Efren Uriostegui-Teran v. Merrick GarlandEfren Uriostegui-Teran v. Merrick Garland
Before GRUENDER, KELLY, and GRASZ, Circuit Judges.
GRUENDER, Circuit Judge.
Efren Uriostegui-Teran petitions for review after the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA“) dismissed his appeal. We deny his petition.
I.
Uriostegui-Teran is a rancher from Mexico who fears returning. He gives several reasons why. Twice, his unсles were kidnapped and held for ransom. The second time, the kidnapping was reported to the police. And though the police said they would “try to help,” they were ultimately unable to “do[] anything.” On another occasion, someone took pictures of Uriostegui-Teran‘s family home and then demanded money and threatened to kidnap a family member. And once, when he was driving from his family‘s ranch to his home, two vans began chasing him. The vans tried to run him off the road, so he fired a weapon at his unknown assailants. After they had driven off, he drove tо a police station and requested an escort to the bus station, which the police provided. Later, someone called Uriostegui-Teran‘s father and threatened tо kill Uriostegui-Teran. Finally, someone once left a sign at his sister‘s business demanding money.
Shortly after Uriostegui-Teran entered the United States, the Attorney General began removal proceedings against him. Uriostegui-Teran conceded removability and applied for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT“). He claimed that he was persecuted on account of his membership in the following social groups: (1) “Cattle ranchers/farmers in Mexico“; (2) “Landowners in Mexico“; (3) “Business owners in Mexico“; (4) “Family of cattlе ranchers/farmers in Mexico“; (5) “Family of landowners in Mexico“; (6) “Family of business owners in Mexico“; (7) “The Uriostegui family“; (8) “The Uriostegui-Teran family“; (9) “Family of Juan Uriostegui Jimenez“; (10) “Family of gang kidnapping victims“; (11) “Family of gang extortion victims“; and (12) “Deported Americanized Mexicans/ponchos.”
The Immigration Judge (“IJ“) denied his applications. As to asylum and withholding of removal, the IJ concluded that Uriostegui-Teran‘s proposed social groups were not cognizable and that, even if some
II.
We review the denial of an application for asylum, withholding of removal, or CAT relief for substantial evidence, Rivera Menjivar v. Garland, 27 F.4th 638, 641 (8th Cir. 2022), and we review questions of law de novo, Ngugi v. Lynch, 826 F.3d 1132, 1136 (8th Cir. 2016). “Under the substantial evidence standard, the agency‘s findings of fact must be upheld unless the alien demonstrates that the evidence he presented not only supports a contrary conclusion but compels it.” Id. “Only the BIA order is subject to our review, including the IJ‘s findings and reasoning to the extent they were expressly adopted by the BIA.” Silvestre-Giron v. Barr, 949 F.3d 1114, 1117 (8th Cir. 2020).
As a preliminary matter, we reject Uriostegui-Teran‘s argument that the BIA lacked jurisdiction over his removal proceedings because his notice to appеar lacked a hearing date and time. As he acknowledges, this argument is foreclosed by our decision in Ali v. Barr, 924 F.3d 983, 986 (8th Cir. 2019).
A.
We begin with Uriostegui-Teran‘s argument that the BIA erred in concluding that he failed to shоw membership in a cognizable particular social group. To be eligible for asylum, Uriostegui-Teran must show that he is a refugee, see
“Whеther a group is a ‘particular social group’ presents a question of law, which we review de novo.” Ngugi, 826 F.3d at 1137-38. To demonstrate membership in a particular social group, the applicant “must establish that the group is (1) composed of members who share a common immutable characteristic, (2) defined with particularity, and (3) socially distinct within the society in quеstion.” Id. at 1138 (quoting Matter of M-E-V-G-, 26 I. & N. Dec. 227, 237 (B.I.A. 2014)).
We agree with the BIA that Uriostegui-Teran has not proven membership in a particular social group. His first six proposed social groups—cattle ranchers, landowners, and business owners and their families—fail for lack of social distinction. Uriostegui-Teran did not introduce any evidence that Mexican society views these groups as socially distinct. See, e.g., Davila-Mejia v. Mukasey, 531 F.3d 624, 629 (8th Cir. 2008) (“[P]etitioners here failed to establish that their status as ‘competing
The BIA also did nоt err in rejecting proposed social groups seven through eleven—the Uriostegui, Uriostegui-Teran, and Uriostegui-Jimenez families, and the families of gang kidnapping and gang extortion viсtims—for lack of particularity. Although “a nuclear family can constitute a social group,” Bernal-Rendon v. Gonzales, 419 F.3d 877, 881 (8th Cir. 2005), Uriostegui-Teran‘s proposed social groups are nоt limited to his immediate family and lack any “well-defined boundaries,” Matter of S-E-G-, 24 I. & N. Dec. 579, 582 (B.I.A. 2008). Instead, the groups “could include fathers, mothers, siblings, uncles, aunts, nieces, nephews, grandparents, cousins, and others.” Id. at 585; cf. Constanza v. Holder, 647 F.3d 749, 753-54 (8th Cir. 2011) (agrеeing with the BIA that petitioner‘s membership in “a family that experienced gang violence” lacked the “particularity required to constitute a social group“).
Finally, the BIA properly rejected his twelfth proposed social group—“Deported Americanized Mexicans/ponchos“—for lack of social distinction. Despite Uriostegui-Teran‘s argumеnt that this group is “immediately recognizable” due to its members’ language and mannerisms, the record contains no evidence supporting his assertion that people deported from the United States to Mexico are recognized as a socially distinct group. See Matul-Hernandez v. Holder, 685 F.3d 707, 713 (8th Cir. 2012) (agreeing with the BIA that the petitioner failed to establish that her рroposed social group, “Guatemalans returning from the United States who are perceived as wealthy,” was socially distinct).
Because Uriostegui-Teran failed to establish mеmbership in a cognizable particular social group, the BIA did not err in denying his applications for asylum and withholding of removal. See
B.
We now consider whether the BIA erred in concluding that Uriostegui-Teran does not qualify for CAT relief. “The CAT prohibits the Government from removing an alien to a country where he is more likely than not to be tortured.” Hassan v. Rosen, 985 F.3d 587, 589 (8th Cir. 2021). “Torture” is defined as certain acts that cause “severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental . . . when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official caрacity.”
Here, the record does not support Uriostegui-Teran‘s contention that the Mexican government has turned a blind eye to criminal-gang-inflicted torture. When one of Uriostegui-Teran‘s uncles was kidnapped, the police offered to help. The fact that they were unable to “do[] anything” doеs not evidence acquiescence. See Marroquin-Ochoma v. Holder, 574 F.3d 574, 580 (8th Cir. 2009) (holding that
III.
For the foregoing reasons, we deny Uriostegui-Teran‘s petition for review.