298 F.2d 765 | 7th Cir. | 1962
Lead Opinion
This is a patent infringement action brought by Ekstrom-Carlson & Co., an Illinois corporation, plaintiff-appellee, against Onsrud Machine Works, Inc., an Illinois corporation, defendant-appellant.
Defendant is charged with infringing United States Letters Patent No. 2,723,-598 entitled “Power Actuated Router.” The patent was issued to Theodore C. Mann on November 15, 1955 upon an application filed December 26, 1951. Since the date of issuance, plaintiff has been and is now the owner of such patent as assignee of Mann.
Defendant answered, denying infringement and asserting invalidity. By stipulation of the parties, Claims 16, 17, 18 and 20 of the Mann patent were relied upon by plaintiff at the trial.
Following five days of trial, briefs and proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law were submitted by both parties. Each party submitted objections to the findings and conclusions proposed by the other party. The trial court heard oral argument thereon.
Thereafter, the trial court adopted and entered the findings and conclusions favorable to plaintiff and entered a decree holding Claims 16,17, 18 and 20 of Mann Patent No. 2,723,598 to be valid and infringed. This appeal followed.
The Mann patent in suit relates to a power actuated double-arm router. Both
Finding No. 4 properly describes the general basic structure of plaintiff’s machine as follows:
“4. In general, a router is a machine capable of following an irregular pattern and usually is employed for cutting wood and nonferrous metals. In the case of a double-arm router, the tool is supported by two horizontal arms, one of which is pivoted at one end to a pedestal to swing horizontally about a vertical axis and the other of which is pivoted to the outer end of the first arm to swing horizontally relative to the latter about a parallel axis, much like the forearm and upper arm hinged at the elbow and shoulder. The cutting tool is carried at the free end of the second or outer arm and is power rotated about a third vertical axis. Coaxial with the tool is a circular follower which is designed to engage the edge of a template usually secured to the top of the workpiece. By moving the follower along the periphery of the template, the tool cuts the workpiece to the shape of the template. Heavy duty routers of this type have been made by defendant since 1940 and by plaintiff since 1941 or 1942. Originally, movement of the follower and tool around the template, as permitted by the free swing of the arms, was effected manually by the person pushing and pulling on the tool end of the outer arm.”
It is agreed by the parties that Claim 17
For some years before Mann designed and perfected the machine of the patent in suit, the aircraft industry had an urgent need for power actuated routers. The development of high speed airplanes called for the use of heavier and thicker materials in the “skins” of the structure. The need was defined as one “for cutting thick slabs of aluminum and multiple sheet thickness” where rather thin sections had been used before. The manually operated routers resulted in operator fatigue and required slow, tedious machining. They did not operate with the degree of accuracy required.
There was evidence that this need in the aircraft industry became urgent in the middle 1940’s. Defendant’s sales representative spoke of North American Aviation Company first having a “crying need” for it when it started using integrally stiffened skins. Shortly after that, Lockheed Aircraft Corporation and other aircraft manufacturers sought help in solving this problem. Lockheed tried for a year to develop such a router and failed.
In December, 1950, North American requested plaintiff to see if power could be applied to a double-arm router. This invitation led to the subsequent design and development of the patented device by Mann, plaintiff’s chief engineer.
Defendant challenges certain findings of fact concerning the background of the patented router and its commercial history. Particular exception is taken to parts of Findings 5 and 10. Findings 5 to 10, inclusive, read as follows:
“5. For over sixteen years before Mann made the machine of the patent in suit, the aircraft industry and others sought to obtain power actuated routers. Although other types of routers were developed for power actuation, power actuation of the double-arm router remained an unrealized goal. The need in the aircraft industry became urgent in the middle 1940’s. The giants of the aircraft industry repeatedly called upon their suppliers to furnish a machine and even devoted their own engineering talent to the project. Yet, prior to Mann, all of these efforts were unsuccessful.
“6. When Mann was presented with the problem in early 1951, he conceived the idea of applying power individually to each of the arms of the router by separate power actuators controlled by a single handle, the actuators serving both to hold the follower against the template and to feed the tool through the work. He was the first to recognize that the two actuators would produce a resultant force at the end which would simulate the force that had been applied manually and that the resultant force would accurately hold the follower against the template while advancing the tool.
“7. Almost immediately, North American Aviation paid tribute to Mann’s conception by awarding plaintiff a purchase order for a double-arm router powered according to Mann’s idea. Working continuously from early 1951, plaintiff had built and successfully tested the router by late summer of that year.
