2014-1140 | Fed. Cir. | Sep 29, 2014
Before P ROST , Chief Judge , O’M ALLEY and H UGHES ,
Circuit Judges . P ROST , Chief Judge . Plaintiffs-Appellants EMD Millipore Corporation, formerly known as Millipore Corporation; Merck Chemi- cals and Life Science AB, formerly known as Millipore AB; and Millipore SAS (collectively, “Millipore”) appeal the grant of summary judgment that Defendant-Appellee AllPure Technologies, Inc., now known as AllPure Tech- nologies LLC, (“AllPure”) does not infringe the asserted claims of U.S. Patent No. 6,032,543 (“’543 patent”). See EMD Millipore Corp. v. AllPure Techs., Inc., No. 11- 10221, 2013 WL 5299372 (D. Mass. Sept. 17, 2013) (“ Summary Judgment Order ”). The district court found that AllPure’s TAKEONE device neither literally contains the claimed “removable, replaceable transfer member,” nor does it provide an infringing equivalent. Id. at *9. We agree with the district court that the TAKEONE device does not literally infringe. We also conclude that prosecution history estoppel prevents Millipore from asserting the doctrine of equivalents as to this claim limitation. On these grounds, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment.
I. B ACKGROUND Millipore owns the rights to the ’543 patent, which discloses a device for introducing or withdrawing a sam- ple from a container holding a fluid without contaminat- ing the fluid. See ’543 patent abstract, col. 2 ll. 20-24. As Figure 5 depicts, the claimed device is attached to the side of a container holding a fluid medium. Id. at col. 1 ll. 54- 56.
’543 patent, Fig. 5 To avoid contamination problems, the ’543 patent uses individual transfer members to maintain a closed system. ’543 patent col. 5 ll. 20-23, col. 5 ll. 35-39, col. 6 ll. 23-26. Each transfer member has a needle embedded in a plastic holder and a seal surrounding the needle which attaches to the holder. ’543 patent col. 3 ll. 11-35.
The ’543 patent contains 14 claims, including 1 inde- pendent claim. Independent claim 1 is reproduced below: 1. A device for one of introduction and with- drawal of a medium into a container having an aperture formed therein for receiving said device, said device comprising:
at least one removable, replaceable transfer member for transferring a medium into and out of the container, said transfer member comprising a holder, a seal for sealing said aperture, a hypodermic needle having a tip, said needle supported within said holder in a longitudinal direction thereof, wherein the seal has a first end comprised of a bellows-shaped part sealingly attached to said holder, and a second end comprising a self-sealing mem- brane portion interiorly formed at an end of said bellows part , said membrane portion for sealing said aperture of said container, where- in said bellows-shaped part surrounds said needle and is deformable in a longitudinal di- rection, said membrane portion pierceable by the tip of the needle to form a sealable chan- nel; a fastening device for sealingly securing the transfer member via the seal with the aper- ture of the container, thereby forming a closed system, said fastening device comprising a flanged part sealingly secured in the aperture and formed with at least one hole therethrough in communication with an inte- rior of said container, a magazine part for re- movable securement of said at least one transfer member, and a fastening and center- ing means for removable locking of the maga- zine part to a flanged part in a position wherein the membrane portion sealingly abuts against the hole of the flanged part so as to accept the hypodermic needle for intro- duction into and withdrawal from the contain- er through the membrane portion and the hole.
’543 patent, claim 1 (emphases added). AllPure’s accused TAKEONE device is an aseptic sampling system that may be attached to the outside of a container holding a fluid medium and has cannulas that can be inserted into the container to withdraw a sample. The device is delivered fully assembled and sterilized, and it is intended to be disposed of following use. The TAKEONE device, in a disassembled state, is shown below. Summary Judgment Order at *7. The TAKEONE device’s transfer member (130) is composed of a holder (150), a seal (comprising a bellows-shaped part (165) and a membrane (166)), and needles (170). Id. When disas- sembled, all components of the TAKEONE device’s trans- fer member can be removed from the magazine part (135). Id.
