198 Mo. 593 | Mo. | 1906
This cause-is here upon appeal by the defendant from a judgment of the Lafayette Circuit Court for the sum of $8,000. This is an action fon $25,-000 damages by respondent against the appellant for personal injuries alleged to have been sustained by her by reason of stepping into a hole in one of the sidewalks in said city. The defense was a general denial and contributory negligence. Two trials of this case were had in Kansas City, at the first of which the jury disagreed, and at the second plaintiff recovered a verdict of $500. The case was before Division No. 2, at the April Term, 1903, of this court, on writ of error taken by plaintiff, and the judgment was by this court reversed and remanded on account of an erroneous instruction given for defendant. Plaintiff took a change of venue and a third trial of the case was had in Lafayette county, Missouri.
Plaintiff in her petition alleg’es that on the evening of the 27th of August, 1898, while walking- upon a plank sidewalk of defendant, on the east side of Central street, at a point about twenty-five feet north of Nineteenth street, she stepped into a hole in said sidewalk, skinning and bruising her right leg, wrenching her hip, injuring her back, causing a concussion of her-spine and a severe nervous shock, which resulted in chronic neutritus, so that her lower limbs were contracted and' drawn out of shape, thereby permanently injuring her in the sum of $25,000. The plaintiffs are husband and wife. At the time of the accident she was about twenty-eight years old. In August, 1898, they were living at 4020 Woódland avenue in Kansas City.
On the morning of August 27, 1898, Mrs. Elliott left her home and went down town to the home of her sister, Mrs. O’Hare, who lived at the corner of Sixteenth street and Baltimore avenue. After lunch she went to the home of a friend, Mrs. O. J. Pierce, who lived at 311 West Twentieth street. About dusk she
We deem it unnecessary in the determination of the legal propositions involved in this proceeding to detail all the testimony introduced by plaintiffs and defendant upon the trial. It is sufficient to say that there was testimony on both sides upon the issues presented by the pleadings. There was testimony on the part of the plaintiff tending to show that her injuries were of a very severe and. permanent character and were the result of the negligence of the defendant in not keeping its sidewalk in a reasonably safe condition. There was also testimony on the part of the plaintiff that the
The question of the admission and rejection of evidence during the progress of the trial, as well as the challenge of appellant to the correctness of instructions given hy the court, will he given attention during the course of the opinion. As before stated, the nature and character of the testimony as to the nature and character of the injuries received, as well as the results of such injuries, and as to what occasioned them, is conflicting, and it can serve no good purpose to reproduce in detail all of such testimony.
At the close of the testimony the court instructed the jury, and the cause was submitted to them upon the evidence and instructions, and their verdict was in favor of the plaintiff, assessing plaintiff’s damages in the sum of $8,000. Motions for new trial and in arrest of judgment were timely filed and hy the court overruled, and judgment was rendered in accordance with the verdict. From this judgment the defendant in due time and proper form prosecuted this appeal and the record is now before us for consideration.
OPINION.
The record before us discloses the assignment of numerous errors as grounds for the reversal of the judgment- in this cause. "We will give the complaints of appellants such attention and consideration as the importance of them may suggest.
Dr. Horrigan, upon the second trial of this cause in the .Jackson Circuit Court, was introduced as a witness by the defendant and testified in such cause. That he did give testimony in the former trial there can be no dispute. The record in this cause shows that the trial court admitted that he had testified to substantially the same facts as were offered to be shown by the defendant in the two former trials, and the record of this court furnishes conclusive evidence that he did so testify ; however, it is insisted by respondent that it-does not sufficiently appear from the record of this cause that he testified in such former trial without objections on the part of the plaintiff so as to warrant the court in passing upon the question of waivér which is urged by appellant. To fully appreciate this question it is essential to reproduce precisely what the record shows upon this preliminary question. Dr. Horrigan was introduced as a witness upon this trial by the defendant and the following examination was made, which fully discloses the true state of the record:
“Q. Where do you live? A. 3100 Main street, Kansas City, Mo.
“Q. Are you a practicing physician and surgeon in Kansas City? A. Yes, sir.
“Q. How long have you been practicing there? A. Sixteen years.
“Q. Have you practiced elsewhere? A. I was*603 four years in the Columbian Hospital before I came to Kansas City.
“ Q. At what colleges did you acquire your medical education? A. Columbian Hospital at Washington.
“Q. In 1893, Doctor, in March, state whether or not you attended in your professional capacity the plaintiff in this case, who was then Mrs. John O’Hare? A. I did.
