64 S.W.3d 155 | Tex. App. | 2001
OP/JVION
This case is before us on remand from the Supreme Court of Texas based upon their recent decisions in Apex Towing Co. v. Tolin, 41 S.W.3d 118 (Tex.2001) and Underkofler v. Vanasek, 53 S.W.3d 343 (Tex.2001). We affirm in part and reverse and remand in part.
SUMMARY OF THE EVIDENCE
Paige Eiland and his brother, Merwyn Eiland, were partners in a general partnership referred to as “Eiland & Eiland.” Eiland & Eiland invested in several limited partnership oil and gas ventures. In July 1981, Eiland & Eiland formed a limited partnership, “EE & M,” in order to invest in a partnership of Carlson Petroleum called “Durango B.” EE & M secured a $300,000 letter of credit and Eiland & Ei-land guaranteed $200,000 of the $300,000.
During the course of the representation, Dick Saxe of Turpin-Smith advised Paige that he had a claim against Merwyn to recover the amounts paid on his behalf. On January 14, 1987, Merwyn filed a plan for reorganization in his .bankruptcy proceeding. Under the Bankruptcy Code, any creditor asserting a claim against a debtor had to file a proof of claim or suffer discharge of the debt. Turpin-Smith did not file a proof of claim by the June 30, 1987 deadline. Consequently, on February 22, 1988, Merwyn’s plan for reorganization was confirmed without a valid claim for the money expended by Paige on Mer-wyn’s behalf.
In the spring of 1989, Richard Davis, another attorney with Turpin-Smith, began handling Paige’s file. Davis filed a lawsuit in state court seeking to recover, under a contribution theory, the amounts paid by Paige on Merwyn’s share of the Eiland & Eiland letter of credit. Suit was filed in Martin County on July 19, 1989. On March 2, 1990, Merwyn filed an adversary proceeding in the bankruptcy court (“Adversary I”) asserting that he was discharged from the obligation claimed by his brother Paige. Sometime in July 1990, Davis left Turpin-Smith. Paige terminated his relationship with the firm and moved his file to Davis’s new office.
On July 31, 1991, the bankruptcy court ruled in Adversary I that Paige “failed to timely file a proof of claim,” and thus his claim against Merwyn in the Martin County suit was discharged under Section 1141 of the Bankruptcy Code. However, the bankruptcy court deferred to the Martin County district court the state law procedural question of whether Merwyn had waived his affirmative defense of discharge by failing to timely plead it. Thereafter, Paige gave notice of his malpractice claim against Turpin-Smith in a letter dated October 10, 1991. In his letter, Paige asserted that Turpin-Smith failed to properly file a proof of claim in the bankruptcy proceeding. The bankruptcy court entered a final order in Adversary I on November 15,1991.
On May 6, 1993, the Martin County district court ruled on the issue deferred to it by the bankruptcy court, granting partial summary judgment in favor of Merwyn and finding that he had not waived his affirmative defense of bankruptcy discharge. On May 7,1993, Merwyn instituted a second proceeding in bankruptcy court (“Adversary II”). Relying on the partial summary judgment granted in the Martin County lawsuit, Merwyn asked the bankruptcy court to order Paige to dismiss the Martin County lawsuit. Paige and Merwyn settled the controversy on June 10, 1994, and Paige non-suited the action on July 11,1994.
Paige filed his malpractice claim on August 31, 1995. Turpin-Smith moved for summary judgment based upon the affirmative defense of limitations. Without specifying any grounds for its order, the trial court granted Turpin-Smith’s motion.
We review this appeal under the three-prong standard enunciated in Nixon v. Mr. Property Management Co., Inc., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548-49 (Tex.1985). The burden rests on the movant to demonstrate that there are no issues of material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. We take as true all evidence favorable to non-movant, indulge every reasonable inference, and resolve all doubts in favor of the non-movant. Id. When a summary judgment is based on an affirmative defense, such as limitations, the movant must conclusively establish that the limitations period expired before the suit was filed. See Rogers v. Ricane Enterprises, Inc., 772 S.W.2d 76, 80-81 (Tex.1989). When a trial court’s order granting summary judgment does not specify the ground or grounds relied on for its ruling, an appellate court will affirm a summary judgment if any of the theories advanced are meritorious. Carr v. Brasher, 776 S.W.2d 567, 569 (Tex.1989).
