in office, Defendants. Cecil QUARLES, Individually and doing business as Etowah Art Cinema, Intervening Plaintiff, v. Honorable Albert P. BREWER, Governor of the State of Alabama; Honorable Floyd H. Mann, Director of the Department of Public Safety of the State of Alabama; Captain James A. Davis, Sergeant Roy McDowell, the City of Attalla, Alabama, and Police Chief Claude Carr, Defendants. JET DRIVE-IN THEATRE, INC., a corporation, and William Ashley Metcalfe, Plaintiffs, v. Albert P. BREWER, Governor of the State of Alabama; Floyd Mann, Director, Department of Public Safety, State of Alabama; Herman Pitts, State Trooper, State of Alabama; David W. Crosland, District Attorney, State of Alabama; and Benjamin P. Franklin, Defendants. BLACK WARRIOR AMUSEMENT CORPORATION, an Alabama corporation; Jack Vaughn Productions, Inc., a Georgia corporation; and Johnny Moses, Plaintiffs, v. Floyd MANN, Willie Painter and R. W. Moore, Defendants.
Civ.A.Nos. 2898-N, 2900-N, and 2901-N
United States District Court M. D. Alabama, N. D.
Sept. 30, 1969. Order Dec. 18, 1969.
306 F. Supp. 802
Before RIVES, Circuit Judge, and JOHNSON and PITTMAN, District Judges.
ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED that the provisions of this Order applicable to any defendant shall apply to each such defendant and each of its officers, directors and employees, and to each of its subsidiaries, successors and assigns, and to all other persons in active concert or participation with any such defendant who shall have received actual notice of this Order by personal service or otherwise; and it is further
IV
ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED that jurisdiction is retained for the purpose of enabling any of the parties to this Order to apply to this Court at any time for such further orders and directions as may be necessary or appropriate for the construction or carrying out of this Order, for the modification of any provisions thereof, and for the enforcement of compliance therewith and punishment of violations thereof.
Douglas P. Corretti, N. Daniel Rogers and Jimmy S. Calton, Corretti, Newsom, Rogers & May, Birmingham, Ala., for plaintiffs Entertainment Ventures, Inc., and others.
J. Richard Carr, Burns, Carr & Shumaker, Gadsden, Ala., for intervening plaintiff.
J. Paul Lowery, Montgomery, Ala., for plaintiffs Jet Drive-In Theatre, Inc., and another.
Sam R. Shannon, Jr., and James H. Crow, III, Beavers, Shannon, Harrison & Odom, Birmingham, Ala., and F. E. Leonard, Jr., Montgomery Ala., for plaintiffs, Black Warrior Amusement Corp. and others.
MacDonald Gallion, Atty. Gen., State of Alabama, and James J. Carter, William Inge Hill and Robert C. Black, Hill, Hill, Stovall, Carter & Franco, Montgomery, Ala., for defendants.
J. M. Breckenridge, Earl McBee and Herbert Jenkins, Birmingham, Ala., for defendants City of Birmingham and Police Chief Moore.
E. K. Hanby, Jr., Gadsden, Ala., for defendants City of Attalla and Police Chief Carr.
RIVES, Circuit Judge:
I.
These cases were submitted for decision on the motions for preliminary injunction. Evidence was taken orally before the Court for about a day and a half and additional evidence has been supplied by affidavits. Upon the oral hearing the Court announced that for the purpose of this submission it was satisfied that the prosecutions of the plaintiffs by the defendants were not in bad faith within the meaning of that term as used in Dombrowski v. Pfister, 1965, 380 U.S. 479, 85 S.Ct. 1116, 14 L.Ed.2d 22, and the Court now so finds. The Court stated also that, to decide the issues developed under the present state of the law and facts, there is no necessity for it to view the motion picture films or to make any finding as to the obscenity vel non of any of the films. We adhere to that position. The Court‘s decision on the motions for preliminary injunction turns on the issues of (1) whether the seizures of the films were constitutional and (2) whether the state prosecutions are based upon any applicable and constitutional statute or ordinance. In view of the public importance of thоse questions, we have called for briefs and have taken time for a detailed study of the law.
II.
The facts in these cases are almost identical. On the night of July 9, 1969, Alabama state police officers, acting pursuant to instructions from defendants Governor Albert Brewer and Floyd
The chart below lists the movies that were seized by the defendant officers. All owners of theaters, owners of films and parties arrested listed are plaintiffs in these three cases. The officers who seized the films, together with Governor Brewer and Alabama Safety Director Mann, arе defendants.
| Case No. | Theater & Location | Film Seized | Owner of Theater | Owner of Film | Party Arrested | Officer Seizing Film1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2898-N | 80 Drive-In Theater, Selma, Ala. | “The Starlet” | 80 Drive-In, Inc. | Entertainment Ventures, Inc. | L. J. Pepper | Capt. Willie B. Painter |
| Festival Cinema Theater, Birmingham, Ala. | “The Starlet” | Mini-Cinema of Alabama, Inc. | same | T. W. Tidmore | Lt. R. H. Holmes | |
| Auto Movies No. 1, Jefferson County, Ala. | “Thar She Blows” | Jefferson Drive-In, Inc. | same | Frank L. Thompson, Jr. | Capt. E. J. Dixon | |
| Etowah Art Cinema, Attalla, Ala. | “Babette” | Cecil Quarles | — | Cecil Quarles | Capt. James A. Davis Sgt. Roy McDowell | |
| 2900-N | Jet Drive-In Theater, Montgomery, Ala. | “Inga” | Jet Drive-In Theater, Inc. | — | William Ashley Metcalfe | Herman Pitts |
| 2901-N | Tide II Theater, Tuscaloosa, Ala. | “The Secret Sex Lives of Romeo and Juliet” | Black Warrior Amusement Corp. | Jack Vaughn Production, Inc. | Johnny Moses | Capt. R. W. Moore |
By stipulation of all parties, the arrests and seizures of film were made without arrest or search warrants and without a prior adversary hearing as to the obscenity of the films. All six films were introduced as evidence and are now in the possession of this Court.
In all three cases the plaintiff theater managers were charged with violating Section 374, Title 14,
In case 2898-N, plaintiff theater-manager Tidmore was also charged by the City of Birmingham with violating Ordinances 36-564 and 67-2,5 General City Code, City of Birmingham.