“8. As originally built, plaintiff’s router conformed in all material respects with the preferred embodiment disclosed in the patent in suit. Subsequently, before shipment in 1952 improvements were made, most noticeable of which was the removal of the control from the head of the router to a remote station, and also*768 an all-electric version of the router was designed. Both the hydraulic and electric routers as manufactured and sold commercially by plaintiff respond to the terms of one or more claims of the patent in suit.
“9. At the time plaintiff produced its first power actuated double-arm router, there was no comparable machine in existence nor was there any machine even approaching plaintiff’s. Plaintiff sold its hydraulic machines for approximately $35,000.00 and its electric machines for $45,-000.00, that being about one-eighth of the price of machines concurrently designed to do the same job. Its total business in these machines approaches three-quarters of a million dollars.
“10. Not until after plaintiff had built its machine did anyone else successfully construct a power operated double-arm router. All attempts made prior to or concurrently with Mann’s endeavor failed. Indeed, Lockheed Aircraft Corporation devoted an entire development project to the design and construction of such a router and, after a year’s effort, abandoned the project without success.”
Prom our examination of the record we have no difficulty in finding adequate support for these findings, and they are not clearly erroneous. Rule 52(a), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, 28 U. S.C.A.
Defendant contends that the claims in suit “are invalid as calling for nothing more than what would have been obvious at the time the invention was made and for failure to define patentable invention under the provisions of 35 U.S.C.A. 103.”
In support of this contention, defendant argues that all Mann did was to take an old manually operated machine then being manufactured and sold by both parties and “add an actuator or motor for swinging each arm and a control means for the two motors.” Defendant asserts that the “claims in issue call for nothing more than the combination with a particular machine of the power actuators and control means taught by the prior art for exactly the same purpose.”
At trial, defendant cited 31 prior art patents and 8 publications. None of these shows a power operated double-arm router except Smith, No. 2,693,737, and the trial court found that this was not shown to antedate Mann’s invention. Further, it was shown that the claims of the patent in suit define a new combination different from any shown in the cited prior art.
Defendant’s own expert, Dr. Zeigler, admitted that Clay No. 2,339,001 and Taylor No. 2,069,189 were the “two best references” referred to by defendant. Both of these patents were cited as references in the file wrapper of the patent in suit and were considered and rejected by the Patent Office. The trial court was justified in relying upon the presumption of validity attached to the finding of invention by the Patent Office, and under the foregoing circumstances this presumption is greatly reinforced. AMP Incorporated v. Vaco Products Co., 7 Cir., 280 F.2d 518, 521 (1960); Hunt v. Armour & Co., 7 Cir., 185 F.2d 722, 726 (1950); Lewyt Corporation v. Health-Mor, Inc., 7 Cir., 181 F.2d 855, 857 (1950); Copeman Laboratories Co. v. General Plastics Corp., 7 Cir., 149 F.2d 962, 964 (1945), 35 U.S.C.A. § 282.
Defendant cites as the “next most important prior art” that which concerns the development of a power actuated double-arm molding machine or “Sandslinger.” A “Sandslinger” is described as a power rotated centrifugal device rotating on a horizontal axis and adapted to project wads of molding sand vertically downward into an open top flask containing a mold pattern used in making a mold for a casting. This is exemplified by Beardsley and Piper Patents Nos. 1,309,833 and 1,335,641 and Clay No. 2,339,001. Beardsley and Piper were not before the Patent Office. The trial court was justified in finding that the “Sandslinger” patents were “ineffective to suggest the application of power to a double-
With reference to what the prior art was and the showing it made before the patentee produces his invention, it seems appropriate to cite what we said in Armour & Co. v. Wilson & Co., 7 Cir., 274 F.2d 143, 156 (1960):
“The first part [of what constitutes patentable invention under Title 35, U.S.C.A. §§ 102, 103] relates to the showing made by the prior art before the patentee produces his invention. This is to be determined upon the basis of testimony and documentary or physical exhibits. The testimony relates to the use made of prior art, and the documentary and physical exhibits do not stand mute but speak for themselves. Upon review, these are facts subject to Rule 52(a) and the exception found in the ‘Documentary Rule.’ ”
Our review of the record compels the conclusion that the finding of the trial court that no one “of defendant’s many pieces of prior art matches plaintiff’s router” is not clearly erroneous and must stand. The same can be said of the further finding below that the “device defined by Claims 16, 17, 18 and 20 of the Mann Patent in suit are [sic] not anticipated or taught by the prior art.”
We next consider what the patentee did to improve upon the prior art. Defendant argues that he did nothing and contends in substance that the patented router is merely a motorized manual router of the type already in production and use. We do not agree. That was the approach taken by Lockheed and it failed. It was not the way Mann solved the problem.
