Earp v. OrnoskiEarp v. Ornoski
- Reporters:
- ,
- Before:
- Tallman
ORDER
The opinion filed September 8, 2005, slip opinion at 12700 and published at 423 F.3d 1024 (9th Cir.2005), is amended by the opinion filed concurrently with this order. With these amendments, the panel has voted to deny the petition for rehearing and the petition for rehearing en banc filed by the Appellant and the petition for rehearing and the petition for rehearing en banc filed by the Appellee.
The full court has been advised of the petitions for rehearing en banc filed by the Appellant and the Appellee and no judge of the court has requested a vote on either.
The Appellant‘s petition for rehearing and petition for rehearing en banc is DENIED and the Appellee‘s petition for rehearing and petition for rehearing en banc is DENIED. No further petitions for rehearing or rehearing en banc may be filed.
OPINION
TALLMAN, Circuit Judge:
Ricky Lee Earp is on death row in San Quentin, California, after being convicted in Los Angeles County of the 1988 rape and murder of eighteen-month-old Amanda Doshier. The jury convicted Earp of first-degree murder and found three death-qualifying special circumstances to
All reviewing courts thus far have upheld Earp‘s conviction and sentence. The California Supreme Court (“state court“) affirmed Earp‘s conviction and death sentence on direct appeal, and summarily denied his state habeas corpus petition on the merits without affording him an evidentiary hearing on any of his claims. People v. Earp, 20 Cal.4th 826, 85 Cal. Rptr.2d 857, 978 P.2d 15 (1999). The United States Supreme Court denied certiorari. Earp v. California, 529 U.S. 1005, 120 S.Ct. 1272, 146 L.Ed.2d 221 (2000). Earp then filed a federal habeas corpus petition in the United States District Court for the Central District of California, raising nineteen constitutional claims. The district court denied Earp‘s habeas petition on all of them. Earp now brings this appeal.
We affirm the district court on seven of the claims Earp raises in this appeal, and vacate and remand for an evidentiary hearing on the two remaining claims.1 This Opinion addresses Earp‘s claims of prosecutorial misconduct, ineffective assistance of counsel, and conflict of interest.2 The district court conducted a limited evidentiary hearing on his conflict claim and denied his motion for an evidentiary hearing on his prosecutorial misconduct and ineffective assistance of counsel claims. Ultimately, all of these claims were denied on summary judgment.
Here we decide whether: (1) Earp alleges facts warranting an evidentiary hearing on his claim that the prosecutor committed prejudicial misconduct by dissuading Michael Taylor from testifying; (2) Earp alleges facts warranting an evidentiary hearing on his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to sufficiently investigate mitigation evidence; and (3) Earp‘s counsel suffered from a conflict of interest stemming from her intimate relationship with Earp during his trial and sentencing. We hold that Earp has alleged facts which, if proven true, may entitle him to relief on
I
We recount the facts and circumstances leading to and surrounding the crime and Earp‘s trial as necessary to understand our opinion.3 In August 1988, Earp was living in Palmdale, California, with his girlfriend, Virginia MacNair. On August 22, Cindy Doshier left her daughter, Amanda Doshier, with Earp and MacNair for a few days, as she had done several times before. On Thursday, August 25, MacNair left for work around 7:00 a.m., leaving Amanda with Earp. Around 3:00 p.m., a firefighter responded to an emergency call from a man reporting that a baby had fallen down some stairs. A preliminary assessment of her injuries led the first responder to conclude that Amanda needed more medical attention than he could give, so the firefighter took her to the hospital.
After the firefighter left with Amanda, Earp disappeared and spent the next two days with different sets of friends and family elsewhere in California before ultimately turning himself in to the police in Sacramento after learning that he was being sought in connection with Amanda‘s death. During the intervening time, Earp gave inquiring friends and neighbors a host of contradictory explanations for Amanda‘s injuries and his absence.
At 10:30 a.m. on Saturday, August 27, 1988, Amanda died. Medical examinations of Amanda revealed that she had severe bruising, blood, and tears in the rectal area and blood and gaping in the vaginal area consistent with sexual assault. However, no semen, sperm, or seminal fluid was found. The medical examiner determined that Amanda‘s death was caused either by multiple sharp blows to the top of the head or severe shaking.
At trial, Earp denied sexually molesting or otherwise harming Amanda. He blamed Dennis Morgan, Amanda‘s grandmother‘s boyfriend whom Earp had met while the two served time together in prison. Dennis Morgan testified that he met Earp while they were both inmates at the Susanville prison and had helped Earp get a job after his release. He also admitted that he was a heroin addict with nineteen different aliases, but refuted Earp‘s assertion that he was present at MacNair‘s house on August 25, denied knowing where Earp was living at the time, and claimed that he did not rape or molest Amanda. He also accused Earp of asking him to testify that there was a man named Joe at the house with them, and alleged that Paul Ford, a defense investigator, told him that Earp “needed someone who could place somebody else at the house.”
At the penalty phase, Adrienne Dell, Earp‘s attorney, presented the following evidence in mitigation: Earp‘s mother and aunt testified generally about Earp‘s fami
II
We review de novo the district court‘s denial of a petition for a writ of habeas corpus, Lambert v. Blodgett, 393 F.3d 943, 964 (9th Cir.2004), and the district court‘s grant of summary judgment, Davis v. Woodford, 384 F.3d 628, 638 (9th Cir.2004). “Factual findings and credibility determinations made by the district court in the context of granting or denying the petition are reviewed for clear error.” Lambert, 393 F.3d at 964. The district court‘s application of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA“), as well as its conclusion that the standards set forth in AEDPA are satisfied, is a mixed question of law and fact which we also review de novo. Id. at 965.