LIMITATIONS
In his sole point of error, Paige argues that the trial court erroneously found that the statute of limitations barred his claims. Relying upon Hughes v. Mahaney & Higgins, 821 S.W.2d 154 (Tex.1991), Paige asserts that the limitations period was tolled and did not begin to run until August 8, 1994, the date that the order non-suiting the Martin County action became final and non-appealable. Although Paige complains that the trial court did not take his version of the facts as true, an independent review of the record reveals that the parties are in agreement about the basic facts. What remains is solely a dispute about the law governing this case. The parties agree that Paige’s claims for malpractice are governed by a two-year statute of limitations. Willis v. Maverick, 760 S.W.2d 642, 644 (Tex.1988), citing Tex.Civ.Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 16.003 (Vernon 1986).
Legal Injury
The accrual of a cause of action is a question of law, which we review de novo. Willis, 760 S.W.2d at 644. A cause of action for legal malpractice accrues when the client sustains a legal injury. S.V. v. R.V., 933 S.W.2d 1, 4 (Tex.1996). The general rule is that legal injury occurs when the tort is committed, notwithstanding the fact that the damages or their extent are not ascertainable until a later date. Atkins v. Crosland, 417 S.W.2d 150, 153 (Tex.1967); Sunwest Bank of El Paso v. Basil Smith Engineering Co., Inc., 939 S.W.2d 671, 674 (Tex.App.—El Paso 1996, writ denied). Under ordinary circumstances, the statute of limitations begins to run at the moment of the injury. Pack v. Taylor, 584 S.W.2d 484, 486 (Tex.Civ.App.—Fort Worth 1979, writ ref'd n.r.e.). The date of the legal injury is not to be confused with the time it is discovered or the date when actual damage is fully ascertained. Id. In a legal malpractice case, the attorney’s conduct must raise only a risk of harm to the client’s legally protected interest for the tort to accrue. Zidell v. Bird, 692 S.W.2d 550, 557 (Tex.App.—Austin 1985, no writ).
The undisputed facts establish that Paige hired Turpin-Smith to pursue his claim for reimbursement from his insolvent brother, Merwyn. Merwyn filed a plan for reorganization, which required that all creditors be listed or their claims discharged. Turpin-Smith did not file a proof of claim by the mandatory deadline of June 30, 1987. Accepting as true Paige’s contention that this constituted malpractice, we conclude that Paige sustained legal injury when the bankruptcy court no longer had the power to modify the reorganization plan so as to include a
The Discovery Rule
While under ordinary circumstances the limitations period would run from the date of legal injury, the discovery rule has been applied to legal malpractice cases. Burns v. Thomas, 786 S.W.2d 266, 267 (Tex.1990). The discovery rule tolls the running of the statute of limitations until the injured party discovers or reasonably should have discovered the facts establishing his cause of action. Moreno v. Sterling Drug, Inc., 787 S.W.2d 348, 351 (Tex.1990); Haussecker v. Childs, 935 S.W.2d 930, 934 (Tex.App.—El Paso 1996), aff'd, 974 S.W.2d 31 (Tex.1998). The undisputed facts establish that Paige was aware of the bankruptcy court’s July 1991 ruling in Adversary I, which established that Paige’s claims were barred due to his failure to file a proof of claim. Additionally, the record reflects a letter dated October 10, 1991, in which Paige asserted that Turpin-Smith breached its duty by not filing a proof of claim. From this evidence, we conclude that Paige was aware of the facts establishing his cause of action against Turpin-Smith no later than October 1991.
The Hughes Rule
Ordinarily the limitations period for a legal malpractice claim would run from the moment that'the legal injury is discovered, but Paige contends his case is governed by the specialized tolling rule established in Hughes v. Mahaney & Higgins, 821 S.W.2d 154 (Tex.1991). In Hughes, the Supreme Court held that “when an attorney commits malpractice in the prosecution or defense of a claim that results in litigation, the statute of limitations on the malpractice claim against the attorney is tolled until all appeals on the underlying claim are exhausted.” Id. at 157. The Hughes rule seeks to avoid the harsh results that the legal injury and discovery rules can create. These rules may force a client to bring suit against an attorney when the client discovers the injury regardless of whether the attorney is still prosecuting or defending the client’s claim. Id. at 156-57. The result when the attorney is still prosecuting the client’s underlying claim is that the client is forced to assert “inherently inconsistent litigation postures,” arguing the propriety of counsel’s actions in the underlying suit and impropriety in the malpractice suit. Id. Thus, the Hughes Court concluded that the limitations period should be tolled for the second cause of action “because the viability of the second cause of action depends on the outcome of the first.” Id. at 157.