Plaintiff’s router followed the concept in which components are added to the router structure and in which even those parts common to the manual router perform new and different functions.
Plaintiff aptly cites the testimony of Fishleigh, its expert witness, on this subject where, on cross-examination, he explained :
“ * * * in the manual machine you moved the tool itself * * *. But here [in the patented router] we changed to a different mode of operation, where instead of moving the item itself we go back and [move the tool] by manipulating some arms in a rather unusual way * * *. * * * In my understanding, the function of the machine is, in the one case [the manual router], to support a cutter mechanism or motor mechanism in such a manner that it can be moved. In the other case [the patented router] the function of the machine is to have that supporting mechanism bodily move the cutter through a desired path * * *»
The effect of this is, as plaintiff points out, that “Mann no longer used the arms simply to support the tool. He put them in a new combination in which they served the additional and more important purpose of moving the tool under power.”
The answer to defendant’s contention that the trial court made no finding of fact showing what Mann did inventively to improve upon the prior art is to be found in Findings 5, 6, 9 and 10, supra.
On this question, we again advert to our holding in Armour & Co. v. Wilson & Co., supra at 156:
“The next element is concerned with the nature of the improvement the patentee has made over the prior art. Has he taught anything that is different? If there is no improvement, the patent is anticipated under*770 Section 102 of the Patent Act. If there is an improvement, we look to Section 103 to see whether there is a difference or to ascertain the nature of the improvement over the prior art. The determination of this element of ‘novelty’ usually finds its genesis in expert testimony and as such is a question of fact, and on appeal, is within the scope of Rule 52(a).”
We are convinced that the findings of the trial court sustain a holding that Mann did inventively improve upon the prior art and that such findings are not clearly erroneous.
We finally reach the question whether, under Section 103 of the Patent Act, “the differences between the subject matter sought to be patented and the prior art are such that the subject matter as a whole would have been obvious at the time the invention was made to a person having ordinary skill in the art to which said subject matter pertains.” This requires us to look to the standard of invention applied to the findings of fact as to invention. In other words, did the trial court apply the correct legal criteria to the factual determination it made? “This calls for the exercise of a legal judgment” and as such is subject to review in this court “as a question of law.” Armour & Co. v. Wilson & Co., supra at 156.
A reading of the conclusions of law entered by the trial court, following its findings of fact, demonstrates to our satisfaction that it did apply correct legal criteria in determining whether the statutory standard of invention had been satisfied.
Speaking for this court in a recent decision, Judge Duffy succinctly stated the rule applicable in the case at bar:
“This Court has often applied the well-established rule of law that a novel combination of elements, whether all new, or all old, or partly new and partly old, which so cooperate as to produce a new and useful result or a substantial increase in efficiency, is patentable. Mojonnier Dawson Co. v. United States Dairies Sales Corp., 7 Cir., 251 F.2d 345, cert. den. 356 U.S. 975, 78 S.Ct. 1139, 2 L.Ed.2d 1148; Blaw-Knox Company v. I. D. Lain Company, 7 Cir., 230 F.2d 373; Lewyt Corporation v. Health-Mor, Inc. et al., 7 Cir., 181 F.2d 855, cert. den. 340 U.S. 823, 71 S.Ct. 57, 95 L.Ed. 605.” Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Company v. Midwestern Instruments, Inc., 7 Cir., 298 F.2d 36.
This falls within the teachings of Great A. & P. Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp., 340 U.S. 147, 71 S.Ct. 127, 95 L.Ed. 162 (1950).
When we add to the foregoing rule on combinations the fact that the disclosures of the patent in suit first solved the long existing problem facing the aircraft industry, the acceptance of the patented device by the industry and defendant’s imitation of plaintiff’s machine, the defense of obviousness must fall.
Further, the fact that Mann produced his patented machine within a relatively short time, after receiving an invitation to solve the problem, does not necessarily point to obviousness but rather, in our opinion, is one indication of inventive genius.
We hold that the trial court did not err in concluding as a matter of law that the patent claims in suit were valid.
It is conceded by defendant that if the claims in issue are valid they are infringed by defendant’s accused structures. Accordingly, the finding of infringement by the trial court must be sustained.
The judgment of the district court in all respects is affirmed.
Affirmed.