Because Earp‘s petition was filed after April 24, 1996, federal review is circumscribed by AEDPA. Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63, 70, 123 S.Ct. 1166, 155 L.Ed.2d 144 (2003); see also Lambert, 393 F.3d at 965 (citing Woodford v. Garceau, 538 U.S. 202, 210, 123 S.Ct. 1398, 155 L.Ed.2d 363 (2003)). AEDPA mandates a highly deferential standard for reviewing state court determinations. Under AEDPA, a writ of habeas corpus:
shall not be granted with respect to any claim that was adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings unless the adjudication of the claim—
(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or
(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.
We review de novo the district court‘s interpretation of AEDPA standards governing the grant or denial of an evidentiary hearing, Baja v. Ducharme, 187 F.3d 1075, 1077 (9th Cir.1999), and we review for abuse of discretion the district court‘s ultimate denial of an evidentiary hearing based on these AEDPA standards, Davis, 384 F.3d at 638. In determining whether a petitioner is entitled to an evidentiary hearing under AEDPA, the district court:
must determine whether a factual basis exists in the record to support the petitioner‘s claim. If it does not, and an evidentiary hearing might be appropriate, the court‘s first task in determining whether to grant an evidentiary hearing is to ascertain whether the petitioner has “failed to develop the factual basis of a claim in State court.“.... If [ ] the applicant has not “failed to develop” the facts in state court, the district court may proceed to consider whether a hearing is appropriate or required under Townsend v. Sain, 372 U.S. 293, 83 S.Ct. 745, 9 L.Ed.2d 770 (1963)[overruled on other grounds in Keeney v. Tamayo-Reyes, 504 U.S. 1, 5, 112 S.Ct. 1715, 118 L.Ed.2d 318 (1992)].
Insyxiengmay v. Morgan, 403 F.3d 657, 669-70 (9th Cir.2005) (quoting Baja, 187 F.3d at 1078).
Because a federal court may not independently review the merits of a state court decision without first applying the AEDPA standards, a federal court may not grant an evidentiary hearing without first determining whether the state court‘s
(1) the merits of the factual dispute were not resolved in the state hearing; (2) the state factual determination is not fairly supported by the record as a whole; (3) the fact-finding procedure employed by the state court was not adequate to afford a full and fair hearing; (4) there is a substantial allegation of newly discovered evidence; (5) the material facts were not adequately developed at the state-court hearing; or (6) for any reason it appears that the state trier of fact did not afford the habeas applicant a full and fair hearing.
Townsend, 372 U.S. at 313, 83 S.Ct. 745. If the defendant can establish any one of those circumstances, then the state court‘s decision was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts and the federal court can independently review the merits of that decision by conducting an evidentiary hearing. See Taylor v. Maddox, 366 F.3d 992, 1001 (9th Cir.2004) (“If, for example, a state court makes evidentiary findings without holding a hearing and giving petitioner an opportunity to present evidence, such findings clearly result in an ‘unreasonable determination’ of the facts.“).
Accordingly, where the petitioner establishes a colorable claim4 for relief and has never been afforded a state or federal hearing on this claim, we must remand to the district court for an evidentiary hearing. Insyxiengmay, 403 F.3d at 670; Stankewitz v. Woodford, 365 F.3d 706, 708 (9th Cir. 2004); Phillips v. Woodford, 267 F.3d 966, 973 (9th Cir.2001). In other words, a hearing is required if: “(1) [the defendant] has alleged facts that, if proven, would entitle him to habeas relief, and (2) he did not receive a full and fair opportunity to develop those facts[.]” Williams v. Woodford, 384 F.3d 567, 586 (9th Cir.2004).
III
In his state habeas petition and again in his federal petition, Earp argues that the prosecutor committed misconduct by intimidating a post-trial witness named Michael Taylor to prevent him from testifying in support of a new trial motion. We hold that the district court‘s decision to reject this claim without holding an evidentiary hearing was an abuse of discretion. See Davis, 384 F.3d at 638.
A
1
The case against Earp was comprised of strong circumstantial evidence—Amanda had been left in his care on the day of the crime, and after Amanda was taken to the hospital Earp disappeared and gave false and inconsistent explanations of what had happened to her before he surrendered to the police. At trial, the defense case hinged on a credibility battle between Earp, who claimed that Dennis Morgan had murdered Amanda, and Morgan, who testified that he had never seen Amanda or been to the house where she was fatally injured.
Earp testified that on the day Amanda was attacked, he was at home watching her and working around the house when
Morgan‘s testimony contradicted this defense. Morgan testified that he had never been in the home and did not even know where it was. He also testified that he had never seen Amanda, and that he had not molested or raped her. Notably, no trial witness other than Earp was able to place Morgan at the house on the day of the crime.
2
After the trial was over, a defense investigator located a potential jailhouse witness who might have impeached Morgan‘s testimony: Michael Taylor. Taylor was also an inmate at the Los Angeles County Central Jail at the time of Earp‘s trial, where both Earp and Morgan were being held.5 In a series of declarations, Taylor claims that, while Earp‘s jury was deliberating, he overheard Morgan tell another inmate that Morgan had visited the house where Earp was watching Amanda on the day in question. Taylor insists that Morgan referred to Amanda as his “granddaughter,” and expressed fear that Earp would “come after him” if he got out of jail because of Morgan‘s false testimony at trial.