In cases 2901-N and 2898-N, criminal prosecutions are currently pending in the state courts. Prosecutions of the following plaintiffs have been set for trial but not actually tried pending the conclusion of this case: Johnny Moses, Recorder‘s Court of City of Tuscaloosa; Frank L. Thompson, Jr., Bessemer County Court; T. W. Tidmore, Recorder‘s Court, City of Birmingham;6 L. J. Pepper, Dallas County Court. It is difficult to ascertain
In case 2900-N, plaintiff Metcalfe is charged with violating Section 374, Title 14 of the Alabama Code 1940, and Section 374(4), Title 14 of the Alabama Code Recompiled 1958 (pocket part) (see footnotes 2 and 3, supra). From the complaint, briefs and record, it appears that trial of this charge has not begun.
This case also involves an additional element. On June 27, 1969, Metcalfe was arrested on a warrant sworn to by defendant Franklin, Probation Officer of the Circuit Court of Montgomery County, for “contributing to the delinquency, dependency or neglect of” minors. At the time of his arrest, Metcalfe was exhibiting the movie “Space Thing” at the Jet Drive-In in Montgomery. Metcalfe was also arrested on July 9, 1969, for contributing to the delinquency of a minor.7 At the time of this arrest, the movie “Inga” was being exhibited by Metcalfe at the Jet Drive-In. Trial in the state
III.
We find that this Court has jurisdiction over the subject matter under various statutes, including
IV.
(1) Were the seizures of the films constitutional?
The defendant police officers during the “raids” seized the motion picture films at all six theaters. The officers, acting under the orders of Governor Brewer and Floyd Mann, Director of the Department of Public Safety of Alabama, were to purchase tickets at the theater, view the films in question, make a determination as to whether or not the films were obscene, and, if they were, arrest the manager and seize the films. The Supreme Court has held continuously since 1957 that obscenity is not within the area of constitutionally protected speech or press. Roth v. United States, 1957, 354 U.S. 476, 485, 77 S.Ct. 1304, 1 L.Ed.2d 1498; Jacobellis v. Ohio, 1964, 378 U.S. 184, 187, 84 S.Ct. 1676, 12 L.Ed.2d 793; Stanley v. Georgia, 1969, 394 U.S. 557, 560, 89 S.Ct. 1243, 22 L.Ed.2d 542. Thus, a state possesses power to prevent distribution of obscene matter. Smith v. California, 1959, 361 U.S. 147, 155, 80 S.Ct. 215, 4 L.Ed.2d 205. However, under the fourteenth amendment, a state is not free to adopt whatever procedure it pleases without considering the possible consequences for constitutionally protected speech. Marcus v. Search Warrants, 1961, 367 U.S. 717, 731, 81 S.Ct. 1708, 6 L.Ed.2d 1127. As the Supreme Court stated in Bantam Books, Inc. v. Sullivan, 1963, 372 U.S. 58, 66, 83 S.Ct. 631, 637, 9 L.Ed.2d 584, the “Fourteenth Amendment requires that regulation by the States of obscenity conform to procedures that will ensure against the curtailment of constitutionally protected expression, which is often separated from obscenity only by a dim and uncertain line.” Such a procedure must be “designed to focus searchingly on the question of obscenity.” Marcus v. Search Warrants, supra, 367 U.S. at 732, 81 S.Ct. at 1716.
The seizures of the various films in these cases were admittedly made without a search warrant or pursuant to an arrest warrant.8 In Lee Art Theatre, Inc. v. Virginia, 1968, 392 U.S. 636, 88 S.Ct. 2103, 20 L.Ed.2d 1313, the Supreme Court reversed a Virginia conviction for possessing and exhibiting lewd and obscene motion pictures. The seizure of the film was made under the authority of a search warrant issued by a justice of the peace on the basis of an
“The procedure under which the warrant issued solely upon the conclusory assertions of the police offiсer without any inquiry by the justice of the peace into the factual basis for the officer‘s conclusions was not a procedure ‘designed to focus searchingly on the question of obscenity,’ [quoting from Marcus at 367 U.S. 732, 81 S.Ct. 1708] and therefore fell short of constitutional requirements demanding necessary sensitivity to freedom of expression.”9
392 U.S. at 637, 88 S.Ct. at 2104. The seizure in Lee Art Theatre was under the authority of a warrant, while the seizures in these cases were not. The seizures at the several theaters, based solely on the conclusions of the Alabama police officials, fall short of the freedom of speech and expression guarantees of the first and fourteenth amendments, and, therefore, are unconstitutional.
The defendants contend that the seizures were proper as incident to a lawful arrest—an offense committed in the presence of a police officer. See Preston v. United States, 1964, 376 U.S. 364, 84 S.Ct. 881, 11 L.Ed.2d 777; Ker v. California, 1963, 374 U.S. 23, 83 S.Ct. 1623, 10 L.Ed.2d 726. Such an argument would allow law enforcement officials to circumvent the Court‘s holding in Lee Art Theatre, supra. If a seizure, with or without a warrant cannot be based solely on the conclusory assertions of a police officer, a seizure should not be allowed as incident to an arrest for displaying an obscene motion picture—the commission of this offense being based solely on the conclusory assertion of the police officer.10 See United States v. Brown, S.D.N.Y.1967, 274 F.Supp. 561, 565.
The drafting of an appropriate interlocutory injunction makes it necessary for us to decide what procedure would meet constitutional requirements. In civil proceedings against the obscene material itself, the Supreme Court has spelled out what procedures must be followed. In Marcus v. Search Warrants, 1961, 367 U.S. 717, 81 S.Ct. 1708, the evil struck down was the broad discretion given to police officials to determine the character of the publications. The officials
“* * * were provided with no guide to the exercise of informed discretion, because there was no step in the procedure before seizure designed to focus searchingly on the question of obscenity. * * * Procedures which sweep so broadly and with so little discrimination are obviously deficient in techniques required by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to prevent erosion of the constitutional guarantees.”
