7 F.2d 827 | 2d Cir. | 1925
Lead Opinion
(after stating the fasts as above). Defenses insisted, on in pleading and argument are laek of invention and noninfringement; but both produce a single position for defendants, who insist that Johnston’s method is no more than a function of a well designed and operated Parpart machine; and all they do is to make i-ube by such a machine. Some study of the history of electric butt-welding of tubular forms should throw light on this contention, which necessarily implies one of two things — either (sines Parpart’s and Johnston’s patente are separated by 21 years) there was remarkable stupidity on the part of those who for so long a timo made tubes on Parpart machines, or the tales of immediate recognition of and great success by Johnston are falsa
Of Johnston’s success there can be no doubt; he designed a machine for making, and showed how to make, thin butt-welded steel tubing, of such excellence, at such speed, and with such economy that it revolutionized a business of no mean, importance. Of the history of Parpart’s invention there is also no doubt. It was used during substantially its whole life by one concern, and an unusually large number of the employees of that company have testified in this case. There were efforts to improve the device, and it was somewhat changed in appearance before the patent expired, but the principle and speed of operation remained unchanged to the end; that is, Parpart arranged to have the fiat blank formed into) tube shape with longitudinal open seam, approach, a pair of electrodes “straddling” said seam, receive heat from an alternate current through the electrodes, and then the two sides of the seam wore ready to be squeezed together in a compression throat, which welded the butts, extruding a large burr, which marked the line of the once open seam and of the weld.
Why the Parpart machine made tube will), so much waste, made it so slowly, and usually left the weakest part of the tube, not in the weld, hut alongside of it, is explained by defendant’s expert (Mr. Waterman) in Ms usual admirable style, and wo accept it. Sum of the matter is that the welding heat for Parpart should be uniform, and the upset of metal large, in order to produce a substantially seamless tube, which was what those employing the Parpart machine wanted. The uniformity of heat prevented speed, and the large upset made a large burr; therefore in actual use Parpart’s device during its patent life never made tube commercially at more than, about 20 feet per minute, and when the bum- was removed the waste of metal was large from that cause alone.
There may bo some truth in the assertion that Parpart’s machine was always trying to compete with, seamless drawn, tube, a. very Mghgrade sort, and that for that reason no effort was directed toward the kind of thin and (it is said) inferior tube commercially produced at present under the Johnston patent. But it remains also true that efforts were made to speed up the Parpart machines, and in a sense that could be done; i. e., the tube could be made to run past the electrodes much faster than 20, or even 30, feet per minute, but the resulting tube was so unreliable, if not worthless, that the machines were locked, so as to prevent the higher speed which was recognized as desirable for economy. We find no evidence that those who handled the Parpart machines for so long failed to attempt improvements, and to get as good results as they could out of them, nor were they (as revealed by their evidence) apparently unintelligent. Our inference from, this is that there was room for invention in. respect of electric butt-welding of thin tubular stock after Parpart had told the public all he ha.d to tell.
Johnston disclosed in 1919 an evident familiarity with Parpart’s machine, and a theory of action about thin stock butt-welding of which Parpart evidently had no idea, and which the excellent practical men, who for many years had worked with those machines,
Johnston’s theory of correlation was to move the material in very accurate register at the seam cleft, as fast as the material could be heated to the welding point just at the cleft, in time to be subjected to a pressure that would cause practically no extrusion of metal in burr. He proved that he could move his tubing, through his heat concentrated as nearly as might be at the cleft, at 75 feet and over a minute, and by using alternating current of large amperage and slight voltage upon seam sides in accurate register weld with-’a minimum of pressure, and therefore with a minimum of wastage in his burr. Result was at least three times as much tubing in the same time, and less than one-third as much wastage, as compared with anything Parpart had ever done, in over 17 years of actual commercial operation.
Since, as has been so often said, patenta^ ble invention can never escape from the concept of means by which accomplishment is reached, we assign as the reasons, in our judgment, for Johnston’s success, the ascertainment with considerable accuracy of the kind and quantity of preferred current, the instantaneous heating insisted on, the small amount of upset metal resulting, and the diminution of pressure so rendered possible. The resultant of this correlation of forces or elements was and is the stitch seam; a weld line which looks as if it had been sewed — i, e., the “recurrent” weld of the patent in suit. If any two of the following elements be known, the other can be computed, viz.: Speed per minute of feed, frequency of cycle of alternate current, and number of stitches per foot.