Taylor declares that he initially told this story in a recorded statement to the defense in late 1991 or early 1992. He asserts that, later the same day, the prosecutor and a sheriff‘s deputy took him to a private room at the jail, verbally abused him, and told him that he would never get out if he stood by his statement. Taylor insists that although his initial statement was true, he capitulated in the face of the prosecutor‘s threats and retracted the statement.
B
Earp first raised his claim that these events constituted prosecutorial misconduct in his state habeas petition.6 He argued in his petition that the prosecutor violated Earp‘s due process rights by intimidating Taylor into withdrawing his declaration. He supported his state petition with four signed declarations from Taylor, a signed declaration from defense
Without conducting a hearing, the state court denied Earp‘s prosecutorial misconduct claim without opinion. Earp continued to pursue his prosecutorial misconduct claim in his federal petition. He was unsuccessful before the district court as well; the federal court adopted the Warden‘s proposed order granting summary judgment against Earp on his prosecutorial misconduct claim. Earp appeals the district court‘s order.
C
Because the factual basis for Earp‘s claim was adequately proffered to the state court, he is entitled to an evidentiary hearing if he has not previously received a full and fair opportunity to develop the facts of his claim and he presents a “colorable claim” for relief. Insyxiengmay, 403 F.3d at 669-70; see also Williams, 384 F.3d at 586.
1
It is evident from the record that Earp has never received an opportunity to develop his claim of prosecutorial misconduct. The issue was not presented to the trial court, but it was raised on habeas, and neither the state court nor the district court allowed him an evidentiary hearing. Because we find that such a hearing was necessary to make the credibility determination upon which rejection of Earp‘s claim depends, we conclude that he has not had a “full and fair” opportunity to develop the facts supporting his claim, see Townsend, 372 U.S. at 313, 83 S.Ct. 745, and, consequently, the state court decision summarily denying him habeas relief was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts,
The district court resolved Earp‘s claim on the basis of Taylor‘s credibility, concluding that Taylor‘s declarations were “inherently untrustworthy and not worthy of belief.”7 The district court reached its credibility determination without taking the opportunity to listen to Taylor, test his story, and gauge his demeanor.8 See Blackledge v. Allison, 431 U.S. 63, 82 n. 25, 97 S.Ct. 1621, 52 L.Ed.2d 136 (1977) (“When the issue is one of credibility, resolution on the basis of affidavits can rarely be conclusive....“) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
In rare instances, credibility may be determined without an evidentiary
Because the veracity of the witnesses who signed the affidavits on which Earp based his claim was at issue, the claim could not be adjudicated without an evidentiary hearing on this disputed issue of material fact. Summary judgment is an inappropriate vehicle for resolving claims that depend on credibility determinations. See Williams v. Calderon, 48 F.Supp.2d 979, 989 (C.D.Cal.1998) (noting in the context of a habeas claim “[t]he Court is not to determine issues of credibility on a motion for summary judgment; instead, the truth of each party‘s affidavits is assumed“), aff‘d Williams, 384 F.3d at 628; see also United States v. Two Tracts of Land in Cascade County, Mont., 5 F.3d 1360, 1362 (9th Cir.1993) (reversing and remanding summary judgment for live testimony where the district court concluded on the basis of affidavits that the affiants were not credible); Kreisner v. San Diego, 988 F.2d 883, 900 n. 1 (“Determinations of credibility are inappropriate for summary judgment.“), amended by 1 F.3d 775 (9th Cir.1993); SEC v. Koracorp Indus., Inc., 575 F.2d 692, 699 (9th Cir.1978) (“[S]ummary judgment is singularly inappropriate when credibility is at issue.“).
Earp has never had an opportunity to present Taylor‘s live testimony so that the trier of fact can judge his credibility, and the prosecutor and sheriff‘s deputy have never been questioned regarding their side of the story. Thus, because we conclude that Earp has not had a full and fair opportunity to develop the facts to support his claim we hold that the state court‘s decision denying him relief without an evidentiary hearing to resolve the credibility dispute was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts.
2
We next consider whether Earp has alleged facts which, if demonstrated to be true, would present a colorable claim for relief. See Insyxiengmay, 403 F.3d at 669-70; Williams, 384 F.3d at 586. At this stage, Earp does not need to prove that the prosecutor committed misconduct or that his due process rights were violated; he only needs to allege a colorable claim for relief. See Phillips, 267 F.3d at 973. This is a low bar, and Earp has surmounted it.
If the facts that Earp alleges are proven true at an evidentiary hearing, the district court might well determine that he had established that the prosecutor threatened and verbally abused Taylor, fed him an untrue story, forced him to recant the impeaching statement by Morgan on tape, and punished Taylor for assisting Earp by having Taylor removed from his job as a trustee and transferred to a significantly less desirable jail facility. It is well established that “substantial government interference with a defense witness‘s free and unhampered choice to testify amounts to a violation of due process.” United States v. Vavages, 151 F.3d 1185, 1188 (9th Cir.1998) (quoting United States v. Little, 753 F.2d 1420, 1438 (9th Cir.1984)). Moreover, coercive or threatening behavior to
Earp has also made out at least a colorable claim that he was prejudiced by the prosecutor‘s misconduct. If the facts Earp alleges are true, he may well have demonstrated that the prosecutor‘s misconduct precluded him from presenting a witness in support of his Motion for a New Trial.10 See Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284, 302, 93 S.Ct. 1038, 35 L.Ed.2d 297 (1973) (“Few rights are more fundamental than that of an accused to present witnesses in his own defense.“). Furthermore, because Earp‘s defense strategy at trial so clearly pitted Earp‘s credibility against Morgan‘s, evidence that Morgan was lying could have created a reasonable doubt with the jury that would have made the difference for Earp. See Silva v. Brown, 416 F.3d 980, 987 (9th Cir.2005) (“Impeachment evidence is especially likely to be material when it impugns the testimony of a witness who is critical to the prosecution‘s case.“). If Earp can demonstrate that prosecutorial misconduct prevented Taylor from impeaching Morgan, he may be able to establish that he was deprived of his right to present Taylor as a witness on his behalf, that he should have been granted a new trial to prove his defense, and that this deprivation may well have affected the outcome.