Murphy’s Law
In a subsequent case, the Supreme Court cautioned that Hughes is not so broad as to apply to any situation requiring a client to choose between inconsistent positions; rather, it is “limited to claims against a lawyer arising out of litigation where the party must not only assert inconsistent positions but must also obtain new counsel.” Murphy v. Campbell, 964 S.W.2d 265, 272-73 (Tex.1997). According to the Murphy Court’s interpretation of Hughes, the mere fact that a client must take inconsistent litigation positions is not dispositive of when the tolling rule applies. The decisive element is whether the client is forced to obtain new counsel. As the Murphy Court explained:
We expressly limited the rule in Hughes to attorney malpractice in the prosecution or defense of a claim that results in litigation. In such circumstances, to require the client to file a malpractice*160 claim against the lawyer representing him in another case would necessarily make it virtually impossible for the lawyer to continue his representation. The client’s only alternative would be to obtain other counsel. That consideration, coupled with the necessity of taking inconsistent positions, persuaded us to adopt a tolling rule in Hughes. We restricted it to the circumstances presented.
Id. at 272.
The Aftermath of the Hughes/Murphy Rules
Several eases emerged in which the intermediate courts struggled with the proper application of the Hughes/Murphy rules. In Guillot v. Smith, the issue was whether limitations were tolled during the period following the act of malpractice if the attorney continued to represent the client in a bankruptcy proceeding. Guillot v. Smith, 998 S.W.2d 630 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, no pet.). Guillot owed substantial amounts to the Internal Revenue Service and retained Smith to represent her in bankruptcy proceedings. Smith advised Guillot to file for Chapter 13 protection and all went well for about two years until Guillot was unable to make the payments under the Chapter 13 plan. In November 1994, Guillot retained Smith again. Smith advised her to convert from Chapter 13 to a Chapter 7 proceeding. According to Smith, this would result in a discharge of her remaining tax debt “except $2,300.00 for later years.” Guillot followed this advice, which turned out to be erroneous. On June 26, 1995, Guillot received notice that the IRS intended to levy on her property. Smith advised Guil-lot of his mistake, but told her he could remedy the problem. Between 1995 and 1996, Smith continued to represent Guillot. Eventually, Smith advised her to file another Chapter 13 plan, but Guillot rejected the advice and sued Smith instead. Suit was filed on November 4, 1997. Smith defended on limitations, arguing that the suit was filed more than two years after the discovery date of June 26, 1995. The trial court granted his motion for summary judgment.
The First District Court of Appeals reversed, concluding that the facts presented the classic Hughes scenario.
[I]f we held that the statute of limitations began to run from the date Guillot received the letter from the IRS, she would have been in a difficult position. At the time the statute of limitations would have run under the discovery rule, Guillot’s Chapter 7 bankruptcy proceeding and her dealings with the IRS had not been resolved. Thus, Guillot would have been forced to choose between Smith’s continued representation and discharging Smith in order to file a malpractice claim against him. See Murphy, 964 S.W.2d at 272. As a result, Guillot would have been forced into taking inconsistent positions in the two proceedings. Id.; Hughes, 821 S.W.2d at 157. This is the exact situation the Supreme Court intended to prevent in Hughes.
Guillot, 998 S.W.2d at 633. If an attorney commits malpractice while litigating a claim of the complainant, the complainant may sit on his hands and do nothing until all appeals are exhausted. Here, however, Paige terminated his relationship with Turpin-Smith in July of 1990 and discovered his injury no later than October 1991. This was nearly four years before he filed his malpractice suit.
In Swift v. Seidler, 988 S.W.2d 860 (Tex.App.—San Antonio 1999, pet. denied), the issue was whether Hughes applied when a client had fired his attorney and knew about the malpractice. In 1990, Swift
The circumstances of Swift’s case are dissimilar from those in Hughes. Although the bankruptcy matter in which Seidler originally represented Swift ultimately resulted in litigation, Seidler did not represent Swift in that litigation, unlike the lawyers in Hughes. Thus, Swift would not have been put in the precarious position of calling his lawyer as a witness in bankruptcy court; Sei-dler was no longer his lawyer. Furthermore, to avoid taking inconsistent positions, Swift could have moved to abate the malpractice case pending resolution of the bankruptcy appeal. See Murphy, 964 S.W.2d at 272.
