In this products liability action against the manufacturer of an allegedly defective pacemaker, plaintiff-appellant, Ellen Mendes, appeals from an order granting summary judgment in favor of defendant-appellee, Med-tronic, Inc. The district court entered summary judgment for Medtronic, ruling that the express preemption clause of the Medical Device Amendments (MDA) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act), 21 U.S.C. § 360k(a), preempted plaintiffs Massachusetts common law claims. 1 We affirm.
I.
BACKGROUND
Congress enacted the MDA to give the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) comprehensive control over medical devices for the first time.
Slater v. Optical Radiation Corp.,
Pursuant to the MDA, FDA groups medical devices into three classes based on the degree of regulation necessary to assure safety and effectiveness. See 21 U.S.C. § 360c; H.R.Conf.Rep. No. 1090, 94th Cong., 2d Sess. 55 (1976), reprinted in 1976 U.S.C.C.AN. 1103, 1107. All classes of devices are subject to “general controls,” including labeling requirements and good manufacturing practices. See, e.g., 21 U.S.C. §§ 360i, 360j. Class III devices, such as pacemakers, pose the greatest risks. Such devices mаy be sold only if FDA finds that they are “substantially equivalent” in design and function to devices on the market before the MDA became effective in 1976, or — in the case of new or improved devices — if FDA grants premarket approval. Id. §§ 360c(a)(l)(C), 360e(b); 21 C.F.R. § 807.- *15 100. Devices found to be “substantially equivalent” are entitled to bypass the pre-market approval process unless or until FDA issues a regulation specifying that the device undergo the review process.
On May 14, 1986, a Medtronic pacemaker, a Class III device, was implanted into plaintiff. Medtronic had distributed the pacemaker since 1981 without premarket approval because no regulation specifically required premarket approval, and because FDA found the pacemaker to be substantially equivalent to pre-MDA pacemakers. On March 10, 1992, the pacemaker failed, and plaintiff nearly died. The pacemaker was surgically removed, and a new model implanted.
Plaintiff filed a complaint alleging that Medtronic was negligent in designing, manufacturing, and distributing her pacemaker. She also included claims alleging Medtronic’s failure to provide adequate warnings, and breach of the implied warranty of merchantability. Medtronic moved for summary judgment on the ground that 21 U.S.C. § 360k(a) preempted all of plaintiffs claims. The district court granted the motion, and plaintiff appealed. 2
Standard of Review
Our review of a district court’s summary judgment decision is plenary.
FDIC v. Anchor Properties,
The nonmoving party bears the burden of placing at least one material fact into dispute after the moving party shows the absence of material fact.
Celotex Corp. v. Catrett,
Medtronic asserted in its motion for summary judgment that “[tjhere are no genuine issues of material fact since even if plaintiff could prove all her factual allegations,” her claims would be preempted. Medtronic also stated, “[f]or the purposes of its Motion for Summary Judgment only, ” that it did not dispute the following allegations of plaintiff:
1. [A] Medtronic [pacemaker], model number 5984LP (the “device”), [was] implanted into [plaintiff] on May 14,1986....
2. [T]he devicé failed on March 10, 1992....
3. This alleged failure caused a near death circumstance and plaintiff was required to undergo emergency surgery to remove thе ... device —
4. [Plaintiffs] injuries ... were due to defects in the labeling, design and manufacture of the device....
Def.’s Mot. for Summ.J., at 2-3 (emphasis in original).
We take these assertions at face value. We assume plaintiffs factual allegations are true, and we examine the legal issues in this light. Medtronic does not contend that plaintiffs allegations fail to state a claim under Massachusetts law. The sole issue addressed by the parties and the district court is preemptiоn, which is the key issue on appeal.
II.
PREEMPTION
Medtronic argues that the Act implicitly and expressly preempts plaintiffs claims.
*16
Congress’s intent is the touchstone of preemption analysis.
Cipollone v. Liggett Group,
— U.S. -, -,
“Congress’ intent may be ‘explicitly stated in the statute’s language or implicitly contained in its structure and purpose.’ ”
Cipollone,
— U.S. at -,
[N]o State or political subdivision of a State may establish or continue in effect with respect to a device intended for human use any requirement—
(1) which is different from, or in addition to, any requirement applicable under [the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act] to the device, and
(2) which relates to the safety or effectiveness of the device or to any other matter included in a requirement applicable to the device under [the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act].
Congress’s intent in enacting this provision was to prevent state requirements from unduly burdening interstate commerce. See H.R.Rep. No. 853, 94th Cong., 2d Sess. 45 (1976), reprinted in An Analytical Legislative History of the Medical Device Amendments of 1976, app. Ill, at 45 (Food & Drug L. Inst. Series, Daniel F. O’Keefe, Jr. & Robert A. Spiegel eds., 1976).
We construe this preemption clause with due regard for the interests of federalism because it affects state public health regulation. A federal аct will supersede “ ‘the historic police powers of the states,’” only if that is “ ‘the clear and manifest purpose of Congress.’”
King v. Collagen Corp.,
Viewing section 306k(a) in light of this presumption against preemption, we have held that it expresses Congress’s intent to preempt certain common law claims because such claims may establish state “requirements.”