The district court‘s conclusion that Earp has not demonstrated any potential prejudice hinges on the credibility determination that we have already concluded cannot be made on summary judgment. The dis
Instead, we hold that Earp has established entitlement to an evidentiary hearing because the facts he alleged may show that the prosecutor committed a constitutional due process violation by prejudicially dissuading Michael Taylor from testifying. We remand for an evidentiary hearing so that Earp will have an opportunity to prove the facts supporting his claim.
IV
Earp argues that he was denied effective assistance because his counsel‘s investigation was insufficient, resulting in a “large body of relevant mitigating material” being kept from the jury in the penalty phase. Specifically, Earp argues that defense counsel‘s failure to properly investigate and follow up on leads unearthed by the defense investigator resulted in the failure to uncover and present the following mitigating evidence: (1) extensive records of Earp‘s schooling, documenting a history of emotional problems and possible psychological or neurological problems; (2) further information about Earp‘s family background, his history of substance abuse and mental problems, especially in light of his family history of alcoholism, depression, and suicide; and (3) neurological and psychiatric evaluations evincing organic brain damage resulting from head trauma that he suffered at age eight or nine. In this appeal, Earp seeks not the grant of his petition for relief, but remand for an evidentiary hearing on this claim.12
A
In order to establish entitlement to an evidentiary hearing, Earp is not required to conclusively establish in this appeal that counsel was prejudicially deficient. Rather, Earp must demonstrate by his evidence the potential of a colorable claim that, if proven true at the hearing, would show that his former counsel‘s failure to investigate amounted to ineffective assistance of counsel, and that, but for such deficient representation, there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the proceeding would have been different. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688, 693-94, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984).
B
A defendant in a criminal proceeding is entitled to effective assistance of counsel in order “to protect the fundamental right to a fair trial.” Id. at 684, 104 S.Ct. 2052. Strickland sets forth two prongs that the defendant must satisfy in order to establish a Sixth Amendment right to counsel violation: (1) “the defendant must show that counsel‘s performance was deficient“; and (2) “the defendant must show that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense.... Unless a defendant makes both showings, it cannot be said that the conviction or death sentence resulted from a breakdown in the adversary process that renders the result unreliable.” Id. at 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052.
In order to satisfy the first prong, “the defendant must show that counsel‘s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness” under “prevailing professional norms,” id. at 688, 104 S.Ct. 2052, by identifying the acts or omissions “that
It is not enough to show that counsel was deficient; rather, reversal is only proper if the error had a prejudicial effect on the outcome of the trial. Id. at 692, 104 S.Ct. 2052. Thus, in order to establish prejudice, the “defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel‘s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. at 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052.
C
1
Two recent Supreme Court cases inform our analysis of Earp‘s claim. First, in Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 120 S.Ct. 1495, 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000), where the defendant faced death because the jury found a probability of future dangerousness, the Supreme Court considered whether counsel‘s failure to discover, investigate, and present certain mitigating evidence fell “below the range expected of reasonable, professional competent assistance of counsel.” Id. at 371, 120 S.Ct. 1495 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). At sentencing, counsel presented testimony from Williams‘s mother and two neighbors, and a taped excerpt from a psychiatrist. Id. at 369, 120 S.Ct. 1495. The witnesses testified generally that Williams was a “nice boy,” and a nonviolent person by nature. Id. The psychiatrist‘s taped excerpt related statements made by Williams that, in a prior unrelated robbery, Williams had removed the bullets from his gun in order to ensure that he did not hurt anyone. Id.
Reversing the Fourth Circuit‘s denial of habeas relief, the Supreme Court held that, notwithstanding the presentation of some mitigation evidence, “trial counsel did not fulfill their obligation to conduct a thorough investigation of[Williams‘s] background.” Id. at 396, 120 S.Ct. 1495 (citation omitted). Specifically, the Court noted that, despite being put on notice of Williams‘s cooperation in a prison sting, counsel requested neither prison records nor testimony from prison officials regarding Williams‘s non-violent disposition. Id. Counsel also failed to return a phone call from a witness who offered to testify on Williams‘s behalf. Id.
Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 123 S.Ct. 2527, 156 L.Ed.2d 471 (2003), is also particularly instructive in the instant appeal. There, the Supreme Court further refined and emboldened the ineffective assistance inquiry in the context of a claimed failure to investigate mitigation evidence. The Court held that, in determining whether counsel exercised “reasonable professional judgment[,]” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691, 104 S.Ct. 2052, the focus is “on whether the investigation supporting counsel‘s decision not to introduce mitigating evidence of Wiggins’ background was itself reasonable [,]” not “whether counsel should have presented” mitigation evidence, Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 522-23, 123 S.Ct. 2527.
