134 Iowa 634 | Iowa | 1907
The Bank of Lineville was incorporated in 1879, under the general banking laws of this State, in accordance with which its charter was to expire in twenty years. At the expiration of this period no steps were taken to reincorporate, but the bank continued to do business as a corporation under its original charter until in June, 1904, when under proceedings properly instituted, to which the bank and many of its stockholders became parties either by service of notice or by voluntary appearance, the plaintiff was appointed receiver. In October following the plaintiff applied to the court for an assessment of 50 per cent, on the capital stock of the bank under the double liability statute for the purpose of paying its debts, and this assessment was ordered and made. Defendant’s intestate had died in 1901, owning thirty-two shares of capital stock of the bank, of the par value of $100 each, and these shares of stock still belonged to the estate at the time the assessment on stockholders was made; but, so far as appears by this record, neither the defendant administrator nor any other person representing the estate had been noti-' fied of the proceedings under which the assessment was made. The contention for appellant is that the assessment on the stock belonging to the estate was invalid, first, because of want of notice to the proper representative of the estate of the proceeding for such assessment; and, second, because the bank had ceased to be a corporation by reason of the expiration of its charter, and no assessment on its stockholders as such could be lawfully made.
There is no substantial difference between the liability for an unpaid balance on a stock subscription, which is an express contract to take the stock and pay for it, and the liability for the unpaid deficiency of assets assumed by the act of becoming a member of the corporation through the purchase of stock, from which a contract is implied to perform the statutory conditions upon which stock may be owned. The fact that the former is the promise of a principal and the latter that of a surety does not affect the question. The express promise runs to the corporation, and may be enforced by it, while the implied promise runs to the creditors, and may, according to the common law of the State where it was made, be enforced for the benefit of*638 creditors by a receiver of the corporation, appointed to wind np its affairs. The latter promise is not a part of the capital stock of the bank, but is a substitute, required by statute, for the personal liability of a partner at common law, and has the same object, which is the protection of creditors.
In the Massachusetts case the court says:
There is as much reason for holding the proceedings of the court binding upon absent stockholders in this part of the administration of the affairs of the corporation as in the collection of unpaid subscriptions. The primary fund and the secondary fund are both to be administered under the order of the court. The court, in making assessments for unpaid subscriptions, does not act merely as the representative of the directors, who might have made such an assessment, but by virtue of its general power to do all that is proper in settling the affairs of the corporation. These assessments are, in principle, like the assessments made by the court upon the members of insolvent mutual fire insurance companies under the laws of this-commonwealth, which are binding upon the members to whom no actual notice is given.
And in the Vermont case, with- reference to the enforcement against a stockholder in that State of an assessment made by a court in Washington, this language is used:
It is argued that the defendant is not bound by the proceedings in which the individual liability of the stockholders was determined in the State of Washington, because not a party to those proceedings, and that he can be made liable here only in a court where an accounting of the assets and indebtedness of the bank can be had. This calls for an inquiry to the effect to be given to the account taken and assessment made by the Washington court having jurisdiction of that matter. If these proceedings are an adjudication conclusive upon the defendant, the amount of his liability is ascertained, and a suit at law is the appropriate remedy. In Hawkins v. Glenn, 131 U. S. 319 (9 Sup. Ct. 739, 33 L. Ed. 184), an assessment ordered by a court*639 which had jurisdiction of the corporation was held binding upon stockholders residing in another State, although not made parties as individuals. It is said in that opinion that a stockholder is so far an integral part of the corporation that, in the view of the law, he is privy to the proceedings touching the body of which he is a member; that a decree against the corporation in respect to corporate matters, such as the making of an assessment in the discharge of a duty resting upon the corporation, necessarily binds its members in the absence of fraud; and that this is involved in the contract created in becoming a stockholder. It is true that the assessment sued upon in the case cited was on a subscription for stock, but we see no ground upon which the two liabilities can be distinguished, as regards the question under consideration; and other courts have held the same.
To the same effect, see Gleen v. Liggett, 135 U. S. 533 (10 Sup. Ct. 867, 34 L. Ed. 262); Whitmore v. Oxford National Bank, 176 U. S. 559 (20 Sup. Ct. 477, 44 L. Ed. 587); Irons v. Manufacturers' National Bank, (D. C.) 21 Fed. 197; Wilson v. Book, 13 Wash. 676 (43 Pac. 939). These cases all hold that the double liability of the stockholders under constitutional and statutory provisions is a contractual liability, and it is not different in its nature, therefore, from the liability under a stock subscription, although it is secondary rather than primary. Were such liability penal and not contractual, it could not be enforced as against stockholders residing in other States, but that it may be thus enforced is settled by the cases already cited.
