RUDKIN, Circuit Judge.
This is a writ of error to review a judgment in an action *996at law tried by the court without the intervention of a jury. There was no stipulation in writing waiving a jury filed with the clerk, as required by section 649 of the Revised Statutes (Comp. St. § 1587). In the absence of such a stipulation it has been held in an almost endless line of decisions that rulings made in the progress of the trial cannot be reviewed by an appellate court, unless error appears on the face of the process, pleadings, or judgment. Duncan v. Atchison, T. & S. F. R. Co., 72 F. 808" court="9th Cir." date_filed="1896-02-17" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/duncan-v-atchison-t--s-f-r-8854893?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8854893">72 F. 808, 19 C. C. A. 202; Erkel v. United States, 169 F. 623" court="9th Cir." date_filed="1909-05-03" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/erkel-v-united-states-8770833?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8770833">169 F. 623, 95 C. C. A. 151; Ladd & Tilton Bank v. Lewis A. Hicks Co., 218 F. 310" court="9th Cir." date_filed="1914-10-19" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/ladd--tilton-bank-v-lewis-a-hicks-co-8793738?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8793738">218 F. 310, 134 C. C. A. 106; Bouldin v. Alto Mines Co. (C. C. A.) 299 F. 301" court="9th Cir." date_filed="1924-05-26" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/bouldin-v-alto-mines-co-9335948?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="9335948">299 F. 301; United States v. McGovern (C. C. A.) 299 F.302.
The judgment of the court below is therefore affirmed.