367 U.S. at 732-733, 81 S.Ct. at 1716. In A Quantity of Books v. Kansas, 1964, 378 U.S. 205, 84 S.Ct. 1723, the Court, in a question not reached in Marcus, held that an adversary hearing on the question of obscenity must first be conducted before allegedly obscene material can be constitutionally seized. Although Quantity of Books dealt with a noncriminal proceeding, numerous lower courts have held that an adversary hearing before seizure is necessary in a criminal proceeding. Metzger v. Pearcy, 7 Cir. 1968, 393 F.2d 202; Central Agency, Inc. v. Brown, N.D.Ga.1969, 306 F.Supp. 502; Fontaine v. Dial, W.D.Tex.1969, 303 F.Supp. 436; Delta Book Dist., Inc. v. Cronvich, E.D.La.1969, 304 F.Supp. 662; Tyrone, Inc. v. Wilkinson, E.D.Va.1969, 294 F.Supp. 1330, aff‘d, 410 F.2d 639, cert. denied, 396 U.S. 985, 90 S.Ct. 478, 24 L.Ed.2d 449; Cambist Film, Inc. v. Tribell, E.D.Ky.1968, 293 F.Supp. 407; Cambist Films, Inc. v. Illinois, N.D.Ill.1968, 292 F.Supp. 185; United States v. Brown, S.D.N.Y.1967, 274 F.Supp. 561.11
As will be observed, the decision of the Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit in Metzger v. Pearcy, supra,12 holding that an adversary hearing is necessary prior to seizure, even in a criminal proceeding, was made before thе Supreme Court‘s decision in Lee Art Theatre, supra. It seems significant that in the Lee Art Theatre case, the Supreme Court did not go that far. To the contrary, the Court‘s opinion and the two
“The admission of the films in evidence requires reversal of petitioner‘s conviction. A seizure of allegedly obscene books on the authority of a warrant ‘issued on the strength of the conclusory assertions of a single police officer, without any scrutiny by the judge of any materials considered * * * obscene,’ was held to be an unconstitutional seizure in Marcus v. Search Warrant, 367 U.S. 717, 731-732 [81 S.Ct. 1708, 1716, 6 L.Ed.2d 1127]. It is true that a judge may read a copy of a book in courtroom or chambers but not as easily arrange to see a motion picture there. However, we need not decide in this case, whether the justice of the peace should have viewed the motion picture before issuing the warrant. The procedure undеr which the warrant issued solely upon the conclusory assertions of the police officer without any inquiry by the justice of the peace into the factual basis for the officer‘s conclusions was not a procedure ‘designed to focus searchingly on the question of obscenity,’ id., at 732 [81 S.Ct. at 1716], and therefore fell short of constitutional requirements demanding necessary sensitivity to freedom of expression. See Freedman v. Maryland, 380 U.S. 51, 58-59 [85 S.Ct. 734, 738-739, 13 L.Ed.2d 649].”
Lee Art Theatre, supra 392 U.S. at 637, 88 S.Ct. at 2104.
We find especially significant the pertinent parts of the two cases which the Supreme Court cited, viz: Marcus v. Search Warrants, supra, 367 U.S. at 731-732, 81 S.Ct. 1708, and Freedman v. Maryland, 380 U.S. 51, 58-59, 85 S.Ct. 734. In the Marcus case, the Court had said:
“Putting to one side the fact that no opportunity was afforded the appellants to elicit and contest the reasons for the officer‘s belief, or otherwise to argue against the propriety of the seizure to the issuing judge, still the warrants issued on the strength of the conclusory assertions of a single police officer, without any scrutiny by the judge of any materials considered by the complainant to be obscene.”
367 U.S. at 731-732, 81 S.Ct. at 1716.
In the Freedman case, supra, the Court had said:
“The teaching of our cases is that, because only a judicial determination in an adversary proceeding ensures the necessary sensitivity to freedom of expression, only a procedure requiring a judicial determination suffices to impose a valid final restraint. See Bantam Books, Inc. v. Sullivan, supra [372 U.S. 58, 83 S.Ct. 631]; A Quantity [of Copies] of Books v. [State of] Kansas, 378 U.S. 205 [84 S.Ct. 1723, 12 L.Ed.2d 809]; Marcus v. Search Warrant, supra [367 U.S. 717, 81 S.Ct. 1708]; Manual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day, 370 U.S. 478, 518-519 [82 S.Ct. 1432, 1453-1454, 8 L.Ed.2d 639]. To this end, the exhibitor must be assured, by statute or authoritative judicial construction, that the censor will, within a specified brief pеriod, either issue a license or go to court to restrain showing the film. Any restraint imposed in advance of a final judicial determination on the merits must similarly be limited to preservation of the status quo for the shortest fixed period compatible with sound judicial resolution. Moreover, we are well aware that, even after expiration of a temporary restraint, an adminis-
trative refusal to license, signifying the censor‘s view that the film is unprotected, may have a discouraging effect on the exhibitor. See Bantam Books, Inc. v. Sullivan, supra. Therefore, the procedure must also assure a prompt final judicial decision, to minimize the deterrent effect of an interim and possibly erroneous denial of a license.”
380 U.S. at 58-59, 85 S.Ct. at 739.
The procedural safeguards thus described were found by the Court sufficient to obviate the dangers of a non-criminal process requiring submission of a motion picture film to a censor prior to its exhibition. It would seem that like procedural safeguards should suffice to obviate the danger of seizure without a prior adversary hearing on the authority of a warrant issued upon probable cause found upon constitutionally adequate inquiry by the issuing judge.13 The distinction seems important to the practical enforcement of a state criminal statute barring the exhibition of an obscene motion picture film, because if initial seizure is delayed until after an аdversary hearing, an opportunity is afforded for the film to be cut, spliced, added to, or otherwise edited or altered.
Undertaking to follow the teaching of Lee Art Theatre as we understand that decision, we hold that: (1) A motion picture film in use for exhibition to present and/or future audiences cannot be seized as evidence of a criminal offense on the authority of a warrant issued on the strength of conclusory assertions of a police officer or officers; (2) such a film can, however, be constitutionally seized without a prior adversary hearing on the authority of a warrant issued upon probable cause established either by the issuing judge himself viewing the motion picture before issuing the warrant, or by his making some other constitutionally sufficient inquiry into the factual basis for the officer‘s conclusions, provided that statutory law or judicial construction14 limits the holding of the film to a brief specified time presently described; (3) if a film has been thus constitutionally seized without a prior adversary hearing, it can be held only for a specified brief period fixed by statute or authoritative judicial construction compatible with sound judicial resolution within which its obscenity vel non must be judicially determined after an adversary hearing or the film must be returned to the exhibitor.15
(2) Is the 1909 Alabama statute constitutional?
Plaintiffs are charged with violating
“Nude pictures, display of prohibited.—Any person, firm, or corpora-
tion who shall display nude pictures of a man, woman, or girl in any public plaсe, except art galleries, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction, shall be fined not less than fifty dollars not more than five hundred dollars.”