If, as above suggested, the stockholders’ double liability to creditors is to be worked out through a receivership proceeding in analogy to the proceedings to enforce assessments for unpaid stock, then the determination in the receivership proceedings that the corporation is insolvent, -and that the stockholders must pay a specified percentage on their stock in order to satisfy the debts of the bank is conclusive; for it is well settled that in enforcing the payment of stock subscriptions the receiver may proceed against the
In some States the conclusiveness of th© assessment in the receivership proceeding upon stockholders on account of their double liability has been sustained. See, Howarth v. Lombard, 175 Mass. 570 (56 N. E. 888, 49 L. R. A. 301), and Kink v. Cochran, 76 Vt. 141 (56 Atl. 667, 104 Am. St. Rep. 922). But in the recent New York case, already cited, it is said that while the double liability of the stockholders as well as’ their liability for unpaid subscriptions may be enforced by the receiver, the assessment in th© receivership proceeding is not conclusive; and it is open to the stockholder, when sued by the receiver in another State on the assessment, to show that the corporation was not in fact insolvent, or that the amount of its indebtedness was not as found by the court appointing the receiver. Howarth v. Angle, 162 N. Y. 179 (56 N. E. 489, 47 L. R. A. 725). As will be hereafter pointed out, it is not necessary in the present case to determine which of these two rules should be followed in this State; for, according to either one^ the assessment in the receivership proceeding is prima facie evidence of the insolvency of the corporation and the amount of th© assessment which should be made upon the stockholders to meet its indebtedness, although the stockholder was not individually a party to the receivership proceeding.
With these general principles established, we proceed now to consider the legislation in this State, and the decisions of this Court applicable to the enforcement of the stockholders’ double liability. The present provisions as to
All stockholders of savings and State banks shall be individually liable to the creditors of such corporation of which they are stockholders over and above the amount of stock by them held therein and any amount paid thereon, to an amount equal to their respective shares, for all its liabilities accruing while they remained such stockholders; and should any such association or corporation become insolvent, its stockholders may he severally compelled to pay such deficiency in proportion to the amount of stock owned by each not to exceed the extent of the additional liability hereby created. The assignee or receiver of any such corporation, or in case there is none, or of his failure or refusal to act, any creditor thereof, may maintain an action in equity to determine the liability of the stockholders, and the amount to which each creditor shall be entitled; and all parties interested shall be brought into court.
The significant provisions of this section, so far as they relate to the stockholders’ liability are drawn from the Act of 1880 (Acts 18th General Assembly, c. 208), and it is evident that these provisions exclude the individual liability of the stockholder to the creditor. The statute does not contemplate that one creditor or any number of creditors except as they are represented by the assignee or receiver shall bring action against a stockholder for the debts of the bank, holding him to the full extent of his statutory liability and compelling him to seek relief against other stockholders by an action for contribution or otherwise. Each stockholder “ may be severally compelled to pay ” the debts of the bank not otherwise satisfied, “ in proportion to the amount of stock owned by ” him, “ not to exceed the extent of the additional liability hereby created.” This provision evidently contemplates some proceeding in which the amount of indebtedness of the bank shall be determined, and each stockholder shall be held liable only for -his proportion as fixed by the amount of stock owned
We understand the rule to be, as to the appointment of a receiver and the making of such an assessment, that all matters that necessarily inhere in the orders by which such results are attained — that is, matters to be considered and determined in making the orders are adjudicated and conclusively settled, except in so far as they be changed by vacation or modification in the receivership proceeding upon application of parties interested, whether stockholders or others. . . . It is urged to us that one of'the district courts of the State has held — following the opinion in this case — that in an action on such an assessment the amount of recovery cannot be controverted. Such a holding is correct. It was one of the matters considered and determined in making the order of assessment, and, if erroneous, the error must be cured in the same proceeding.
In the original opinion, which was affirmed on rehearing, the case of Lamar Insurance Co. v. Hildreth, 55 Iowa, 248, is commented upon and distinguished by the suggestion that the assessment will serve only as a guide to the amount of recovery, but the quotation above made from the supplemental opinion on rehearing clearly shows that the court finally reached the conclusion that the Hildreth case must be overruled.