The district court granted AllPure’s motion for sum- mary judgment of no infringement of the ’543 patent, finding that “the TAKEONE device lacks a ‘removable, replaceable transfer member’ as claimed in the ’543 patent.” Summary Judgment Order at *7-8. The district court rejected Millipore’s argument that a disassembled TAKEONE device satisfies this claim limitation. Id. at *8. The district court also found that the TAKEONE device does not provide an infringing equivalent of the limitation. Id. [1] We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1).
III. S TANDARDS OF R EVIEW Summary judgment is appropriate when there is “no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). While we review summary judgment decisions de novo, Innogenetics, N.V. v. Abbott Labs ., 512 F.3d 1363, 1378 (Fed. Cir. 2008), “[i]nfringement, whether literal or under the doctrine of equivalents, is a question of fact.” Bai v. L & L Wings, Inc ., 160 F.3d 1350, 1353 (Fed. Cir. 1998). However, “a court may determine infringement on summary judgment ‘when no reasonable jury could find that every limitation recited in the properly construed claim either is or is not found in the accused device.’” Innovention Toys, LLC v. MGA Entmn’t, Inc ., 637 F.3d 1314, 1319 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (quoting Bai , 160 F.3d at 1353).
Whether prosecution history estoppel applies to a par- ticular argument, and thus whether the doctrine of equiv- alents is available for a particular claim limitation, is a question of law reviewed de novo. Intervet Inc. v. Merial Ltd ., 617 F.3d 1282" date_filed="2010-08-04" court="Fed. Cir." case_name="Intervet Inc. v. Merial Limited">617 F.3d 1282, 1290-91 (Fed. Cir. 2010).
IV. D ISCUSSION This appeal concerns Millipore’s challenges to the dis- trict court’s grant of summary judgment of no infringe- ment. The district court found that AllPure’s TAKEONE summary judgment of no infringement on this limitation under the doctrine of equivalents. Summary Judgment Order at *5-6. The district court also declined to grant summary judgment based on AllPure’s argument that Millipore is judicially estopped from taking the position that the TAKEONE device infringes the ’543 patent due to statements it made during prosecution of another patent. Id. at *3-4. However, we need not address these findings to resolve this appeal. device lacked the claimed “at least one removable, re- placeable transfer member” both literally and under the doctrine of equivalents. For the reasons discussed herein, we conclude that there is no genuine issue of material fact relating to whether the TAKEONE device literally con- tains “at least one removable, replaceable transfer mem- ber.” We also conclude that the district court should have barred Millipore from asserting that the TAKEONE device contains an equivalent transfer member due to prosecution history estoppel.
A. No Literal Infringement The district court construed the claim limitation “at least one removable, replaceable transfer member” to mean “at least one transfer member that can be removed from the magazine part of the device and replaced with at least one removable, replaceable transfer member.” See EMD Millipore Corp. v. AllPure Techs., Inc ., No. 11- 10221, 2012 WL 4862772, at *5 (D. Mass. Oct. 11, 2012) (“ Claim Construction Order ”). Neither party has chal- lenged this construction. However, the parties disagree over the meaning of the term “removed,” as contained in the district court’s construction. The district court ex- plained that “remove” means “to move . . . by taking away or off” or to “put aside, apart, or elsewhere.” Summary Judgment Order at *7 (citing Webster’s New International Dictionary 1921 (3d. ed 1986)). The district court also noted that “[t]ake off” and “put apart” are significantly different from “take apart” or disassemble; “the former implies movement or separation of something as a whole, whereas the latter implies deconstruction.” Id.
In examining the TAKEONE device, the district court found that the transfer member lacked the necessary seal once it is removed. Id. at *8. “Upon separating the holder [150] from the various other elements, there ceases to be a seal, . . . with two ends comprising a bellows and a mem- brane, respectively. What Millipore characterizes as removal of a transfer member from the magazine part is, in fact, disassembly of a transfer member as defined in the ’543 patent.” Id.
On appeal, Millipore challenges the district court’s in- terpretation of its own claim construction. It argues that summary judgment was inappropriate because there remains a genuine issue of material fact relating to whether disassembly of the transfer member could qualify as the claimed removal of the transfer member. Millipore claims that when the TAKEONE device is disassembled , all components of the transfer member are still removed from the magazine part (135), even if the components of the seal (i.e., the bellows-shaped part (165) and the mem- brane (166)) are no longer physically connected.