This statute does not meet the constitutional requirements of the first and fourteenth amendments guaranteeing freedom of expression. As the Supreme Court said in Roth,
“Ceaseless vigilance is the watchword to prevent * * * erosion [of First Amendment rights] by Congress or by the States. The door barring federal and state intrusion into this area cannot be left ajar; it must be kept tightly closed and opened only the slightest crack necessary to prevent encroachment upon more important interests.”
354 U.S. at 488, 77 S.Ct. at 1311. The statute was enacted in 1909, long before the decision in Roth. It is not limited to the displaying of obscene pictures in public. Thus, the statute is unconstitutional on its face in that it punishes criminally expression protected by the first and fourteenth amendments. See Aptheker v. Secretary of State, 1964, 378 U.S. 500, 84 S.Ct. 1659, 12 L.Ed.2d 992; NAACP v. Button, 1963, 371 U.S. 415, 438, 83 S.Ct. 328, 9 L.Ed.2d 405; Marcus v. Search Warrant, 1961, 367 U.S. 717, 733, 81 S.Ct. 1708. As recently reiterated by the Supreme Court in NAACP v. Alabama ex rel. Flowers, 1964, 377 U.S. 288, 307, 84 S.Ct. 1302, 1314, 12 L.Ed.2d 325:
“a governmental purpose to control or prevent activities constitutionally subject to state regulation may not be achieved by means which sweep unnecessarily broadly and with so little discrimination are obviously deficient in techniques required by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to prevent erosion of the constitutional guarantees.”
It should be pointed out that section 374 of the 1940 Alabama Code is very close in wording to the Louisiana statute16 declared unconstitutional on its face in Delta Book Dist., Inc. v. Cronvich, supra. In Delta Book the court commented:
“Subsection (7) of paragraph A is unconstitutional on its face as plaintiffs contend. A simple reading of this subsection reveals that by its terms it is overbroad. A literal application thereof would, for example, make it a criminal offense to display, for any purpose, universally accepted anatomical works or recognized works of art or the like * * *. Such a limitation is patently unconstitutional.”
(3) Is the 1961 Alabama statute codified as
In Roth v. United States, supra, the Supreme Court defined obscenity as “whether to the average person, applying contemporary community standards, the dominant theme of the material taken as a whole appeals to prurient interest.” 354 U.S. at 489, 77 S.Ct. at 1311. In Jacobellis v. Ohio, 1964, 378 U.S. 184, 191, 84 S.Ct. 1676, 12 L.Ed.2d 793, the Court, although recognizing that its Roth standard was not perfect, adhered to that standard. However, “obscenity is excluded from the constitutional protection only because it is ‘utterly without redeeming social importance * * *.‘” The constitutional status of material may not be made “to turn on a ‘weighing’ of its social importance against its prurient appeal, for a work cannot be proscribed unless it is ‘utterly’ without social importance.” Id.
Thus, the Court apparently was adding a third element to its obscenity standard delineated in Roth. In Memoirs v. Massachusetts, 1966, 383 U.S. 413,
“* * * three elements must сoalesce: it must be established that (a) the dominant theme of the material taken as a whole appeals to a prurient interest in sex; (b) the material is patently offensive because it affronts contemporary community standards relating to the description or representation of sexual matters; and (c) the material is utterly without redeeming social value.”
The Court in elaborating on the third element stated:
“A book cannot be proscribed unless it is found to be utterly without redeeming social value. This is so even though the book is found to possess the requisite prurient appeal and to be patently offensive. Each of the three federal constitutional criteria is to be applied independently; the social value of the book can neither be weighed against nor canceled by its prurient appeal or patent offensiveness.”
383 U.S. at 419, 86 S.Ct. at 978. It is evident from its later cases that a majority of the Supreme Court would find that a definition of obscenity must include the third element of “utterly without redeeming social value.” See Redrup v. New York, 1967, 386 U.S. 767, 770-771, 87 S.Ct. 1414, 18 L.Ed.2d 515; Ginsberg v. New York, 1968, 390 U.S. 629, 635, 643, 88 S.Ct. 1274, 20 L.Ed.2d 195. Lower courts have also found the definition of obscenity to include the element of “utterly without redeeming social value.” E. g., United States v. A Motion Picture Film, 2 Cir. 1968, 404 F.2d 196; United States v. Film “491”, 2 Cir. 1966, 367 F.2d 889; United States v. Klaw, 2 Cir. 1965, 350 F.2d 155; Stein v. Batchelor, N.D.Tex.1969, 300 F.Supp. 602; United States v. 392 Copies of Magazine Entitled “Exclusive”, D.Md.1966, 253 F.Supp. 485.
Assuming that the definition of obscenity includes the three elements set forth in Memoirs, the question presented is whether or not a state statute prohibiting the exhibition of obscene material must define obscenity as including Memoirs’ three elements. The courts that have considered this question are divided. In Cambist Films, Inc. v. Tribell, 293 F.Supp. 407, a three-judge court found that the Kentucky statute before the court was not unconstitutional on its face, even though the statute did not explicitly contain the “utterly without redeeming social value” element in defining obscenity. The court thought that Memoirs did not change the basic definition of obscenity found in Roth. In listing the three elements, the Court in Memoirs was not making additional requirements but merely explaining the Roth test. Id. at 410. The court in finding the Kentucky statute constitutional on its face found that (1) although the Kentucky courts had not construed the statute, it was inconceivable that the Kentucky courts would not construe the state statute as including the “utterly without redeeming social value” element, and (2) the statute, in any event, could be “construed as supplying the requirement of absence of redeeming social value.” Id. In a more recent three-judge case, Delta Book Dist., Inc. v. Cronvich, E.D.La.1969, 304 F.Supp. 662, the court concurred with the court in Cambist Films, Inc. v. Tribell, supra, that in Memoirs the Supreme Court was “not making additional requirements, but was merely explaining the Roth test.” Delta Book Dist., Inc. v. Cronvich, supra at 668. The court then found that the Louisiana statute, while not explicitly inclusive of the tripartite test enunciated in Memoirs, did satisfy constitutional requirements if judicially interpreted and applied in light of Memoirs.