“Q. Where was she living at that time? A. At 1508 Main street.
“Q. Now just tell the jury the occasion of your going there to see her and what condition yon found her in when you got there, and what you did?
“Mr. Laughlin, counsel for the plaintiff: I want to ask the doctor some questions on this point in regard to the identification.
“By Mr. Laughlin: Q. You testified on the first trial of this case did you not? A. Yes, sir.
“Q. Did you not testify upon that trial you attended a woman there having light brown hair and eyes ? A. I testified something about the hair. It has been so long ago I do not remember just what.
“Court: Yon cannot go into an examination of this kind now. You can do that on cross-examination.
“Mr. Laughlin, counsel for the plaintiff: The plaintiff objects to the question for the reason that it calls for information obtained by the witness in his professional capacity in order to treat the patient, which information was necessary for the witness to treat the patient.
“Court: Objections are sustained.
“To which ruling of the court the defendant by its counsel then and there duly excepted.
“Mr. Howell, counsel for the defendant: The defendant by its counsel offers to prove by the witness, Dr. Horrigan, that in March, 1893, said Horrigan visited the plaintiff at her home at 1508 Main street in*604 Kansas City, Missouri, that the witness found the plaintiff at that time suffering from an acute case of pelvic peritonitis, that the inflammation had extended throughout the pelvic parts involving the organ around the source or origin of the sciatic nerve. That there were evidences that there had been just prior to his visit a rupture of a pus sac in the ovaries, that the plaintiff was suffering such pain that it was necessary to administer chloroform to allay it, that the pelvic part or uterus and vagina were so inflamed that it was deemed by witness unsafe to make a digital examination of these parts, that the witness visited the plaintiff during this sickness four or five times and treated her for this condition.
“Court: It is admitted that the same witness testified to substantially these facts at the two previous trials of this case had in Kansas City, Missouri, and that his evidence in the last trial of said cause is preserved in the bill of exceptions.
“Mr. Howell, counsel for the defendant: This witness testified at the two former trials without objection.
“Mr. Laughlin, counsel for the plaintiff: We make the same objection to the offer to prove as to the last above question objected to.
“Court: The offer to prove is rejected and the objections of plaintiff’s counsel sustained.
“To which ruling of the court the defendant by its counsel then and there duly excepted. ’ ’
We are of the opinion that the contentions of respondent that the foregoing examination and offer of the testimony of Dr. Horrigan do not sufficiently preserve the question so as to authorize this court to pass upon the question of waiver, cannot be maintained. In our opinion this record sufficiently discloses that Dr. Horrigan testified at the two trials of this cause without objections, and that the trial court in
While this court has uniformly adhered strictly to the rules of practice which require all questions for review to be seasonably preserved by the record, however, it is unwilling to adopt the extreme view urged by counsel for respondent upon this question, where it so clearly appears that the counsel for defendant, who is an officer of the court, fully informed the court, prior to its final ruling, that the record discloses no ob
This brings us to the consideration of the most vital proposition presented by this record, that is, was the action of the trial court in excluding the testimony of Dr. Horrigan, error, and if so was it such error as would warrant this court in reversing the cause ?
It is conceded that Dr. Horrigan, the witness introduced by defendant, had, previous to this accident, attended the plaintiff, Mrs. Elliott, as her physician. The record discloses that there had been two former trials of this cause; the first trial resulted in a disagreement of the jury and they were discharged; the second trial resulted in a judgment for the plaintiff for the sum of five hundred dollars. Prom that judgment plaintiff appealed and the cause was reversed and remanded for error committed in the giving of an erroneous instruction. [See 174 Mo. 554.]