King v. Collagen Corp.,
To determine the extent to which plaintiffs claims are preempted, we need only identify the preemptive reach of the statute’s express language.
Cipollone,
— U.S. at -,
Our first task is to outline the Act’s requirements applicable to the device. Thereafter, we scrutinize plaintiff’s claims, to determine whether the successful litigation of any of them would “establish or continue in effect” a “different” or “addition[al]” requirement. 21 U.S.C. § 360k(a). This analysis determines whether plaintiffs claims are preempted. 21 C.F.R. § 808.1(d) (state requirements are preempted where “there are ... specific requirements applicable to a particular device under the act”).
*17 The pacemaker at issue is a Class III device. Although Class III devices are generally subject to stringent design, manufacturing, and labeling controls pursuant to the premarket approval procеss, 21 C.F.R. pt. 814, FDA has never required that the pacemaker model implanted in plaintiff comply with the premarket approval regulations. Id. § 870.3610(c). The only requirements under the Act applicable to the device are regulations on labeling and “good manufacturing practices.” Id. pts. 801, 820.
Next, we examine plaintiffs claims to determine whether their resolution would establish or perpetuate any requirements under the commоn law differing from or adding to the Act’s requirements. The complaint states: (Emphasis added.) The highlighted statements allege that plaintiffs particular pacemaker was negligently manufactured; the reference to the model number of the pacemaker is consistent with claims that the label carried inadequate warnings, and that the design of the device was defective. Plaintiffs complaint thus contains three types of claims, each sounding in negligence and breach of implied warranty: design defect, failure to warn, and manufacturing defect. The complaint contains no allegation regarding Medtronic’s compliance with FDA regulations, and plaintiff has offered no evidence on that issue.
Prior to May 14, 1986 the defendant Med-tronic Inc_manufactured a certain device [known] as a pacemaker.
As a result of the negligence of the defendant, Medtronic Inc., in control, maintenance, inspection, testing, design, developing, servicing, distribution, alteration, modification, sale and/or manufacturing of said device, and as a result of the negligence of said defendant ... in placing said Medtronic pacemaker model #5984LP in the stream of medical care and failing to give adequate and effective warning concerning the [foreseeable] dangers in the use of said dеvice, the plaintiff ... was caused to be injured on March 10, 1992, by this defective 'pacemaker.
... [I]n supplying this said device the defendant contended [that] said pacemaker was of good and merchantable quality and that it was fit and safe for the normal use for which it was intended[.]
[S]aid device was not of merchantable quality and was not fit for safe and normal use in that ... the defective pacemaker malfunctioned.
In her brief, plaintiff abandoned any claim of defective design. 3 At oral argument, plaintiff contended that her allegations of Medtronic’s negligence in “altering]” and “modif[ying]” the device survived her abandonment of the design defect claims. According to plaintiff, these claims allege that Medtronic failed to obtain FDA approval pri- or to distributing the modified pacemaker model implanted in plaintiff. It is undisputed, however, that FDA cleared the pacemaker for marketing without approving the product design, finding it “substantially equivalent” to pre-MDA devices. See 42 Fed.Reg. 42,520, 42,525 (Aug. 23, 1977) (preamble to final rule) (“[A] determination of substantial equivalence ... relates to the fact that the product can lawfully be marketed without premarket approval or reclassification.”); 21 C.F.R. § 807.97 (a finding of substantial equivalence “does not in any way denote official approval of the device”). FDA regulations have never required that the pacemaker of the model implanted in plaintiff receive premarket approval. See 21 C.F.R. § 870.3610(c). Moreover, plaintiff has not alleged that FDA’s substantial equivalence finding was improper. Therefore, plaintiffs product line alteration and modification claims fall from this case. If the claims are design defect claims, they have been abandoned. And if the claims allege that FDA *18 failed to grant the device premarket approval, they are meritless.
Plaintiffs abandonment of her design defect claims also forecloses our consideration of her argument that, in the absence of a requirement that the device receive premark-et approval, her design defect claims are not preempted. The cases cited by plaintiff to support that argument are thus inapposite. See,
e.g., Larsen v. Pacesetter Systems,
Plaintiffs only remaining common law claims, sounding in negligence and breach of warranty, are allegations of inadequate warnings and a manufacturing defect. In this connection, the MDA provides thаt a state requirement, if different from or in addition to an FDA requirement, is preempted only if it “relates to” the safety or effectiveness of the device or to any other requirement under the Act. 21 U.S.C. § 306k(a)(2). All of plaintiffs claims relate to the pacemaker’s safety and effectiveness.
See Stamps,
The common law, no less than agency regulations and statutes, can impose “requirements” on a manufacturer.
King v. Collagen Corp.,
Comparing the requirements imposed by the Act with plaintiffs claims, we hold that her negligence and implied warranty claims premised on inadequate warnings are preempted. FDA regulates the cоntent and appearance of prescription medical device labels, including pacemaker labels. 21 C.F.R. §§ 801.1, 801.15, 801.109. These regulations, which were in effect when plaintiffs particular pacemaker was implanted, exempt such devices from the requirement that there be directions to a layperson on how to use the product safely, if the package describes, inter alia, “any relevant hazards, contrаindications, side effects, and precautions” for the prescribing physician. Id. § 801.109.