AllPure responds by arguing that there is no triable issue of fact—the TAKEONE device lacks a removable and replaceable transfer member. Claim 1 requires that at least one transfer member have a seal and be “remova- ble, replaceable.” But in order for it to be removable and replaceable, the TAKEONE device must be disassembled. When it is disassembled, no seal exists because the re- quired components are no longer connected. One part of the seal, the bellows-shaped part (165), remains attached to the holder (150), while the second part, the membrane (166), is separated from the rest of the transfer member. AllPure notes that Millipore’s counsel even admitted this fact, choosing instead to argue that a transfer member “does not have to still be a transfer member once re- moved.” J.A. 2519. However, according to AllPure, if the transfer member does not exist when it is removed, then the TAKEONE device does not have the claimed “at least one removable, replaceable transfer member,” so it cannot infringe.
We agree with AllPure and the district court. If a transfer member does not exist when the device is disas- sembled, as even Millipore’s counsel admitted, then there is no genuine issue of material fact over whether the TAKEONE device contains a “removable, replaceable transfer member” as is literally required by claim 1 of the ’543 patent. As the district court properly noted, “[t]he problem with Millipore’s characterization of ‘remov- al’ of a transfer member . . . is the absence of necessary component parts of the transfer member once it is re- moved . . . . [T]he part of the device removable from the magazine part must have all of the component parts—a holder, needle, and seal.” Summary Judgment Order at *7. Since the TAKEONE device lacks a seal when it is disassembled, it necessarily lacks the claimed “removable, replaceable transfer member.” B. Prosecution History Estoppel Bars Millipore’s Doctrine
of Equivalents Arguments We next examine whether the district court erred in granting summary judgment of no infringement under the doctrine of equivalents. Even without literal infringe- ment of a certain claim limitation, a patentee may estab- lish infringement under the doctrine of equivalents if an element of the accused device “performs substantially the same function in substantially the same way to obtain the same result as the claim limitation.” AquaTex Indus., Inc. v. Techniche Solutions , 419 F.3d 1374, 1382 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (citation omitted) (quotation marks omitted). The district court concluded that it was not “possible for Millipore to maintain a claim for infringement under the doctrine of equivalents because the purportedly remova- ble transfer member(s) of the TAKEONE device do not serve the same function or function in the same way as those in the ’543 patent.” [2] Summary Judgment Order at *8.
As a preliminary matter, AllPure argues that the dis- trict court should not have considered whether Millipore could maintain a claim for infringement under the doc- trine of equivalents because prosecution history estoppel bars such a claim. Prosecution history estoppel applies when an applicant during patent prosecution narrows a claim “to avoid the prior art, or otherwise to address a specific concern . . . that arguably would have rendered the claimed subject matter unpatentable.” Warner- Jenkinson Co. v Hilton Davis Chem. Co ., 520 U.S. 17" date_filed="1997-03-03" court="SCOTUS" case_name="Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chemical Co.">520 U.S. 17, 30- 31 (1997). Estoppel then bars the applicant from later invoking the doctrine of equivalents to recapture the surrendered ground. Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co. , 535 U.S. 722" date_filed="2002-05-28" court="SCOTUS" case_name="Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co.">535 U.S. 722, 734 (2002).
There is a presumption that prosecution history es- toppel applies when a patentee has filed an amendment seeking to narrow the scope of a claim, and “the reason for that amendment was a substantial one relating to pa- tentability.” Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co ., 344 F.3d 1359, 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (en banc). The patentee bears the burden of rebutting the application of prosecution history estoppel by establishing one of three exceptions: (1) the equivalent was unforesee- able at the time of the application; (2) the rationale under- lying the amendment bears no more than a tangential relation to the equivalent in question; or (3) there is some other reason suggesting that the patentee could not same function in substantially the same way to obtain the same result. Aqua Tex Indus., 419 F.3d at 1382. Milli- pore argues that the district court used the wrong stand- ard, but for the reasons discussed herein, we conclude it was unnecessary for the district court to even undertake a doctrine of equivalents analysis. Therefore, this issue is moot. reasonably be expected to have described the equivalent. Festo Corp., 535 U.S. 722" date_filed="2002-05-28" court="SCOTUS" case_name="Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co.">535 U.S. at 740-41.