The Court ultimately granted Wiggins‘s “claim stem[ming] from counsel‘s decision to limit the scope of their investigation into potential mitigating evidence.” Id. at 521, 123 S.Ct. 2527. Defense counsel‘s mitigation investigation had been limited to two items: (1) a written presentence investigation (“PSI“) report containing a one-page account of Wiggins‘s personal history noting “misery as a youth“; and (2) Baltimore
In addition to finding that the investigation should have been more expansive and probing as a general matter, the Wiggins Court further found that the investigation was “unreasonable in light of what counsel actually discovered” in the course of their limited investigation. Id. at 525, 123 S.Ct. 2527; see also Stankewitz, 365 F.3d at 722. Specifically, the Court found that the DSS report should have tipped off counsel and triggered more robust investigation because it mentioned that Wiggins‘s mother was an alcoholic, that Wiggins and his siblings went without food, that Wiggins suffered emotional trouble, and that Wiggins experienced trouble in school. Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 524, 123 S.Ct. 2527. In light of this information, the Court found that counsel uncovered no evidence in the course of the investigation that would indicate that “further investigation would have been fruitless.” Id.
The Supreme Court has conveyed a clear, and repeated, message about counsel‘s sacrosanct duty to conduct a full and complete mitigation investigation before making tactical decisions, even in cases involving similarly egregious circumstances. Based on this mandate, we hold that the district court abused its discretion in denying Earp‘s request for an evidentiary hearing and remand for such a hearing. At the proceeding, the Warden will have the opportunity to challenge Earp‘s allegations and the evidence rallied to support his claim. Earp will also have the opportunity to further substantiate his allegations. In other words, Earp must be given a full and fair hearing on his ineffective assistance of counsel claim.
Although counsel clearly has a duty to conduct a full and complete mitigation investigation, we find it difficult to know where a habeas court may draw the line in deciding how far defense counsel must go in conducting the mitigation investigation for the penalty phase of a capital case. We think the jurisprudential principle to be gleaned from Wiggins is that, although counsel is not required “to investigate every conceivable line of mitigating evidence no matter how unlikely the effort would be to assist the defendant at sentencing[,]” id. at 533, 123 S.Ct. 2527, they are in no position to decide, as a tactical matter, not to present mitigating evidence or not to investigate further just because they have some information about their client‘s background, id. at 527, 123 S.Ct. 2527. Moreover, Wiggins also establishes that the presence of certain elements in a capital defendant‘s background, such as a family history of alcoholism, abuse, and
2
Earp‘s claim invokes the essential issue in Wiggins: whether counsel‘s decision, based on a limited amount of information, to cease further investigation into mitigating evidence deprived Earp of his constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel. As stated in Wiggins, the issue in Earp‘s case is not whether Dell should have presented certain mitigation evidence during the penalty phase, but whether she should have investigated further before deciding to cease investigating. “[W]e focus on whether the investigation supporting counsel‘s decision ... was itself reasonable.” Id. at 523, 123 S.Ct. 2527. We conclude that an evidentiary hearing is required because Earp‘s allegations are sufficient to trigger the need for a hearing on whether Dell‘s investigation was unreasonable in light of the evidence she uncovered.
During the penalty phase, attorney Dell‘s mitigation presentation consisted of testimony from five witnesses. Earp‘s aunt and mother testified about his family background and childhood: his father‘s alcoholism, physical abuse of Earp‘s mother, and emotional abuse of Earp and his siblings; his stepfather‘s alcoholism, violence, and abuse of Earp, his mother, and his siblings; Earp‘s father‘s suicide and its effect on Earp; and Earp‘s juvenile history, including time spent in juvenile detention. Earp, 85 Cal.Rptr.2d 857, 978 P.2d at 30-31. Gloria Hall, a juvenile facility cook from Earp‘s time in CYA detention, opined that Earp committed crimes as a juvenile because of his family situation, and stated that Earp “was awarded honor status” at the facility. Id. at 30. Virginia MacNair testified that she and Earp‘s son visited him in jail, and that Earp sent them letters and pictures. Id. James Park, the former associate warden at San Quentin, testified that he thought Earp “would pose no danger in a high security prison” and that he would adjust well to confinement. Id. Although Dell presented this mitigation evidence, Earp contends that her investigation was still insufficient in light of the evidence she uncovered.
Earp claims that his penalty phase presentation would have “materially benefitted” from evidence and testimony about his violent family and social background, substance abuse, mental illness, history of emotional problems, and brain injury. See Stankewitz, 365 F.3d at 721-22 (finding that petitioner‘s penalty phase representation would have benefitted from information about the petitioner‘s background, history of mental illness, and substance abuse problems). In his motion for an evidentiary hearing on this claim, Earp stated that he would present: (1) testimony of counsel as to her failure to obtain and present family and personal background; (2) evidence as to family and personal history obtained by habeas counsel, including records of emotional problems and possible psychological and neurological problems stemming from early childhood, medical evaluations evincing organic brain damage which may have exacerbated Earp‘s behavioral problems, as well as testimony from family and friends regarding Earp‘s ongoing substance abuse; and (3) expert testimony regarding prejudice.