Plaintiffs implied warranty and negligent failure to warn claims are premised on the manufacturer’s duty to disclose to a physician any latent, foreseeable dangers associated with the use of a prescription product.
Knowlton v. Deseret Medical, Inc.,
*19 Similarly, plaintiffs negligent manufacturing claim (including her allegations of negligent manufacturing, control, maintenance, inspection, testing, servicing, distribution, and sale of the device) is preempted by FDA regulations on good manufacturing practices. 21 C.F.R. §§ 820.1-820.198. Medtronic’s duty under the common law of negligence is to use reasonable care in inspecting, testing, and producing pacemakers. This standard and FDA’s good manufacturing practices impose analogous, but not identical duties. FDA’s good manufacturing practices regulations require manufacturers to develop and implement “appropriate,” “adequate,” or “sufficient” quality control, quality assurance, personnel training, environmental controls, equipment maintenance, testing, inspection, and storage and distribution procedures, to assure that devices are safe and effective. See, e.g., id. §§ 820.1, 820.5, 820.20, 820.25. The quality assurance requirement, for example, mandates that manufacturers devise and implement a protocol to ensure, among other things, that all components, labels, packaging, and finished devices are insрect ed, and either approved or rejected. Id. § 820.20(a). A factfinder could find liability on plaintiffs negligent manufacturing claims, .applying standards differing from or adding to FDA’s.
Plaintiffs implied warranty claim is also preempted by FDA’s good manufacturing practices. A factfinder considering that claim could find Medtronic liable if a manufacturing defect rendered plaintiffs pacemaker unreasonably dangerous.
See
Mass. Gen.L. ch. 106, § 2-314;
Colter v. Ba/rber-Greene Co.,
Plaintiff argues that her claims are not preempted because she is alleging that her particular device is defective. This claim, according to plaintiff, is analogous to a claim that the device is contaminated. She argues that her claims are not preempted because
King v. Collagen Corp.,
Plaintiffs argument is based on a misunderstanding of our remarks in
King v. Collagen Corp.,
The language of [the MDA preemption clause] ... demonstrate^] a field of preemption which is broad, but limited. Any state requirement which, in effect, establishes a new substantive requirement for the device in a regulated area such as labeling, is preempted. 21 C.F.R. § 808.-1(d)(6)(h). As the Seventh Circuit noted, however, [the clause] does not preempt such claims as negligent imрlantation or removal of devices, or claims arising out of contaminated devices.
Id.
(emphasis added) (citing
Slater v. Optical Radiation Corp.,
The sentence regarding contaminated devices follows our statement that “[a]ny state requirement which, in effect, establishes a new substantive requirement for the device in a regulated area such as labeling, is preempted.” Plaintiffs claims in this case, if successful, would establish requirements in areas that FDA already regulates, i.e., labeling and manufacturing. Accordingly, this is not a case where plaintiff may maintain a claim arising out of an individually defective device. We need not address in this case which, if any, “claims arising out of contaminated devices” might not be preempted.
We express no opinion on whether products liability claims are preempted only if the
*20
manufacturer complied with applicable FDA regulations.
See Reiter v. Zimmer,
For the foregoing reasons, the. order granting summary judgment for defendant is
Affirmed.
Notes
. Jurisdiction is based on diversity of citizenship. Defendant asserts and plaintiff does not dispute that Massachusetts law applies. We agree that plaintiff's tort claims arise under Massachusetts law.
. On the date the order granting summary judgment was entered, plaintiff moved to amend her complaint. The proposed amended complaint reiterated the claims in her original complaint and added causes of action for breach of express warranty, negligent infliction of emotional distress, and strict liability. The proposed complaint also clarified that she was alleging that her particular pacemaker, as opposed to the model, was defective. The district court denied the motion to amend after plaintiff filed an appeal of the summary judgment order. Plaintiff's brief neither challenges the distriсt court’s rejection of her proposed amended complaint, nor refers specifically to any of the claims raised solely in her amended complaint. Because our review is limited to the issues raised on appeal, we confine our analysis to the claims in the original complaint on which the district court granted summary judgment.
. Plaintiff’s brief states:
Ellen Mendes does not claim that the entire product line from which her pacemaker was manufactured was defective. The claims in this action do not allege that the safety and effectiveness of Medtronic, Inc.'s pacemaker device, as it was designed and approved by the FDA, caused Ellen Mendes's injuries. The claims in her complaint allege that Mrs. Mendes was injured because Medtronic, Inc. manufactured and distributed this specific pacemaker device which was itself individually defective and the direct cause of her injuries.
. One way to ensure that a factfinder applies a standard not adding to or differing from FDA regulations is to supplant the common law standard with FDA’s requirements. We find nothing to support that Congress intended such a radical, unwieldy form of preemption, however, particularly where Congress did not intend to create a private right of action under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
See Rodriguez
v.
SK & F Co.,