. “17. A double arm router having, in combination, a stationary supporting member, an inner arm member pivoted at one end on said stationary member to swing about a fixed axis, a reversible power actuator mounted on one of said members and acting between the two members to exert a force tending to swing said inner arm member about said axis, an outer arm member pivoted at one end on the outer free end of said inner arm member to swing relative thereto about an axis parallel to said first axis, a second and separate reversible power actuator mounted on one of said arm members and acting between the two arm members to exert a force tending to swing the outer arm member relative to the inner arm member about said second axis, a power rotated cutter and a template follower mounted on the outer free end of said outer arm member and disposed on a common axis paralleling said first and second axes, and selectively controllable means for effecting energization of said actuators simultaneously to produce a resultant force acting on said follower to cause the latter to follow around the changing peripheral contour of a template.”
. “20. A double arm router comprising a stationary support, an inner arm pivoted at one end on said support to swing about a fixed axis, an outer arm pivoted at one end on the outer free end of said inner arm to swing relative thereto about a second axis paralleling said fixed axis, a power rotated cutter and a template follower mounted on the outer free end of said outer arm and disposed on a common axis which parallels said first and second axes and is fixed relative to said outer arm, a first reversible power actuator acting between said support and said inner arm and operable when energized to exert a force tending to swing said inner arm relative to said support about said fixed axis, a second and separate reversible power actuator acting between said inner and outer arms and operable when energized to swing the outer arm relative to the inner arm about said second axis, a manually movable control member mounted for movement relative to said cutter and follower in a plurality .of different directions extending transversely of said common axis, a first control mechanism selectively operable to energize said first actuator and cause said inner arm to swing back and forth about said fixed axis, a second control mechanism selectively operable to energize said second actuator and cause said outer arm to swing back and forth about said second axis, and means coupling said member
. See Comment, “Appellate Review of Determinations of Patentable Inventions,” 29 U. Chi.L.Rev. 185 (1961).
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting).
I must respectfully dissent. It is my view that the District Court’s Finding
The claims in issue relate to reversible power actuators for moving the inner and outer arms of the double-arm router and selectively controllable means for effecting energization of said actuators simultaneously to produce a resultant force on the follower so as to cause it to follow the contour of the template. Claim 20 limits the control of the two actuators to a “joy-stick” control means. Other claims not in issue relate to the peculiar means described in the patent for energizing the motors simultaneously so as to provide “for varying the magnitude and direction of the separate force components and thereby enable the direction of the. resultant force to be varied widely and throughout a complete circle.”
Consideration of the patent’s validity must be limited to the claims in issue and when these broad claims are considered in relation to the prior art, I am of the view that the use of motors as a substitute for manual operation of the router arms and a selective control means for operating the motors simultaneously to produce a resultant force on the follower would be obvious to a machine tool designer having the prior art in mind. The teachings of the prior art contained in the Taylor patent, number 2,069,189, the “sandslinger” patents issued to Clay, numbered 2,339,001 and 2,212,510, and to Beardsley and Piper, numbered 1,309,833, would make it obvious to one skilled in the art of tool designing that such disclosures could be applied to the double-arm router as set forth in claims 16, 17, 18 and 20 of the Mann patent.
The Beardsley and Piper patent, number 1,309,833, teaches the utilization of separate reversible power actuators on each arm of a sandslinger which structurally is similar to the double-arm router involved in the present patent, and also a selectively controllable means for energizing the actuators simultaneously to produce a resultant force causing the work-head to move in the desired direction. An improvement on the Beardsley and Piper patent was effected by Clay (Patent number 2,339,001) who devised a control means of a type identical with the ■ “joy-stick” control member defined in claim 20 of the patent in suit. The Beardsley and Piper and Clay patents show the same kind and arrangement of power actuators and control means for a double-arm machine that Mann adopted in replacing power for manually operated double-arm routers. The Taylor patent, number 2,069,189, also teaches the use of separate power actuators on two of the arms of a pantograph copying machine and a manually moveable control member — a selectively controllable means —for energizing the actuators simultaneously to produce a resultant force in the direction selected by the operator of the control member.
The claims in issue call for power actuators. Beardsley and Piper as well as Taylor teach the use of such actuators, The claims call for selective control of the energization of the actuators on both arms simultaneously. Clay teaches that this can be done. If the means disclosed in Clay were employed in a double-arm router, a resultant force would be obtained on the follower which would guide the follower around the template. It may well be that there is invention in the system of cylinders, pistons, valves, solenoids, and electrical circuits described in the patent and used in producing an alternately high or low torque on each arm so as to hold the follower against the template and at the same time move the cutter through the workpiece. That system is not involved in the claims in issue here. What is involved is the concept of simultaneously and selectively controlled actuators which cause the cutter of the router to move along a determined path. This concept is taught in the prior art of designing
For the foregoing reasons I would hold that Section 103 of the Patent Act requires a determination that the contested claims of the patent in suit are invalid as a matter of law; therefore, I would reverse.