Swift, 988 S.W.2d at 862. Swift fired his attorney and was aware of the malpractice, but he did nothing. Swift argued that he could “ride” under the pending bankruptcy appeals on the denial of the discharge and IRA exemption. According to the court, Swift misconstrued the Hughes language to make the “inconsistent litigation postures” the dispositive legal element. Under this analysis, a complaining client may only avail himself of the special tolling rule if the client can show that he had a direct and present conflict with suing his attorney at the time in question. Under the facts presented, no conflict existed because Swift had already fired his attorney. Swift could have sued Seidler in state court and still could have called Seidler as a witness in the bankruptcy court. Swift, 988 S.W.2d at 862.
Similarly, in Norman v. Yzaguirre & Chapa, 988 S.W.2d 460 (Tex.App.—Corpus Christi 1999, no pet.), the issue was whether limitations were tolled after the client employed new counsel to represent him in the underlying action. In September 1992, Norman retained Yzaguirre <& Chapa (Chapa) to pursue his personal injury claims; however, his suit was dismissed on December 3, 1993, due to a failure to respond to requests for admissions. Chapa filed motions for rehearing and new trial, but both were denied on December 29, 1993. In April 1994, Norman fired Chapa and hired new counsel. The new attorneys appealed the rulings, but both were affirmed on August 31, 1995. The application for writ of error was denied on March 21, 1996. On February 14, 1997, Norman, represented by yet another attorney, filed his suit for malpractice against Chapa. Summary judgment was granted on limitations and Norman appealed.
The Corpus Christi Court of Appeals recited the Hughes rule and then discussed the impact of Murphy.
Murphy suggested that an adequate solution to the problem of taking contradictory positions in a malpractice case and an underlying case is to request an*162 abatement of the malpractice case pending resolution of the underlying case.... Murphy also understood the Hughes rule to be based on the consideration that requiring a client to file a malpractice claim against the lawyer representing him in another case would make it virtually impossible for the lawyer to continue to represent him.
Norman, 988 S.W.2d at 462. The Court concluded that Murphy expressly limited the Hughes tolling rule “to claims against a lawyer arising out of litigation where the party must not only assert inconsistent positions but must also obtain new counsel.” Norman, 988 S.W.2d at 462.
The Court then pointed out the inconsistencies between Hughes and Murphy, noting that under Murphy, Hughes was wrongly decided. Norman, 988 S.W.2d at 462. In Hughes the attorney withdrew, at the very least, more than two years before the Hugheses filed their malpractice claim. Id. The Court observed that under the “forced to obtain new counsel” element of Murphy, the limitations period should have run from the day the attorney withdrew, and thus the Hugheses’ claim was time barred. Id. Finally the Court noted that “a careful reading of the Hughes opinion fails to uncover any reference to the ‘forced to obtain new counsel’ requirement that Murphy recites.” Id. Somewhat reluctantly, the Court concluded that Murphy was controlling such that the limitations period would be tolled only where necessary to spare a party from being forced to assume inconsistent positions and from being forced to obtain new counsel. Id. at 462-68. Applying this rule to the facts before them, the Court determined:
In this case, Norman fired [Chapa] and hired new counsel to represent him in April 1994. Under Murphy, limitations began to run on his malpractice case at that time because Norman was no longer in a position where filing a malpractice case against Marsh would force him to obtain new counsel for the underlying case. Therefore, his malpractice case, filed February 14, 1997, was not filed within the two year limitations period, and the trial court properly granted summary judgment against him.
Norman, 988 S.W.2d at 463.
Since Swift and Norman, several more intermediate court decisions have refused to toll the statute of limitations when the client has obtained other counsel. Nunez v. Caldarola, 2 S.W.3d 755, 759 (Tex.App.—Corpus Christi 1999), vacated and remanded, 48 S.W.3d 174 (Tex.2001); Brents v. Haynes & Boone, 10 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex.App.—Dallas 2000), vacated and remanded, 52 S.W.3d 733 (Tex.2001). The emerging majority view was that the equitable tolling rule announced in Hughes, and further explained in Murphy, only applies when the client would be forced to choose between suing the attorney who was still litigating the client’s claim, thereby losing the attorney’s services, or allowing limitations to run against the client’s malpractice claim. Murphy, 964 S.W.2d at 272. If the client chooses to retain the services of the attorney in the underlying suit, despite the possible malpractice claim, he may rely on the Hughes tolling rule. If, however, the relationship between the client and attorney comes to an end before the underlying litigation is concluded, the statute of limitations begins to run when the relationship is terminated.