In support of his claim, Earp presented the district court with: declarations from family members providing additional details about his background; declarations from family members, associates, and a CYA counselor discussing his history of substance abuse; declarations regarding
If true, the facts alleged may well paint a materially different picture of Earp‘s background and culpability, the very things considered relevant and vital to a competent mitigation presentation. See, e.g., Douglas v. Woodford, 316 F.3d 1079, 1090 (9th Cir.2003). First, the declarations set forth a more detailed view of Earp‘s family background. For instance, the declarations allege details of Earp‘s father‘s (Don Earp) alcoholic binges, sometimes leading to police dispatches and often resulting in serious beatings of Earp‘s mother.14 They also outline Don Earp‘s slide from alcoholism into suicide after being severely beaten himself, discussing how his violence toward the family and “uncontrollable rages” intensified. The declarations also set forth an account of Ricky Earp‘s life after his father‘s suicide spent in the company of a similarly abusive and alcoholic stepfather in a house where “finances, and indeed even food and shelter were inconsistent.” The declarations detail the trauma that his father‘s suicide caused Earp. See id. at 1087-89 (finding deficient counsel due, in part, to failure to investigate and present additional evidence of petitioner‘s family background and “difficult childhood“); see also Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 525, 123 S.Ct. 2527 (finding ineffective assistance for failure to investigate petitioner‘s background involving abuse, alcoholism, neglect, and emotional trouble).
Second, the declarations from friends and family outline a history of substance abuse that the state court did not address and that the district court found to be unimportant. The declarations state that Earp‘s drug abuse began with smoking marijuana when he was twelve or thirteen years old, and that he later used other illegal drugs on a regular basis, including methamphetamine, cannabinol, LSD, and other hallucinogenics. The declarants also note that Earp consumed large quantities of alcohol during his teen years, sometimes selling marijuana to adults in exchange for the purchase of alcohol. See Lambright v. Stewart, 241 F.3d 1201, 1207 (9th Cir.2001) (determining that counsel‘s failure to obtain a psychiatric evaluation of the petitioner where he had a history of “extensive drug abuse,” among other things, constituted deficient performance and warranted remand for an evidentiary hearing).
Finally, the declarations, records, and reports regarding Earp‘s emotional and neurological history allege additional mitigation grounds. Earp‘s school records, including progress reports, psychological evaluations, and testing results, contain details that should have caused counsel to investigate further. Specifically, a psychological report conducted after repeated behavioral problems stated that Earp “should be considered for at least partial Educationally Handicapped placement” and that “[s]uch placement would be on an emotional disturbance basis.” The report goes on to note that “[a]lternate ways to deal with disturbing behavior and emotionally charged feelings should be explored, as well as the desirability of outside agency counseling.” The report also discusses Earp‘s test results and observations, finding that Earp was “very troubled,” suf
The testing and observations also revealed a “lack of adequate control.” A later report, documenting a psychiatrist-parent conference regarding Earp‘s “obvious emotional disturbance,” also dealt with Earp‘s trauma resulting from his father‘s suicide.15 Earp alleges that these problems continued, as evidenced by a CYA intake report noting that Earp “has experienced psychosocial turmoil” and “witnessed alcoholism, physical brutality, domination, inconsistent discipline, and marital discord followed by divorce and a broken home.” See Ainsworth v. Woodford, 268 F.3d 868, 875-76 (9th Cir.2001) (finding ineffective assistance where counsel failed to investigate and present mitigation evidence regarding, inter alia, petitioner‘s history of emotional problems dating back to childhood).
Earp asserts that the emotional problems that he alleges to have suffered throughout his youth and into adulthood were exacerbated and augmented by a head injury that he suffered in a motorcycle accident at age eight or nine, resulting in organic brain damage. Expert Dr. Ines Monguio conducted neuropsychological testing of Earp, finding that his functioning is “consistent with the presence of organic damage.” Monguio also determined that discrepancies in Earp‘s verbal functions were consistent with brain damage. The expert concluded that Earp displayed the “consequences of the brain trauma” suffered in the motorcycle accident, as well as “generalized damage probably incurred through consistent and extreme” substance abuse. Monguio concluded that the testing results and background data were “consistent with organic damage[ ] [caused] by traumatic brain injury[,]” and noted that a “person diagnosed with this type of damage display[s], among other symptoms, impulsive behavior, problems with self-monitoring (regulating behavior), and poor judgment.” See Douglas, 316 F.3d at 1086 (finding ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to investigate and present mitigation evidence where petitioner suffered from “possible organic impairment” and test results revealed “some level of preexisting neurological deficit“) (internal quotation marks omitted).
3
We hold that under Williams and Wiggins Earp has met his burden of showing a colorable claim sufficient to trigger entitlement to an evidentiary hearing. He has adequately alleged that counsel unreasonably curtailed investigation into mitigating evidence, even after being presented with information warranting and triggering a duty to look further. In her declaration, attorney Dell stated the following: that she did not present any evidence that “was not entirely consistent with [Earp‘s] claim of innocence“; that her main penalty phase theme was “lingering doubt“; that she was solely responsible for the investigation and preparation of Earp‘s penalty phase presentation; that she obtained the services of, and relied on completely, defense investigator Sheryl Duvall; that she did not direct Duvall‘s investigation or instruct her to investigate specific areas; that the defense investigator obtained Earp‘s school and medical records; that Dell did not collect, or instruct to be collected, evidence concerning the conditions of confinement in the CYA at the time of Earp‘s detention; and finally, that she knew of Earp‘s head injury and history of
The district court determined, and the Warden now argues, that counsel‘s mitigation case represented a tactical decision entitled to deference. However, deference is only owed to strategic decisions reached after “thorough investigation of law and facts relevant to plausible options[.]” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690, 104 S.Ct. 2052. We do not see how such a conclusion may be made on this record without a factual hearing. Earp alleges that his counsel failed to obtain a mental health, neurological, or psychological evaluation of Earp, despite being alerted to the following evidence about Earp‘s background: (1) that he had both a personal and a family history of substance abuse; (2) that his family had a history of alcoholism, mental illness, suicide, and physical and emotional abuse; (3) that Earp‘s father and stepfather were abusive; (4) that Earp‘s mother was physically abused; (5) that Earp had a history of emotional problems; and (6) that Earp had suffered a head injury.