In addition to Cambist Films, Inc. v. Tribell, supra, and Delta Book Dist., Inc. v. Cronvich, supra, another three-judge court has held that the elements in the definition of obscenity, as formu-
In Stein v. Batchelor, supra, a three-judge court found a Texas obscenity statute unconstitutional on its face since the statute did not contain the “utterly without redeeming social value” element of Memoirs. Since the Texas statute had not been construed by the state courts, the court itself construed the statute. The court then stated:
“It is clear to us that the Supreme Court in Memoirs has added to the definition per se, of ‘obscene’ in the Roth case by including in it the provision that to be ‘obscene’ material must be ‘utterly without redeeming social value.’ Thus without such inclusion the Texas statute is unconstitutional.”
The Stein court in finding the Texas statute unconstitutional on its face placed great weight on a statement made by the Fifth Circuit in construing the same Texas obscenity statute. In Phelper v. Decker, 5 Cir. 1968, 401 F.2d 232, 240, the Fifth Circuit, although not passing directly on the question, stated:
“Since the Texas statute is devoid of any language that requires a finding that the material must have no redeeming social value, it may be constitutionally suspect.”
It should also bе pointed out that the Supreme Court has not directly confronted this question—whether or not a statute defining obscenity must contain the redeeming social value element. However, in dissenting from a denial of a petition for certiorari in Fort v. City of Miami, 1967, 389 U.S. 918, 88 S.Ct. 231, 19 L.Ed.2d 263, Justices Stewart, Black and Douglas expressed the view that the ordinance under which the petitioner had been convicted was unconstitutional on its face. The wording of the test of obscenity embodied in the Florida statute in question was similar to the Alabama statute in this case in that the “utterly without redeeming social value” element was omitted from the test. In Fort, Justice Stewart pointed out that the
“‘prurient interest’ language of the Florida statute may be traced to a sentence in this Court‘s opinion in Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. 476, 489 [77 S.Ct. 1304, 1 L.Ed.2d 1498]. That language, however, cannot be taken to establish a constitutionally sufficient ‘test’ of obscenity. The prevailing opinion by Mr. Justice Brennan in [A Book Named ‘John Cleland‘s] Memoirs [of a Woman of Pleasure‘] v. [Attorney General of Com. of] Massachusetts, 383 U.S. 413 [86 S.Ct. 975, 16 L.Ed.2d 1], recognized that a State may not suppress matter as ‘obscene’ unless * * * (c) the material is utterly without redeeming social value * * *.”
389 U.S. at 919, 88 S.Ct. at 232, n. 4.
The Supreme Court of Alabama has held that in order to avoid nullifying a statute, the court will adopt any reasonable construction of which it is susceptible. Standard Oil Co. v. State, Ala. 1912, 178 Ala. 400, 59 So. 667. Similarly, the Supreme Court of the United States has declared:
“The cardinal principle of statutory construction is to save and not to destroy. We have repeatedly held that as between two possible interpretations of a statute, by one of which it
would be unconstitutional and by the other valid, our plain duty is to adopt that which will save the act. Even to avoid a serious doubt the rule is the same. [Citations omitted.] ”
National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., 1937, 301 U.S. 1, 30, 57 S.Ct. 615, 621, 81 L.Ed. 893. Followed in United States v. Menasche, 1955, 348 U.S. 528, 538, 75 S.Ct. 513, 99 L.Ed.2d 615.
That principle seems to us controlling. We therefore disagree with the Texas three-judge case, and agree with the three-judge cases from Kentucky, Louisiana and Georgia. We construe the 1961 Alabama statute and the Birmingham ordinance as including the “utterly without redeeming social value” element.17 It follows that neither the 1961 Alabama statute nor the Birmingham ordinance18 is unconstitutional on its face for failure to include that element.19
(4) Is the 1961 Alabama statute clearly inapplicable to the exhibition of motion pictures?
The “matter” to which the Birmingham ordinance applies is defined so as expressly to include a “motion picture.”20 That is not true of the 1961 Alabama statute.21 That statute was first enacted on September 8, 1961. General Acts of Alabama 1961, p. 1310. The title of that Act reads as follows: “To suppress
The Constitution of Alabama, Section 45 requires the subject of each law to “be clearly expressed in its title.” In Alabаma both the title and the preamble of an Act may be looked to in order to ascertain the intent and remove uncertainty.22 Indeed, the rule has been stated that:
“In case of doubt or inconsistency between language in the enacting part of a statute and language in the preamble, the preamble controls because it expresses in the most satisfactory manner the reason and purpose of the act. Sutherland Statutes and Statutory Construction, Vol. 2, p. 342, § 4801 (3).”
Ball v. Jones, 1961, 272 Ala. 305, 132 So.2d 120, 129.
The reason and purpose of the 1961 Alabama statute seem to be most clearly expressed in Section 2 of the Act, now Title 14, Section 374(2) of the Alabama Code.
“Purpose of chapter.—The spread of obscene publications, during the past several years, has become a matter of increasingly grave concern to the people of this state. The elimination of this evil and the consequent protection of the citizens and residents of this state against such publications are in the best interest of the morals and general welfare of the people. The accomplishment of these ends can best be achieved by providing public prosecutors both with the speedy civil remedy for obtaining a judicial determination of the character and contents of publications and with an effective power to reach nonresidents responsible for the composition, publication and distribution of obscene publications within this state.”
The defendants argue that a motion picture is a “print” within the meaning of the Alabama statute.23
Usually construction of a state statute is an exercise for the state courts and not the federal courts under the doctrines of abstention and comity. However, where a state statute proscribing nonprotected speech and expression is clearly inapplicable to a particular method of expression, state prosecution under the statute would be equivalent to “invoking the statute in bad faith * * *” Dombrowski, supra 380 U.S. at 490, 85 S.Ct. at 1123. Bad faith prosecution usually is found by focusing on state officials’ conduct in imposing continuing harassment in order to discourage certain activities. See Dombrowski, supra; Machesky v. Bizzell, 5 Cir. 1969, 414 F.2d 283; Sheridan v. Garrison, 5 Cir. 1969, 415 F.2d 699. We have held the defendants not guilty of that type of bad faith prosecution. However, conduct legally equivalent to bad faith prosecution occurs where state officials in attempting to proscribe activities so closely related to first amendment rights bring criminal prosecutions under a clearly inapplicable state statute. To allow such prosecution, regardless of outcome, would chill first amendment rights. As stated by the Supreme Court in Dombrowski:
“By permitting determination of the invalidity of [state] statutes without regard to the permissibility of some regulation on the facts of particular сases, we have, in effect, avoided making vindication of freedom of expression await the outcome of protracted litigation. Moreover, we have not thought that the improbability of successful prosecution makes the case different. The chilling effect upon the
exercise of First Amendment rights may derive from the fact of the prosecution, unaffected by the prospects of its success or failure.”