During prosecution of the ’543 patent, the applicant amended claim 1’s language, adding, inter alia, the re- quirement that the transfer member’s seal have “a first end comprised of a bellows-shaped part sealingly attached to said holder, and a second end comprising a self-sealing membrane portion interiorly formed at an end of said bellows part.” J.A. 2143. The applicant stated that the purpose of the amendment was to make claim 1 “allowa- ble and distinguishable over the cited references.” J.A. 2148. The district court found that although claim 1 “was narrowed to allow the device to be patented over prior art, it was not narrowed so as to disclaim all multi-part seals.” Summary Judgment Order at *5. The district court then considered Millipore’s doctrine of equivalents arguments on the merits. [3] Id. at *8.
Millipore argues that the claim language was actually broadened. Prior to amendment, claim 1 required “at least one transfer member . . . whereas the transfer member . . . is removable for replacement thereof after use .” J.A. 341 (emphasis added). Because the amended claim 1 no longer contains the “after use” language, Millipore suggests that the claim is broader and, there- fore, prosecution history estoppel cannot apply. See J.A. 440-41.
We disagree with Millipore and conclude that it was unnecessary for the district court to perform a doctrine of equivalents analysis because prosecution history estoppel bars Millipore’s arguments. Although the applicant eliminated the “after use” language, the applicant none- theless added the requirement that the seal have a first and second end with distinct elements. This narrows the seal limitation, which in turn narrows the transfer mem- ber limitation. And the applicant even stated in its reasons for amendment that “none of the references show or disclose a seal formed like the present one .” J.A. 2148 (emphasis added). Thus, these amendments were added to overcome a previous rejection. And to the extent this statement is ambiguous, we note that the Supreme Court has stated “[w]here no explanation is established . . . the court should presume that the patent applicant had a substantial reason related to patentability for including the limiting element added by amendment.” Warner- Jenkinson , 520 U.S. 17" date_filed="1997-03-03" court="SCOTUS" case_name="Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chemical Co.">520 U.S. at 33.
The district court should have proceeded under the presumption that prosecution history estoppel applies. Millipore then had the burden to rebut the presumption through one of the three enumerated exceptions, but Millipore chose not to present any argument on this issue to the district court. See Oral Arg. 24:06-24:20, available at http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/oral-argument-recordings/ 14-1140/all (“Q: You never argued in the alternative that if in fact there was a conclusion by the trial court that the amendment was narrowing or limiting, that you could rebut the presumption that would arise under Festo ? A: That is correct, your honor . . . .”). Instead it argued that the amendment was not narrowing. See J.A. 2208-09. Since Millipore failed to rebut the presumption, the district court should have concluded that Millipore was barred from arguing that the TAKEONE device infringes the transfer member limitation under the doctrine of equivalents. This error, however, does not change the outcome of this case, as the district court still proceeded to grant summary judgment of no infringement under the doctrine of equivalents on the merits. See Summary Judgment Order at *8-9.
V. C ONCLUSION Since there is no genuine dispute of material fact re- garding whether the TAKEONE device contains a “re- movable, replaceable transfer member,” either literally or under the doctrine of equivalents, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment of no infringement.
AFFIRMED
NOTES
[1] In addition, the district court found that the TAKEONE device did not literally possess a seal with a “self-sealing membrane portion interiorly formed at an end of a bellows-shaped part,” but it declined to grant
[2] As previously stated, the proper inquiry is actual- ly whether the accused device performs substantially the
[3] The district court discussed prosecution history estoppel in a separate portion of its summary judgment order. See Summary Judgment Order at *5. However, since there is only one seal in claim 1, the district court’s statements about prosecution history estoppel and a multi-part seal pertain equally to the “at least one re- movable, replaceable transfer member” that is at issue.