E. I. Du Pont De Nemours & Co. v. WhiteE. I. Du Pont De Nemours & Co. v. White
Paul White, an employee of the Du Pont Company, sued it for failure to take reasonable care and precaution to prevent the escape of noxious and poisonous gases from pipos, receptacles, and devices in its factory, where he worked in the manufacturo of chemicals and explosives at Lodi, N. J. The ease was tried to the court and jury, and a verdict rendered for the plaintiff. Defendant has brought the ease here on writ of error, and alleges that the eourt erred: (1) In refusing to direct a verdict in its favor; (2) in admitting evidence of injuries suffered by other employees; and (3) in permitting defendant’s expert witness to be asked, in an effort to impeach Mm, whether or not he agreed with certain medical works on which he had not relied as authority for Ms testimony.
We do not think the court erred in refusing to direct a .verdict for defendant. Under the pleadings and evidence, the questions of negligence, proximate cause and assumption of risk were, with projier instructions from the court, elearly for the jury.
The plaintiff called three witnesses, Joseph Dedino, Isaac Belton, and George Castellano, who worked in the same rooms in which plaintiff worked. According to their testimony, the gases in these rooms produced practically the same effect on them as on him. Was their testimony admissible? In evidencing the quality of gas, such as phosgene and chlorine (to which the plaintiff alleges he was subjected by the negligence of the defendant), by instances of its effects upon others who worked in and inhaled it, the natural and logical limitation is that the evidential instances should have occurred under substantially the same circumstances ; otherwise the ill effects might be attributed to the influence of some other element introduced by the differing circumstances. While in the use of this mode of proof unfair surprise and confusion of issues inevitably arise and often serve to exclude the evidence, yet the almost universal attitude of courts at the present time is to admit such evidence, subject to the limitation that the evidential instances took place under conditions substantially similar to the one in issue. Greenleaf on Evidence (16th Ed.) vol. 1, § 14v; 22 Corpus Juris, § 840. la the leading case of Darling v. Westmoreland, 52 N. H. 401,
Harry L. Gilchrist, a physician, and chief of the medical division of the Chemical Warfare Service in the War Department, testified as an expert for defendant on the effects of gas upon persons. He said that he was superintendent over all medical matters pertaining to gassed men in the World War; that there were 72,000 gassed casualties in our army, most of which he saw personally; that he was in command of the British hospitals from May until the middle *6 of December, 1917, and saw,- in addition, thousands of cases there and thousands of cases in “French gas hospitals”; that he had seen many men who had been gassed with chlorine and phosgene; and that there was no ease on record in which it had been established that the inhalation of gas produced, fibrosis, which plaintiff claims to have as a result of such inhalation. While Dr. Gilchrist was under cross-examination, counsel for plaintiff read from a book written by Dr. Winternitz of Yale statements opposed to the views of Dr. Gilchrist, and then asked him if he differed with Dr. Winternitz. Objection was made, but was overruled, and the witness was compelled to answer. Was this error?
It is well settled in New Jersey that, when a physician testifies from his own experience as an expert, he may not be impeached by medical works upon which he has not relied as authority for his testimony. It is only when a witness refers to them for his own opinions that they are receivable in evidence, and then only for the purpose of contradicting him. New Jersey Zinc & Iron Co. v. Lehigh Zinc & Iron Co., 59 N. J. Law, 188,
The judgment is reversed, and a new trial granted.