380 U.S. at 487, 85 S.Ct. at 1121. We are not convinced that the 1961 Alabama statute is so clearly inapplicable to the exhibition of motion pictures that prosecution under that statute would amount to invoking the statute in bad faith.
(5) Can the “contributing to the delinquency of a minor” statute be constitutionally applied to the exhibition of a motion picture film?
Plaintiff Metcalfe is charged with violating a state statute with local application to the City of Montgomery. Alabama Act No. 250 (Acts of Alabama 1959, Vol. 1, p. 810), as amended Alabama Act No. 100 (Acts of Alabama 1965, Vol. 1, p. 152), punishes as a misdemeanor contributing to the delinquency of a minor.24 Plaintiff challenges the constitutionality of this statute on two grounds: (1) that it violates the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment in that it provides a different punishment for individuals charged with contributing to the delinquency of a minor under Act 250 than charged with the same offense under the general state statute,25 and (2) that it violates the Alabama Constitution which prohibits the State Legislature from passing a local law fixing the punishment of a crime.
We pretermit consideration of either of these contentions, because, on first amendment grounds, for reasons of vagueness, this statute cannot be constitutionally applied to the exhibition of a motion picture film. A criminal statute affecting expression protected by the first amendment must meet the stringent requirements of specificity. “The statute will be held void for vagueness unless it defines the area of illegal conduct with sufficient specificity so that ‘men of common intelligence [need not] guess at its meaning * * *.‘” Hiett v. United States, 5 Cir. 1969, 415 F.2d 664, quoting Connally v. General Constr. Co., 1926, 269 U.S. 385, 391, 46 S.Ct. 126, 70 L.Ed 322. The requirement of specificity is especially crucial in the first amendment area. See Ashton v. Kentucky, 1966, 384 U.S. 195, 86 S.Ct. 1407, 16 L.Ed.2d 469; Dombrowski v. Pfister, 1965, 380 U.S. 479, 85 S.Ct. 1116, 14 L.Ed.2d 22; Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson, 1952, 343 U.S. 495, 72 S.Ct. 777, 96 L.Ed. 1098. The Supreme Court in Smith v. California, 1959, 361 U.S. 147, 151, 80 S.Ct. 215, 217, 4 L.Ed.2d 205, emphasized the problem of statutory vagueness in the first amendment area:
“[S]tricter standards of permissible statutory vagueness may be applied to a statute having a potentially inhibiting effect on speech; a man may the less be required to act at his peril here, because the free dissemination of ideas may be the loser.”
The Court reiterated its concern in Ashton v. Kentucky, supra:
“Here, * * * we deal with First Amendment rights. Vague laws in any area suffer a constitutional infirmity. When First Amendment rights are involved, we look even more closely lest, under the guise of regulating conduct that is reachable by the police power, freedom of speech or of the press suffer. We said in Cantwell v. Connecticut, supra [310 U.S. at 307, 60 S.Ct. 900, 84 L.Ed. 1213], that such a law must be ‘narrowly drawn to prevent the supposed evil * * *.’ [Footnotes omitted.]”
384 U.S. at 200-201, 86 S.Ct. at 1410. See also Hiett v. United States, supra, 415 F.2d at 671 (distinction drawn between vagueness in first amendment area and vagueness for reasons of due process).
The statute in question makes unlawful for any person “to aid, encourage, or cause any child * * * to become or remain delinquent, or by words [or] acts * * * induce or endeavor to induce, aid or encourage any child * * * to do or perform any act or to follow any course of conduct which would cause * * * such child to become or remain dependent, neglected, or delinquent * * * or to encourage * * * such child to do or perform any act or to follow any course of conduct which would cause or manifestly tend to cause such child to become or remain dependent, neglected or delinquent * * *.” A delinquent child is defined, in part, as: “[A]ny child * * * who is beyond control of his parents * * *, or who is otherwise incorrigible, or who is guilty of immoral conduct; or who is leading an idle, dissolute, lewd or immoral life * * *.” Such a criminal statute is too vague and imprecise to punish an individual who is exhibiting a motion picture film. In the area of first amendment rights, we start with the “premise that ‘[p]recision of regulation must be the touchstone’ * * *.” Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. City of Dallas, 1968, 390 U.S. 676, 682, 88 S.Ct. 1298, 1302, 20 L.Ed.2d 225, quoting NAACP v. Button, 1963, 371 U.S. 415, 438, 83 S.Ct. 328, 9 L.Ed.2d 405. Phrases, such as “to cause any child to become delinquent,” “to induce, aid or encourage any сhild,” “otherwise incorrigible,” “guilty of immoral conduct,” “leading an idle, dissolute, lewd or immoral life,” cannot meet the strict standard of specificity required in a criminal statute affecting expression protected by the first amendment. See Ashton v. Kentucky, supra; Dombrowski v. Pfister, supra; Smith v. California, supra. It is not inconceivable that the State under this statute might attempt to punish exhibition of films depicting violence or of films teaching a particular political philosophy. Assuming, however, that the State will limit prosecutions under this “contributing to the delinquency of a minor” statute to exhibition of films claimed to be obscene, the statute is entirely too imprecise to be constitutionally so applied. An example of a state statute precisely defining the term “harmful to minors” with a narrowly drawn standard of obscenity can be found in Ginsberg v. New York, 1968, 390 U.S. 629, 88 S.Ct. 1274, 20 L.Ed.2d 195.
The protection of children from obscene expression is certainly within the power of a state. Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. Dallas, supra; Ginsberg v. New York, supra. However, as the Supreme Court has noted, a statute that is unconstitutionally vague cannot be allowed “* * * for the salutary purpose of protecting children. The permissible extent of vagueness is not directly proportional to, or a function of, the extent of the power to regulate or control expression with respect to children. As Chief Judge Fuld has said: ‘It is * * * essential that legislation aimed at protecting children from allegedly harmful expression—no less than legislation еnacted with respect to adults—be clearly drawn and that the standards adopted be reasonably precise so that those who
This Court fully appreciates the concern and desire of the State to protect its minors by prohibiting their viewing movies which are obscene. The Supreme Court has expressly sanctioned such protection of minors in Interstate Circuit and Ginsberg. A state, however, may not use a vague and imprecise “contributing to the delinquency of a minor” statute to protect its minors from such allegedly harmful expression. Compare Grove Press v. Philadelphia, E.D.Pa.1969, 300 F.Supp. 281, 286-288. For this reason, Alabama Act No. 250, as amended by Alabama Act No. 100, cannot be constitutionally applied to the exhibition of a motion picture film.