It is evident; therefore, that under the provisions of Code, section 1882, above quoted, which regulates the procedure for the enforcement of the stockholders’ double liability, an assessment in a receivership proceeding is the proper method of enforcing such liability. The propriety of adopting this method is well suggested in Wilson v. Book, 13 Wash. 676 (43 Pac. 939), a case referred to in the Stockyards Bank case, supra, 103 Iowa, 559.
There is nothing in our Constitution which defines the method by which this liability shall be made available. Hence the method must be determined by the courts and their aim should be to prescribe one which will accomplish the object of the provision with the least inconvenience to the creditors, without unnecessary annoyance to the stockholders. A method which would allow a single creditor to maintain an action at law against one or more of the stockholders for his own benefit would be so unjust to other credit-' ors, and might result in such annoyance to the stockholders, that only the most positive language would justify the courts in holding that the liability might be thus enforced. So to hold would enable one creditor to obtain more than his share of the fund which should be derived from this liability. Not only would such a holding allow a creditor to do this, but*644 under it a stockholder could he subjected to a separate suit at the instance of each one of the creditors of the corporation. The same case is referred to in other cases already cited in this opinion, and always with approval.
And see, also, to the same effect, Coleman v. White, 14 Wis. 700 (80 Am. Dec. 797); Great Western Telegraph Co. v. Gray, 122 Ill. 630 (14 N. E. 214); 2 Morse on Banking (3 Ed.), section 693.
Unless our Code section specifically requires that the stockholder be made party to the receivership proceeding, we think he would be bound thereby, so far as the amount of the assessment is concerned, although not directly a party, as he is in that respect concluded by the adjudication against the corporation. As is said in Hawkins v. Glenn, 131 U. S. 319, 329 (9 Sup. Ct. 739, 742, 33 L. Ed. 184): “A stockholder is so far an integral part of the corporation that in the view of the law he is privy to the proceedings touching the body of which he is a member.” And in King v. Cochran, 76 Vt. 141 (56 Atl. 667, 104 Am. St. Rep. 922), this language is used with reference to enforcing the stockholders’ double liability:
The law provides that each stockholder shall be liable equally and ratably for the obligation of the corporation to an amount equal to the amount of his'stock in addition to the stock itself, and that, if the corporation becomes insolvent and a receiver is appointed, he shall pay to the receiver the amount of such liability when the same shall be ascertained and decreed by the court having jurisdiction of the case. The stockholder contracts with reference to these requirements when he takes his stock, and is as much bound by them as if they were incorporated in a written agreement bearing his signature. His agreement covers not only the liability, but the manner in which the extent of the liability shall be determined'; and, when required to contribute in accordance with his undertaking, he cannot be permitted to question the conclusiveness of the proceeding.
The undertaking of the stockholders relates directly to the payment of amounts so to be ascertained. The ascertainment is like a common case of a judgment against a corporation, which is binding on stockholders. The members of such corporations, as well as the corporations themselves, are within the jurisdiction of the local court, so' far as is necessary for the determination of the rights and liabilities of the corporation and its members among themselves. In reference to this kind of liability such decisions and orders are binding on stockholders who are not before the court otherwise than by virtue of their membership in the corporation.
We feel justified in saying that in the last opinion in the Stockyards Bank case this court was unequivocally committed to the doctrine represented by the Massachusetts and Vermont cases, just cited; that is, the rule which makes the assessment in the receivership proceeding conclusive as to the proportion which each stockholder must pay on account of his double liability, without regard to whether he is individually made a party in the receivership proceeding. While this result was not so unequivocally stated in the first opinion in that case as in the short opinion on rehearing, yet it was plainly suggested in the first opinion; and it seems to be of some significance that in reporting the section of the Code already cited for adoption by the Legislature three days after the opinion was filed the Senate Committee added the last sentence to the section as previously recommended by the Code Commissioners, in the following words: “ All parties interested shall be brought into court.” This language has not been noticed by counsel on either side of the present case, but we cannot reach a satisfactory conclusion without taking it into account. We find nothing in the history of the litigation in the Stockyards Bank case to indicate that
For the reasons pointed out at the conclusion of the first division of this opinion, the judgment of the trial court must -be reversed, and the case remanded.-— Reversed.