A contrary approach was taken by the Fourteenth Court of Appeals in Edwards v. Kaye, 9 S.W.3d 310, 314 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, pet. denied). There, Edwards brought suit against Kaye for the erroneous advice that a supersede-as bond was unnecessary following the entry of judgment against Edwards in the
The Fourteenth Court held that the statute of limitations was tolled even though Edwards’ attorney had withdrawn more than two years prior to the filing of his malpractice claim. Id. at 314. In arriving at its conclusion, the Court relied heavily on the fact that in both Hughes and Edwards, the attorneys chose to withdraw more than two years prior to the filing of the malpractice action. Edwards, 9 S.W.3d at 313. Based on this fact, the Court distinguished Murphy:
The Murphy court, however, apparently failed to acknowledge the actual circumstances in Hughes. In Hughes, as in our case, the attorney withdrew as the Hugheses’ attorney over two years before the Hugheses filed their attorney malpractice claim. Hughes, 821 S.W.2d at 156. Therefore, if we add the fourth prong [the forced to obtain new counsel prong] that the Murphy court asserts was the basis of their holding in Hughes to the facts of Hughes, the Hugheses’ claim itself would have been barred because the statute of limitations would have run prior to the filing of their attorney malpractice claim. [Emphasis in original].
Id. The Edwards Court reasoned that the judicial gloss placed on Hughes by Murphy constituted judicial dictum because Murphy involved accountant malpractice and did not require the court to address the scope or effect of the Hughes rule on attorney malpractice.
In Murphy, the Supreme Court was only required to hold that Hughes was inapplicable to accountant malpractice claims, based on the issue and facts there presented including the differentiated professional duties. Therefore, the court’s explanation and addition to their Hughes holding, requiring a claimant to be placed in a position that would force him to fire his counsel and hire new, was, in our view, dictum. We will even assume this dictum was judicial dictum because it came from our highest court. However, as we have already shown, the Murphy court did not note that the Hughes’ attorney had withdrawn from representation, and thus the Hugheses were not then forced into the position requiring them to obtain new counsel. See Hughes, 821 S.W.2d at 156. Because the Murphy court’s modification of the Hughes test, if applied to the facts of Hughes, would result in an opposite result in Hughes, we find the dictum to be inapplicable and not binding on our facts.
Id. at 314.
In our original opinion in this case, the majority declined to follow the Fourteenth Court’s reasoning, because we concluded that the Supreme Court meant what it said in Murphy. We specifically noted:
The opinion expressly shows that the Murphy Court reviewed and considered the facts in Hughes. Regardless of whether the Court realized that its explanation of the tolling rule would ne*164 gate the result in Hughes, it seems clear that a majority of the Court deliberately expressed their opinion about the scope, effect, and meaning of Hughes. See Palestine Contractors, Inc. v. Perkins, 386 S.W.2d 764, 773 (Tex.1964)(holding that judicial dictum should be followed unless found to be erroneous); see also, Railroad Commission v. Aluminum Co. of America, 380 S.W.2d 599, 601 (Tex.1964)(declaring that dictum in earlier case was deliberately made to put others on notice of the Court’s intent). We cannot say that the Supreme Court’s remarks in Murphy were unintentional, erroneous, or without any sound policy supporting them, although we may disagree. Instead we prefer to follow the rule that as an intermediate court, when faced with inconsistent opinions of the Supreme Court, we rely on the most current opinion and leave it to the Supreme Court to distinguish or explain earlier cases. See Wynn v. State, 847 S.W.2d 357, 362 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1993), aff'd, 864 S.W.2d 539 (Tex.Crim.App.1993); see also, Lofton v. Texas Brine Corp., 777 S.W.2d 384, 386 (Tex.1989)(explaining that Supreme Court need not defend its opinions from criticism from the courts of appeals).
Recognizing that this issue divides our Court, as evidenced by the dissenting opinion, we express our hope that the Supreme Court will revisit the issue to address the struggles of implementation faced by the intermediate courts. While we sit as justices, we are attorneys still. And we are loathe to cloak our profession with special protection while other professions are not similarly protected just because we have the ability to do so. Such a result can only be perceived by an already jaded public to smack of self-serving judicial activism. (Footnote deleted).
Eiland v. Turpin, Smith, Dyer, Saxe & McDonald, 16 S.W.3d 461, 469-70 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2000), vacated and remanded, 46 S.W.3d 872 (Tex.2001).