(6) Should any of the State prosecutions be temporarily enjoined?
In these cases criminal prosecutions are pending against: Johnny Moses Recorder‘s Court of City of Tuscaloosa; Frank L. Thompson, Jr. — Bessemer County Court; T. W. Tidmore — Recorder‘s Court, City of Birmingham; L. J. Pepper — Dallas County Court; William A. Metcalfe — Montgomery County Circuit Court.
In 2898-N there is no showing in either the complaint or briefs that criminal prosecution has begun against Cecil Quarles, Intervenor. However, in his prayer for relief, Quarles asks this Court to enjoin and restrain the State from proceeding with the proseсution of Cecil Quarles. Though it is not clear, we assume that the State prosecution in fact has begun.
The federal courts will normally refrain from granting equitable relief from state criminal prosecutions on the basis of the doctrine of abstention or on the basis of the comity necessary for the successful functioning of our federal system of government. Railroad Comm‘n of Texas v. Pullman Co., 1941, 312 U.S. 496, 501, 61 S.Ct. 643, 85 L.Ed. 971; Burford v. Sun Oil Co., 1943, 319 U.S. 315, 318, 324-327, 63 S.Ct. 1098, 87 L.Ed. 1424. However, the outstanding exception to this is the area of first amendment freedoms. The courts have recognized that the exercise of these freedoms is subject to irreparable injury when unlawful criminal prosecution is threatened or maintained. Dombrowski v. Pfister, supra; Machesky v. Bizzell, 5 Cir. 1969, 414 F.2d 283; Sheridan v. Garrison, 5 Cir. 1969, 415 F.2d 699. In Dombrowski, the Supreme Court, in holding that bad faith enforcement of state law constitutes a ground for federal equitable relief from state court criminal proceedings, stated that the abstention doctrine
“is inappropriate for cases such as the present one where * * * statutes are justifiably attacked on their face as abridging free expression, or as applied for the purpose of discouraging protected activities.”
380 U.S. at 489-490, 85 S.Ct. at 1122. Dombrowski thus holds that either bad faith enforcement of a statute or the unconstitutionality on its face of a statute regulating freedom of expression will justify and require federal equitable relief from state criminal prosecutions. Either ground involves avoiding the “chill” on the exercise of first amendment freedoms protected by the first amendment:
“So long as the statute remains available to the State the threat of prosecutions of protected expression is a real and substantial one. Even the prospect of ultimate failure of such prosecutions by no means dispels their chilling effect on protected expression.”
380 U.S. at 494, 85 S.Ct. at 1125.
Two recent Fifth Circuit cases have held that § 2283 is not a bar even though the state proceeding has begun when the federal action begins. Machesky v. Bizzell, supra (enjoining state court order prohibiting plaintiffs from performing numerous activities related to picketing and demonstrations); Sheridan v. Garrison, supra (enjoining state criminal proceedings in which prosecutions had been filed but before any trial or hearing had begun). The court in both cases eliminated the question whether § 1983 or Dombrowski created an “express exception” to § 2283 and reached its decision on the narrower basis of the comity nature of § 2283 itself. As the court in Machesky stated:
“Our decision is grounded on the premise that § 2283 is non-jurisdictional in that it is no more than a statutory enactment of the principle of comity for application in the relationship between federal and state courts. As such, it is to give way in those extraordinary cases where the federal injunction is necessary to vindicate clear First Amendment rights.”
414 F.2d 287; see Sheridan v. Garrison, supra at 704. In the context of enjoining state criminal prosecutions, the Sheridan court concluded
“* * * that in the context of first amendment rights under § 1983 and Dombrowski, § 2283 cannot be considered an absolute bar to the type of relief here requested, even though it is requested against a pending criminal prosecution. * * * § 2283 cannot be considered a bar whenever injunctive relief is the only way to avoid ‘grave and irreparable injury,’ whatever the form of the state proceeding that threatens the injury. Dombrowski indicates that a severe chilling effect on the exercise of first amendment freedoms constitutes sufficient irreparable injury, in and of itself, to supersede comity * * *.”
Thus relying on Dombrowski, Machesky and Sheridan, we should enjoin all state criminal prosecutions under the 1909 Alabama statute (
Since we have held Birmingham Ordinance 67-2 to be constitutional on its face and have found the defendants not guilty of bad faith prosecution, criminal prosecution of plaintiffs under Ordinance
Since we have made similar holdings with respect to Section 374(4), Title 14 of the Alabama Code, and have held that statute not so clearly inapplicable to the exhibition of motion pictures that prosecution under it would amount to invoking the statute in bad faith, criminal prosecutions against plaintiffs under Section 374(4), Title 14 of the Alabama Code cannot be enjoined.
Plaintiff Metcalfe, as discussed above, is charged with contributing to the delinquency of minors under Alabama Act No. 250, as amended Act No. 100. As heretofore stated, we hold that this statute cannot be constitutionally applied to the exhibition of a motion picture film. The Supreme Court in Dombrowski, in enjoining state prosecutions, spoke in terms of a statute being unconstitutional on its face. For the purpose of enjoining state prosecutions, however, we do not believe there is any difference in a statute being unconstitutional on its face and one being so clearly unconstitutional as applied to the particular mode of expression here involved (i. e., exhibiting motion picture film). Either defect results alike in a chilling of the exercise of first amendment rights. Therefore, the prosecutions of plaintiff Metcalfe under Alabama Act 250, as amended by Alabama Act 100, should be enjoined.
