105 Ill. 43 | Ill. | 1882
delivered the opinion of the Court:
The case seems to have been considered by the Appellate Court purely as presenting only a question of fact, viz: whether the evidence sustained the judgment of the circuit court,—for although one of the errors assigned in that court is that the circuit court erred in rejecting proper evidence, no point appears to have been made in argument on such ruling, and the abstract furnishes no ground for the error. There is, in our opinion, no question of law before us.
The credits indorsed on the note which was read in evidence exceed, by a considerable sum, the amount of the principal of the note and simple interest thereon at the rate provided by the terms of the note,—i. e., ten per cent; and it was not controverted that those payments were in fact made at the dates they respectively bear. The sole controversy was, whether there was a contract to pay interest upon interest. Appellant asserted there was such a contract, while appellees denied its existence. Necessarily, upon this question the burden was upon appellant, and it was incumbent upon him to prove a promise to pay such interest for a consideration deemed valuable in law, and an acceptance of such promise, either actual or constructive.
The consideration ¿laimed for the promise to pay interest upon interest was forbearance, pursuant to the promise. But clearly it was a question of fact, first, whether there was such a promise; second, if such promise, upon what consideration ; and third, -whether there was an acceptance of such promise.
A promise to pay the debt of another, it has been held, can not be rendered binding by proof that it was followed by forbearance, unless there be something to show, not only that it was made for the purpose of obtaining time, and that time was actually given, but that the indulgence thus accorded was in pursuance of the request implied by the promise. Snyder v. Leibengood, 4 Barr, 305; Cobb v. Page, 5 Harris, 469; Shupe v. Galbraith, 8 Casey, 10; Young v. Hill et al. 67 N. Y. 167. The question is one of fact, which can not be found affirmatively in the absence of proof. (Ibid.) And so, obviously, whether actual forbearance, following a promise to pay interest upon interest for forbearance, is evidence of an acceptance of the promise, is a question of fact. If, under all the circumstances in . evidence throwing light upon the question, it is reasonable to believe the party acted upon the faith of and pursuant to the promise, a jury would be justified in finding that he so acted,—otherwise not. But it is a mere matter of reasoning about human affairs, in which the individual knowledge and experience of the reasoner as to the motives of human action become a factor. It is finding a fact from circumstantial evidence,—or, as is said by some writers on evidence, a principal fact from subordinate evidentiary facts. If the question were whether there was an express acceptance by words, there could be no difficulty in perceiving the question to be purely one of fact; yet the only difference between that and the present question is that between direct and circumstantial evidence. There the proof is direct, and it is only to determine whether it shall be believed; here it is indirect, and requires reasoning, as well as perception and memory. But the conclusion is all the time one of fact,—in the one case, from evidence directly to the point; in the other case, from evidence more remote, but, it may be, equally convincing.
In Bridge Company v. Comrs. of Highways, 101 Ill. 519, we held that under section 89 of the amended Practice act of 1877, the sufficiency of the evidence to support the finding in the circuit court, however clear the question, would not be inquired into, and we there said: “The plaintiff in every action either assumes or expressly charges upon the record the existence of certain facts, upon the proof or admission of which his right of recovery depends. These facts, thus assumed or directly alleged to exist, are the principal facts pertaining to the suit. Sometimes they are established or proved by direct testimony, but they are often, indeed most generally, established by the proof of other facts, from which their existence is inferred. The latter, being mere evidence of the principal facts, are properly designated as evidentiary facts, and are so known to .the law. Both of these classes of facts we understand to fall within the statutory provisions that make the judgments of the Appellate Court ‘final and conclusive as to all matters of fact in controversy.’ In short, we understand that the ultimate facts to be proven on the trial, together with all subordinate facts offered as mere evidence of their existence, fall within the general statutory description, ‘all matters of fact in controversy,’ and as to such matters the statute declares the judgment of the Appellate Court shall be final. The ultimate propositions to be proven, the evidence submitted in support of them, the finding of the trial court on those propositions, and the judgment of the Appellate Court upon such findings, are matters which this court is not permitted to review where no exception has been taken or question of law has otherwise been preserved upon the record. ”
Whether the evidence clearly and decidedly preponderates one way or the other is manifestly of no consequence, since to determine this requires 'us to go into the controverted question of fact. Nor can it make any difference whether evidence be given upon one side only, or on both, or by but one or by many witnesses, for in a controversy of fact the party holding the negative may insist that the evidence introduced by the party holding the affirmative is insufficient, and on this ground alone controvert the question of fact.
The fallacy of counsel for appellant lies in supposing that the one-sidedness of the evidence, or its sufficiency to prove a fact in issue, can at all be inquired into by this court. As we said in a case in all respects analogous, (Fitch v. Johnson, 104 Ill. 118,) after quoting the statute: “All matters relating to the character, force and effect of the testimony, which counsel for appellant have discussed with so much earnestness and ability, are not before us at all, and by the above provision of the statute we are expressly forbidden to consider them. ” Propositions of law might have been presented to the court whereby the ruling of the judge on the various legal aspects of the case might have been obtained, (Fitch v. Johnson, supra,) but this was not done.
There being no question of law before us, the judgment of the Appellate Court must be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed. •