If proven to be true during future evidentiary hearings, this alleged history of substance abuse, emotional problems, and organic brain damage is the very sort of mitigating evidence that “might well have influenced the jury‘s appraisal of [Earp‘s] moral culpability.” Williams, 529 U.S. at 398, 120 S.Ct. 1495; see also Douglas, 316 F.3d at 1090 (“Evidence regarding social background and mental health is significant, as there is a ‘belief, long held by this society, that defendants who commit criminal acts that are attributable to a disadvantaged background or to emotional or mental problems, may be less culpable than defendants who have no such excuse.‘“) (quoting Boyde v. California, 494 U.S. 370, 382, 110 S.Ct. 1190, 108 L.Ed.2d 316 (1990)); Allen v. Woodford, 395 F.3d 979, 1000 (9th Cir.2005) (“Defense counsel‘s use of mitigation evidence to complete, deepen, or contextualize the picture of the defendant presented by the prosecution can be crucial to persuading jurors that the life of a capital defendant is worth saving.“) (citations omitted).
If proven, Earp‘s allegations could establish a colorable claim that counsel‘s failure to investigate mitigating evidence, “despite tantalizing indications in the record, as in Wiggins, that would lead a reasonable attorney to investigate further,” deprived Earp of his constitutionally guaranteed right to effective representation. Stankewitz, 365 F.3d at 720 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). We emphasize that the ultimate determination must be made in the first instance by the fact-finder at the hearing. We offer no opinion on the merits of Earp‘s claim here.
4
But even if Earp has established a colorable claim of ineffective assistance for failure to conduct a competent mitigation investigation, he must also present a colorable claim that counsel‘s deficient performance prejudiced him. Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 521, 123 S.Ct. 2527; see also Stankewitz, 365 F.3d at 722-23. “In assessing prejudice, [the court] reweigh[s] the evidence in aggravation against the totality of available mitigating evidence.” Stankewitz, 365 F.3d at 723 (emphasis added) (quoting Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 534, 123 S.Ct. 2527). The totality of the available evidence includes “both that adduced at trial, and the evidence adduced in the habeas proceeding[s].” Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 536, 123 S.Ct. 2527 (quoting Williams, 529 U.S. at 397-98, 120 S.Ct. 1495).
During the prosecution‘s penalty phase of the trial, the aggravation presentation consisted of Earp‘s prior felony conviction for burglary. Earp, 85 Cal.Rptr.2d 857, 978 P.2d at 30; see also Mayfield v. Woodford, 270 F.3d 915, 933 (9th Cir.2001) (Gould, J., concurring) (noting that, for purposes of prejudice, it is relevant to consider that the defendant did not have “an extensive history involving major crimes or violence“). In finding no prejudice, the district court determined that any omitted mitigation evidence would not have made a difference to even a single reasonable juror because the nature of Earp‘s crime was so egregious.
The aggravating circumstances of this case are indeed heinous. However, as we have previously noted, “the Supreme Court has made clear that counsel‘s failure to present mitigating evidence can be prejudicial even when the defendant‘s actions are egregious.” Stankewitz, 365 F.3d at 723-24 (discussing Williams, 529 U.S. at 368, 398-99, 120 S.Ct. 1495 (noting that, among his other crimes, Williams confessed to “brutally assault[ing] an elderly woman leaving her in a vegetative state” in her home, yet still finding that the mitigating evidence that counsel failed to investigate could have tipped the balance for at least one juror) (internal quotation marks omitted)); see also Mak v. Blodgett, 970 F.2d 614, 620-22 (9th Cir.1992) (finding prejudice despite the presence of exceedingly horrific circumstances of the crime in which the defendant slaughtered thirteen people in the course of one night to eliminate all witnesses to an armed robbery).
Given that the circumstances of Earp‘s crime constituted the vast majority of the aggravation case, prejudice is “especially likely.” Lambright, 241 F.3d at 1208 (noting that “[p]rejudice is especially likely where, as here, this is not a case in which a death sentence was inevitable because of the enormity of the aggravating circumstances“) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); cf. Allen, 395 F.3d at 1009 (finding no prejudice, despite ineffective assistance, because of the overwhelming evidence in aggravation consisting, in part, of a “long history of orchestrating and committing violent robberies and burglaries” and plotting the murder of multiple individuals who testified against the defendant on an earlier murder charge). Accordingly, we hold that Earp‘s allegations are sufficient to require an evidentiary hearing because, if true, they could establish that he suffered prejudice from counsel‘s deficient mitigation investigation and presentation.
V
Earp‘s second Sixth Amendment claim is that he was deprived of effective assistance of counsel because his intimate rela
A
On April 23, 1991, Adrienne Dell was appointed as Earp‘s second counsel. Dell met frequently with Earp, giving him her home phone number and speaking with him regularly in order to build trust and rapport. During the course of her representation, Dell developed romantic feelings for Earp.
The conversations between Earp and Dell reflected this sentiment and started to broach more personal matters, although only after discussing necessary case-related issues. Dell sent Earp pictures of herself and dressed provocatively for her visits to Earp. She also disrobed for him and engaged in “intimate relations” with Earp during their visits. In addition, Dell gave him a religious medallion “to signify her feelings for him,” picking this type of item because she knew that the rules of confinement would allow for him to keep it, given its religious nature. During the trial itself, Earp and Dell passed personal notes and winked to each other.