For the reasons expressed in the foregoing opinion, it is ordered, adjudged and decreed by the Court:
A. That, since the films of the plaintiffs heretofore described and presently in this Court‘s custody were both unconstitutionally seized and unconstitutionally withheld, the Clerk of this Court, at any time after the expiration of ten (10) days from the date of this order, shall deliver such films upon demand to the respective plaintiffs or their attorneys;27
B. That the temporary injunction prayed for in case hereinabove styled No. 2898-N insofar as it relates to the continued prosecution of the plaintiff T. W. Tidmore under a charge of having violated Birmingham Ordinance 67-2 is hereby denied;
C. That the temporary injunction prayed for in each of the above-styled cases insofar as it relates to the prosecution of any of the plaintiffs under a charge of having violated section 374(4), Title 14 of the Alabama Code, Recompiled 1958, pocket supplement, is hereby denied;
D. That the State and local officers, agents and employees named as defendants in each of these cases are enjoined and restrained temporarily and until the further order of this Court:
(1) from hereafter seizing any motion picture film of the plaintiffs, or any of them, in use for exhibition to
(2) from holding any such motion picture film, which has been thus validly seized without a prior adversary hearing, for longer than a reasonable specified brief period theretofore fixed by statute or authoritative judicial construction within which an adversary hearing must be conducted and the obscenity vel non of the film judicially determined or the film must be returned to the exhibitor;
(3) from proceeding with any presently pending prosecution or instituting and proceeding with any future prosecution of the plaintiffs, or either of them, under
E. That the State and local officers, agents and employees named as defendants in the case hereinabove styled No. 2900-N are enjoined and restrained temporarily and until the further order of this Court from proceeding with any presently pending prosecution, or instituting and proceeding with any future prosecution of the plaintiffs in No. 2900-N, or either of them, for a crime involving the exhibition of a motion picture film, under Act No. 250, Acts of Alabama 1959, Vol. 1, p. 810, as amended by Alabama Act No. 100, Acts of Alabama 1965, Vol. 1, p. 152, or either of said statutes.
F. All other matters are reserved subject to the further jurisdiction of this Court.
JOHNSON, District Judge (specially concurring):
I conсur in the opinion and decree we are now entering in these cases. However, my concurrence in that part of the opinion on the question of whether an adversary hearing is necessary before seizure is with reservations. We are unanimous in our views that the seizures of the films by the Alabama authorities in each of the cases now before us was unconstitutional according to any known legal standards. By reason of this finding we order the films returned to the owners. Since we have held the seizures unconstitutional, in my opinion it is not necessary—or even appropriate—to undertake to render an advisory opinion (as the Court does on pages 812 and 813 of the opinion) outlining the possible procedures that may be followed in future instances when films are to be seized. My understanding of the holdings of the Supreme Court in Marcus v. Search Warrant, 367 U.S. 717, 81 S.Ct. 1708, 6 L.Ed.2d 1127; Lee Art Theatre, Inc. v. Virginia, 392 U.S. 636, 88 S.Ct. 2103, 20 L.Ed.2d 1313; Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. 476, 77 S.Ct. 1304, 1 L.Ed.2d 1498; and Speiser v. Randall, 357 U.S. 513, 78 S.Ct. 1332, 2 L.Ed.2d 1460, leads me to the conclusion that the advisory dictum of this Court‘s opinion may be erroneous. However, since I do consider that part of this Court‘s opinion gratuitous dictum, and with this clarification, I concur.
PITTMAN, District Judge (dissenting in part).
I concur in the opinion and decree with the exception of the unconditional release in Case No. 2898-N of the films seized at the following theaters: 80 Drive-In, Inc., Selma, the Festival Cinema, Birmingham, the Auto Movies #1, Jefferson County, and the Etowah Art Center, Attalla. I dissent from this portion of the decree.
I concur in the release of the films to the plaintiffs, but I would order the plaintiffs to deliver to the defendants’ prosecuting attorneys, upon the request of the defendants respectively, with reasonable notice to the plaintiffs, one print of each of the films seized for the use in the preparation and trials of the criminal cases involving such films now pend-
The use of these films unconstitutionally seized presents the question of whether the doctrine “fruit of the poison tree” is applicable. I do not think so. We have held these seizures and pending charges were done in good faith. At the time of the seizures there had not been a clear pronouncement by the Fifth Circuit or the United States Supreme Court on seizures of films by law enforcement officers, after full viewing, incident to an arrest for an offense committed in their presence.
These films were publicly advertised, publicly exhibited to thousands of persons, including the seizing officers. The projection of these films and the sources of the projections were in obvious view of the seizing officers and hundreds of others present at the theaters at the time of their seizures. There was no invasion of the privacy of an individual‘s person, his home, sanctuary, or property in the classic sense of searches without a search warrant, but the seizures were incident to arrests. There are no benefits accruing to the prosecution or detriments to those criminally charged by reason of evidence obtained which was not known to be in their possession or undisclosed before the seizures.
As we have attempted to accommodate and resolve the problem of suppression in the name of the law in the sensitive area of First Amendment rights in a realistic manner, we should examine the other side of the coin and accommodate and realistically resolve problems resulting from our rulings in order that the public may have its valid laws effectively enforced.
Our resolution should be equitable to all concerned. We have said to the defendants that you cannot seize films as you did in these instances in the future. I would say to the plaintiffs in this case, the defendants have the right to the use of these films in these pending prosecutions. I believe the courts not only should be concerned with sound legal theory, but also should be concerned with sound practical applications of legal theories in an equitable manner where existing sound legal theories come into conflict and are resolved in a particular case.
In all likelihood, these films will be removed from the state. It is highly doubtful the defendants can obtain them except by the acquiescence of the owners-plаintiffs, which is unlikely. In the event of plaintiffs’ objections, difficult legal problems will arise by reason of them being beyond the effective process powers of the state and other defendants which are probably insurmountable.1
PER CURIAM.
A preliminary injunction, based upon detailed findings of fact and conclusions of law, was made and entered in the above-captioned cases on September 30, 1969. The members of the panel constituting the three-judge court in this case, after determining that it would be appropriate to conduct an in-chambers conference with the attorneys representing the parties, directed that such a conference be held. Pursuant to said directive, the attorneys representing the parties in these cases and the judges constituting the panel in said cases met for an in-chambers conference December 18, 1969.
During the conference it was stipulated and agreed that any and all issues that were not specifically decided by this court in the opinion and order of September 30, 1969, were waived. This waiver specifically includes a claim for damages by the plaintiffs in 306 F.Supp. 802. It was further agreed by the attorneys representing the parties in these cases, without any waiver as to the positions heretofore taken by the parties upon the issues involved, that the preliminary injunction issued September 30, 1969, cоuld be enlarged without further proceedings into a permanent injunction.
Accordingly, it is ordered that the preliminary injunction made and entered in the above-captioned cases September 30, 1969, be and the same is made permanent.
It is further ordered that the costs incurred in this proceeding be and they are hereby taxed against each of the parties incurring same.