Of course, to validate Johnston, he must disclose a method of operation differing from that disclosed empirically by the continued operation of Parpart’s machine. We think the difference in operation is stated sufficiently by Mr. Waterman (for defendant), whose testimony as to the Parpart device is plain that it intended to and did give the unwelded tube enough time to get heated by accumulation of alternating stabs (so to speak). By such hesitation in passing the tube form by the electrodes, “the more nearly the results of direct current are realized; this being the theoretical and practical desirable effect.” This is what Parpart did; Johnston showed how to do something else.
It is not always easy to approve a method patent, which can, so far as known, be practiced only with one hind of device; the evidence here seems to prove Johnston’s a method patent with singular clarity, because it is admitted all around that Johnston’s method cam, be practiced with Parpart’s machine, and what plaintiff now calls infringement was first practiced after men) skilled in running Parpart machines got hold of a copy of Johnston’s specification, read it, instantly declared they could run a Parpart that way, and did it, after a reorganization not mechanically vital. Defendant’s machines have been built substantially following that reorganized Parpart machine.
Finding, as we have now done, that plaintiff’s method patent is valid, it follows that the object produced by that method is also an invention, because it is a tubing electrically buttiwelded and presenting in the weld “recurrent variations in metal texture,” etc. (claim 3), of which the ocular proof is the “stitched” weld seam.
Defendants still insist that, even if the patents are sustainable, they are not infringed. This argument is very difficult to distinguish from the claim of invalidity; for the one easily understood, outstanding, and overwhelmingly proven thing in this ease is that both plaintiff and defendants have a commercial product, manufactured on machines whose genesis and construction are known, and both products have stitched seams, and,'if of same size and material, ordinary observers can see no difference between them, and neither looks like the usual commercial product of the Parpart machines.
Further, defendants have produced two specimens of bicycle tubing made on Parpart machines before Johnston patent issued, which are asserted to show stitehlike markings on the inner seam burr; the outer one has been smoothed off. Admittedly some markings are there, in at least one specimen. The argument may be thus put: If the Par-part machine ever made any stitchlike seam markings, we are entitled to make them all the time. This is based on the old bicycle tubes. But, continues the argument for non-infringement, we are careful to so place our electrodes that it is impossible for us to obtain the kind of current described in Johnston's method specification; therefore we cannot produce welding heat by stabs or single impulses of alternating current. We are building up to a welding heat, just as Mr. Waterman explains that Parpart did; therefore we cannot infringe.
But it is admitted, as we have pointed out
This rather surprising argument is, we think, explained and explained away by plaintiff’s contention that, while separation of electrodes does impair the effectiveness of Johnston’s method, yet the increment in separation is expressible only in thirty-seconds of an inch, and since the tube to be welded is steel, and the electrodes are copper, and therefore of a much smaller resistance, the natural path of current will always be as largely as possible through the copper; so that, though not as well as Johnston’s machine, either Parpart’s or defendants’ will serve as a vehicle for Johnston’s method, and impairing or badly applying a method will not avoid an infringement of a patent therefor.
We consider the patents valid and infringed, and affirm decree, with costs.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting). Prom my examination of the electrical and metallurgical evidence, it seemed to me, and indeed still seems, that the plaintiff has at least not proved that the defendant welds by a single condensed shot close to the edges of the seam, but that more probably its method is by a cumulation of heat from several diffused shots; the weakest weld being at the highest temperature. Johnston’s patent is very vague at best; but the notion of a single condensed shot, which alone does the welding, permeates it throughout. If so, I cannot quite see how the defendant infringes, though its method certainly had its origin in some parts of the disclosure.-
I have not, however, been able to persuade my brothers to my view, and that inability has, very naturally, I think, added to the doubts which are inevitable under the circumstances. The system which submits such questions to the decision of layman upon the evidence of partisan experts apparently satisfies the profession. I have said elsewhere what I think of it; it would serve no purpose to repeat. As to this complicated case it seems hardly desirable to spread on the books my reasons in detail; they follow in substance the testimony of Waterman and Campbell. I can only say that the plaintiff has not convinced me, and I suppose that that means that I dissent.