RESOLUTION OF THE CONFLICTS
In Apex Towing Co. v. Tolin, 41 S.W.3d 118 (Tex.2001), the Supreme Court squarely confronted the conflicts and re-examined when the statute of limitations in a legal malpractice case should be tolled. The Court first concluded that Mmphy did not modify the Hughes rule and then specifically reaffirmed the rule:
When an attorney commits malpractice in the prosecution or defense of a claim that results in litigation, the statute of limitations on a malpractice claim against that attorney is tolled until all appeals on the underlying claim are exhausted or the litigation is otherwise finally concluded.
Apex, 41 S.W.3d at 119.
The Court recognized that Hughes had articulated two policy considerations for tolling the statute of limitations in legal malpractice cases. First, the legal injury rule and discovery rule can force a client to adopt inherently inconsistent litigation postures in the underlying case and in the malpractice case. Second, the viability of the malpractice action hinges on the ultimate outcome of the underlying action. While the Court expressed its understanding of the confusion generated by Murphy, it clearly enunciated that the grafting of a continued-representation requirement on the tolling of a legal malpractice was inappropriate:
Hiring a new attorney would not necessarily eliminate the problem of a client having to adopt inconsistent positions in the underlying case and the malpractice case. The client could still be forced to defend what the allegedly malpracticing attorney did in the underlying case while*165 attacking those same actions in the malpractice case.
Apex, 41 S.W.3d at 121. To that end, the intermediate courts were instructed to simply apply the Hughes rule to the category of legal malpractice cases encompassed within its definition, without reexamining whether the policy reasons behind the tolling rule apply in every case matching the Hughes paradigm. Id. at 122.
We thus conclude that because limitations in the instant suit were tolled until all appeals were exhausted in the Martin County suit, Paige clearly filed before the two-year statute of limitations expired. For these reasons we sustain the sole point of error in part, conclude that the malpractice suit against Turpin-Smith was not barred, and hold that Paige may proceed with his legal malpractice claim against the firm and named individuals. To the extent summary judgment was granted on the legal malpractice claims, it is reversed and remanded for further proceedings.
DTPA CLAIMS
Paige also alleged a claim under the Deceptive Trade Practices Act for misrepresentation of the quality and the nature of the services to be provided. To determine whether the DTPA claim is barred by limitations, we turn to Underkofler v. Vanasek, 53 S.W.3d 343 (Tex.2001), issued the same day as the opinion in Apex. Vana-sek sued Underkofler for malpractice, alleging negligence, gross negligence, breach of contract, breach of implied and express warranties, and DTPA violations. The trial court granted summary judgment for the attorneys on all claims. The court of appeals reversed and remanded as to all claims except the breach of implied warranty under the DTPA. On the basis of its decision in Apex, the Supreme Court affirmed the court of appeals judgment that the common-law claims were timely filed under the tolling rule set forth in Hughes, but concluded that Hughes did not apply to Vanasek’s DTPA claims. Id. at 344-46. The Court first noted that in 1995, the Legislature amended the DTPA to exclude claims for damages based on “the rendering of a professional service, the essence of which is the providing of advice, judgment, opinion, or similar professional skill.” Id. at 346 n. 1 quoting Tex.Bus. & Com.Code § 17.49(c). Because Vanasek’s claims, like Paige’s, accrued before September 1, 1995, the effective date of the amendment, and he filed his claims, as did Paige, before September 1, 1996, the amendment did not apply. See Act of May 19,1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch. 414, § 20(b), 1995 Tex.GeN.Laws 3004. The Court then explained that the Legislature has adopted a specific statute of limitations for DTPA claims, and has included only two exceptions to the general rule that limitations begins to run on the date the wrongful act occurred — a discovery rule and a fraudulent concealment rule. Id. at 346. The Court declined to engraft the Hughes tolling rule as a third exception, and in the process, overruled its prior decision in Aduddell v. Parkhill, 821 S.W.2d 158 (Tex.1991), to the extent it applied Hughes to DTPA claims. Under-kofler, 53 S.W.3d at 347.
Here, Paige gave written notice of the malpractice claim to Turpin-Smith on October 10, 1991. Therefore, for purposes of the DTPA, limitations expired two years later, on October 10, 1993. Because Paige did not file this lawsuit until August 31, 1995, his DTPA claims are barred. We overrule the sole point of error as it pertains to the DTPA claims. To the extent summary judgment was granted on the DTPA claims, we affirm.