After the return of the guilty verdict, Dell confessed her love to Earp in the holding cell and he reciprocated. From then on, Dell and Earp shared a “strong emotional attachment,” which culminated in their marriage after Earp was transferred to death row. Dell and Earp were married from October 7, 1993, until December 27, 2000.
This issue was first raised in Earp‘s state petition for writ of habeas corpus and was summarily denied on the merits. Earp reiterated this claim in his federal habeas petition. The defense argued that, because of the relationship between Dell and Earp, Dell: (1) failed to present any shaken baby syndrome evidence; (2) gave Earp too much control over his defense; and (3) failed to present substantial mitigation evidence of which she was aware. The district court held an evidentiary hearing on the conflict claim and bifurcated the inquiry, instructing counsel to only present evidence of “actual conflict,” and barring the defense from presenting any evidence relating to whether the representation was adversely affected by the alleged conflict.17
At the close of the evidentiary hearing, the district court propounded that “[b]eing in love is not a conflict,” and concluded that Dell felt she was acting in Earp‘s best interest. In its order denying relief on the conflict claim, the district court compared Dell‘s situation to every lawyer‘s conflict between maintaining a personal life and a professional life: “such balancing is done by every lawyer who works past the time their spouse goes home or school lets out.” The district court ultimately concluded that, because there was no actual conflict, it was unnecessary to examine whether there was any adverse impact due to purported conflict.
B
Whether counsel and client had conflicting interests is a mixed question of law and fact which we review de novo. Williams, 384 F.3d at 586; see also Bragg v. Galaza, 242 F.3d 1082, 1086, amended by 253 F.3d 1150 (9th Cir.2001). We also review de novo the district court‘s summary judgment decision. Davis, 384 F.3d at 638.
Clearly established federal law “as determined by the Supreme Court,”
C
While ineffective assistance of counsel claims generally require the petitioner to show deficient representation and prejudice, we “forgo individual inquiry into whether counsel‘s inadequate performance undermined the reliability of the verdict” in instances “where assistance of counsel has been denied entirely or during a critical stage of the proceeding.” Mickens, 535 U.S. at 166, 122 S.Ct. 1237. Circumstances of such magnitude may “arise when the defendant‘s attorney actively
The Supreme Court‘s recent decision in Mickens proves determinative in the instant appeal. In Mickens, the Supreme Court dealt with a habeas claim in a capital case alleging ineffective assistance where counsel for the defendant also represented the victim, who was a defendant in an unrelated juvenile case. Id. at 164-65, 122 S.Ct. 1237. After being informed that the victim was deceased, the trial judge dismissed the juvenile charges against him. Id. The same trial judge appointed counsel in the defendant‘s case. Id. at 165, 122 S.Ct. 1237. The precise issue facing the Court was “what a defendant must show in order to demonstrate a Sixth Amendment violation where the trial court fails to inquire into a potential conflict of interest about which it knew or reasonably should have known.” Id. at 164, 122 S.Ct. 1237.
In answering this query, the Mickens Court clarified its conflict precedent and restated the parameters of its application. First, the Court discussed three seminal Supreme Court conflict cases: Holloway v. Arkansas, 435 U.S. 475, 98 S.Ct. 1173, 55 L.Ed.2d 426 (1978);20 Sullivan, 446 U.S. at 346-49, 100 S.Ct. 1708;21 and Wood v. Georgia, 450 U.S. 261, 101 S.Ct. 1097, 67 L.Ed.2d 220 (1981).22
This is not to suggest that one ethical duty is more or less important than another. The purpose of our Holloway and Sullivan exceptions from the ordinary requirements of Strickland, however, is not to enforce the Canons of Legal Ethics, but to apply needed prophylaxis in situations where Strickland itself is evidently inadequate to assure vindication of the defendant‘s Sixth Amendment right to counsel.
The Mickens Court specifically and explicitly concluded that Sullivan was limited to joint representation, and that any extension of Sullivan outside of the joint representation context remained, “as far as the jurisprudence of [the Supreme Court was] concerned, an open question.” Id.
D
The Supreme Court has never held that the Sullivan exception applies to conflicts stemming from intimate relations with clients. See Lambert, 393 F.3d at 986 (noting that Supreme Court precedent is limited to conflicts involving joint repre
E
While our circuit‘s precedent has expanded the scope of the Sullivan exception to apply in other contexts, and while we strongly disapprove of Adrienne Dell‘s unprofessional behavior as reflected in her conduct at bar, the advent of AEDPA forecloses the option of reversing a state court determination simply because it conflicts with established circuit law. Although we would perhaps reach a different conclusion if addressing this claim on direct review, the Supreme Court has not spoken to this issue and has expressly limited its constitutional conflicts jurisprudence. Accordingly, we hold that the state court‘s determination that the intimate relationship between Earp and his counsel during the trial and sentencing did not constitute a conflict of interest was neither contrary to, nor an unreasonable application of, established federal law.
VI
Earp is entitled to an evidentiary hearing on his prosecutorial misconduct claim involving Michael Taylor because he has alleged facts which, if proven true, may entitle him to relief on this claim. Earp is also entitled to an evidentiary hearing on his ineffective assistance of counsel claim because he has demonstrated a colorable claim that counsel‘s mitigation investigation was deficient in light of the evidence uncovered, and that he suffered prejudice thereby. We therefore vacate the district court‘s summary judgment on these claims and remand for an evidentiary hearing. The district court‘s decision to deny Earp‘s conflict of interest claim was neither contrary to, nor an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law, so we affirm that part of the district court‘s summary judgment.
AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and REMANDED for an evidentiary hearing.