The record discloses that Dr. Horrigan testified upon both of such former trials as to his treatment of the plaintiff, Mrs. Mollie Elliott, prior to this accident, and that this testimony was given by him without any objections upon the part of the plaintiffs; therefore the
Upon this proposition the expressions by the courts having the question in judgment before them is almost uniform that the purpose sought by the prohibition contained in the statute against disclosing professional information, is for the purpose of allowing greater freedom between physician and patient, and was enacted as a matter of public policy to confer upon persons seeking the services of a physician, a personal privilege, and closing the door to the sick room and of preventing his publishing to the world their infirmities. That this personal privilege may be waived all the authorities agree. It is equally well settled, as was said in Fox v. Turnpike Co., 59 N. Y. App. Div. 1. c. 369, that “when a patient voluntarily opens the door of the .consultation room and gives a view that may have been specially arranged for the purpose, it would not be in accordance with the spirit of the statute or the interest of truth to shut the door against a view to be described by the physician.” In Morris v. Railroad, 148 N. Y. 1. c. 92, 93, the proposition involved in this proceeding was in judgment before that court. The principal was announced in that case that- a plaintiff could not sever her privilege, waiving it in part and retaining it in part. It was there expressly ruled that “when she waived it, it ceased to exist, not partly but
In McKinney v. Railroad, 104 N. Y. 352, the reasons for the application of the doctrine of waiver of a personal privilege were very clearly announced. The court in discussing the proposition used this language: “It is claimed by the appellant that the ban of secrecy having once been removed by the patient, and the information having lawfully been made public, the right to object further thereto has not been conferred. There seems much reason in this claim. The patient can not use this privilege both as a sword and a shield, to waive when it inures to her advantage, and wield when it does not. After its publication no further injury can be inflicted upon the rights and interests, which the statute was intended to protect, and there is no further reason for its enforcement. The nature of the information is of such a character that when once divulged in legal proceedings, it cannot be again hidden or concealed. It is then open to the consideration of the entire public, and the privilege of forbidding its repetition is not conferred by the statute. The consent having been once given and acted upon cannot be recalled, and the. patient can never be restored to the condition which the statute, from motives of public policy, has sought to protect. The stringency with
In Schlotterer v. Brooklyn & N. Y. Ferry Co., 85 N. Y. Supp. 847, the facts upon which the propositions involved in that case were predicated were strikingly similar to the facts involved in the case at bar. In that case Dr. Daley was called as a witness in behalf of the defendant. There was no objection made on the ground of his being disqualified to disclose any privileged information, and subsequently he was called as a witness between the same plaintiff and against the same defendant, to recover damages for injuries due to the same accident. Dr. Daley was again called as a witness by the defendant. The plaintiff interposed an objection under the provisions of the code of the State of New York, which are similar to the provisions of the statute upon that subject in this State. The trial court sustained plaintiff’s objection, to which action of the court defendant duly preserved its exceptions. The action of the trial court was reversed and the Supreme Court, in discussing the action of the lower court, said: i£I think that McKinney v. Railroad, 104 N. Y. 352, is authority against the ruling, unless the amendments to section 836 of the Code of Civil Procedure made subsequent, to that judgment make it inapplicable. Since 1885, when judgment was entered in McKinney’s case, two pertinent amendments have been made. Chapter 381, p. 736, of the Laws of 1891, provided that the ex
In Lissak v. Crocker Estate Co., 119 Cal. 442, the
In Green v. Crapo, 62 N. E. (Mass.) 1. c. 959, the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, in discussing the admission of a privileged communication between counsel and client, thus stated its views upon that proposition: “Of course the appellant’s communications with him while he was her counsel were privileged, but they were unimportant and it appeared that the privilege was waived in the probate court. Nevertheless, the objection was urged when the case came to be tried before the justice of. this court, and an exception was taken when he ruled that the privilege having been waived could not be insisted upon before him. We do not think it necessary to remark upon the willingness to hold back this testimony. We content ourselves with saying that
In Borgess Inv. Co. v. Vette, 142 Mo. 560, this court, in discussing the question of waiver, used this language: “It is said in Tomlinson v. Ellison, 104 Mo. 114: ‘The fact that plaintiff had taken defendant’s deposition in the same action amounted to a waiver of any alleged incompetency on his part.’ While it was said in Ess v. Griffith, 139 Mo.322, that ‘the statement of the legal principle quoted was. not necessary to a decision of the case, and can only be regarded as the dictum of the judge who wrote the opinion,’ it was ruled that where the deposition of a party to a suit, who was at the time incompetent to testify as a witness in his own behalf, was taken by the adverse-party, the question of his incompeteney was by reason thereof waived, and that he then became a competent witness in his own behalf in the trial of the cause, whether the deposition was read on the trial or not. It was said: ‘Plaintiff had the right to examine defendant Pierce as a witness, but in doing so. he waived the right to insist on excluding him when called by defendant. This would certainly be so as to all matters concemiugwhieh he was examined by plaintiff. He can not, in fairness, be allowed to assert his competency, if his evidence is found to be favorable, and deny it if found to be unfavorable. ’ [In re Estate of Soulard, 141 Mo. 642.] ‘ A waiver of objection to competency made at one stage of the taking of testimony is a waiver during the whole progress of that proceeding.’ [Rap., Wit., sec. 178, and authorities cited in Ess case, supra.] It would seem from these authorities and upon principle as well, that when plaintiff took the deposition of Yette and
In Keller v. Home Life Ins. Co., 95 Mo. App. 627, in discussing this proposition, Barclay, J., speaking for the court, very clearly and correctly announced the rule applicable to this question. He said: “We discern no reason of public policy to- forbid a waiver (by the patient himself) of the professional secrecy imposed upon the physician, by our statute, for the benefit of the patient. . . . The general rule is that a party may waive for himself, at least, a right or privilege conferred by the law for his benefit where such waiver does not conflict with any principle of public policy.” During the course of the opinion in the case last cited it was also stated as applicable to the proposition in judgment before the court in that ease, that to enforce the rule applicable to the doctrine of waiver would be promotive .of fair dealing and the development of the truth concerning the creation and discharge of the contract, which was one of insurance, involved in that proceeding, and that no public policy appears to be adverse to enforcing such a waiver.
There is some conflict in the adjudications upon this proposition but the greater weight of authority is in harmony with the principle announced in the authorities heretofore cited. We shall not undertake to reconcile such conflict. In our opinion the principle applicable to this proposition, as announced in the New York case, is sound, and the reasons assigned for the announcement of the doctrine are equally so. It is insisted by learned counsel for respondent that this principle is not applicable to the case at bar, for the reason that in the former trials the plaintiff: did not introduce the physician, and therefore this rule is inapplicable. It is sufficient to say of that contention that the purpose of judicial investigation is and should be
It is next insisted that the court improperly declared the law in instructions numbers 1 and 2 given at the request of the plaintiffs. The instructions complained of are as follows:
“1. The court instructs the jury that if they find*615 from the evidence that on the 27th day of August, 1898, Central street was a public street of Kansas City; that on the said day there was a hole in the sidewalk on the east side of said street, between Eighteenth and Nineteenth streets, at a point about twenty-five feet north of Nineteenth street, which made said sidewalk not in a reasonably safe condition for persons traveling over it; that said hole was known to the officers of Kansas City having supervision of its sidewalks, or could have been known to them if they had used ordinary care and diligence in the discharge of their duties in time to have repaired the same before said day; that on said day plaintiff Mollie Elliott, while in the exercise of ordinary care, as defined in other instructions, was traveling over said sidewalk, and.stepped into said hole, and was thereby thrown down and injured, then your verdict should be for the plaintiff.
“2. The court instructs the jury that the plaintiff Mollie Elliott had the right to assume that she could use the sidewalk on which she alleges she was walking when she fell with safety, using such care as an ordinarily prudent person would exercise under like circumstances, and though she may have known the sidewalk was defective, yet this fact alone would not prevent her from recovering in this action, but should be taken into consideration by the jury with other facts and circumstances in evidence as to whether she was exercising ordinary care as above defined.”
It is insisted that instruction numbered 1 for plaintiffs assumed the fact that plaintiff was thrown down and injured and that the jury were not required to find such facts from the evidence in the case. We are of the opinion that the instruction is not subject to the criticism suggested by counsel for appellant. It is insisted by appellant that the instruction does not require the jury to find that Mrs'. Elliott was thrown down, but simply requires them to find that she stepped
The complaint directed to instruction numbered 2 is that it assumes that plaintiff, Mrs. Elliott, fell on the sidewalk. This instruction is not open to such criticism. This instruction substantially declares the law in such terms as has repeatedly met the approval of this court. Appellant doubtless misinterprets the terms employed in that instruction. It does not undertake, nor was that its purpose, to require the jury to find that plaintiff fell upon the sidewalk. It simply tells the jury that she had the right to assume that she could use the sidewalk on which she alleges she was walking when she fell, with safety. The terms “on which she alleges she was walking when she fell, ’ ’ were simply inserted in the instruction to designate and point out the sidewalk she had the right to assume that she could use with safety. In other words, in substance it simply says to the jury that plaintiff alleges that she was walking on a certain sidewalk when she fell. £ £ The court instructs you that she had the right to assume that she could use such sidewalk with safety. ’ ’ Instruction numbered 1 required the jury to find that she stepped into the hole and was thereby thrown down, and there was no necessity for requiring the jury to find such fact by instruction numbered 2, and such requirement is not embraced in such instruction, nor is there any assumption that she fell upon the sidewalk. The terms embraced in the instruction simply point out the sidewalk on which she alleges she w;as walking when she fell, and there was no error in this instruction.
"We have indicated our views upon the legal propositions presented by this record, which results in the conclusion that for the reasons heretofore pointed out -the judgment of the trial court should be reversed and the cause remanded for a new trial in accordance with, the views herein expressed, and it is so ordered.