Dunn v. United States

238 F. 508 | 5th Cir. | 1917

'WADKER, Circuit Judge

(after stating the facts as above). [1] With reference to the selection and, drawing of grand and petit jurors the statute provides as follows:

“All such jurors, grand and petit, including those summoned during the session of the court, shall be publicly drawn from a box containing, at the time of each drawing, the names of not less than three hundred persons, possessing the qualifications prescribed in the section last preceding, which names shall have been placed therein by the clerk of such court and a commissioner, to be appointed by the judge thereof, or by the judge senior in commission in districts having more than one judge, which commissioner shall be a citizen of good standing, residing in the district in which such court is held, and a well-known member of the principal political party in the district in which the court is held opposing that to which the clerk may belong, the clerk and said commissioner each to place one name in said box alternately, without reference to party affiliations until the whole number required shall be placed therein.” 36 Stat. L. 1164.

In the opinion rendered in the case of United States v. Chaires et al. (C. C.) 40 Fed. 820, it was said in reference to the provision just set out:

“An inspection of this statute shows that the work of preparing the names of the persons possessing the qualifications of jurors, and placing them in the box, is to be done by the clerk of the court and a jury commissioner to be appointed by the judge. The duty to be performed by these parties is clearly and specifically prescribed in the statute. It may be considered, and probably is, mandatory. * * * ”

The facts of that case did not call for a decision of the question presented in the instant case. The terms of the statute leave no room for reasonable doubt that it is the clerk himself, not his deputy or any other person acting in his stead, who is designated as one of the two officials who are to act together in selecting the names and' placing them in, the jury box. The requirement as a qualification of the commissioner to be appointed that he be “a well-known member of the principal political party in the district in which the court is held opposing that to which the clerk may belong” is convincing evidence of an intention to impose upon the latter the duty of participating in person in the performance of the duty prescribed. Where such an intention is disclosed by the statute which imposes the duty, the rule which generally prevails that a deputy of a ministerial officer can do every act which his principal might do (The Confiscation Cases, 20 Wall. 92, 111, 22 L. Ed. 320) can have no application.

[2] Even in the absence of such a clear manifestation of a purpose to require the official designated to perform in person the duty imposed, the generally, if not universally, prevailing rule is that such a duty as that of selecting the persons to act as grand or petit jurors must be performed by the persons appointed to make the selection, and cannot be delegated by them to another or others. State v. Newhouse, 29 La. Ann. 824; Klemmer v. Mount Penn Gravity R. R. Co., 163 Pa. 521, 30 Atl. 274; Hulse v. State, 35 Ohio St. 421; Commonwealth v. Graddy, 4 Metc. (Ky.) 223; Clare v. State, 30 Md. 163; 24 Cyc. 212; 12 R. C. L. 1016, 1017. This view was plainly expressed in the opinion in the case of United States v. Greene (D. C.) 113 Fed. 683, 692. The plea in abatement under consideration in that case did not show that the names in the jury box were not lawfully selected by the clerk and jury commissioner as contemplated by the act.

In the case of United States v. Gale, 109 U. S. 65, 71, 3 Sup. Ct. 1, 27 L. Ed. 857, Mr. Justice Bradley, delivering the opinion of the court, spoke of an indictment found by a grand jury selected by persons having no authority whatever to select them as fundamentally defective. While it was disclosed that there was no complaint of that kind against the indictment under consideration in that case, the court’s enumeration of some of the fundamental requisites of a valid indictment is not to be disregarded. The expression there used was explicitly referred to, and certainly without disapproval, in the opinion in the case of Rodriguez v. United States, 198 U. S. 156, 25 Sup. Ct. 617, 49 L. Ed. 994. In the latter case it appeared that an objection to the indictment very similar to the one made in this case existed; but it was not passed on by the court, because no exception was reserved to the overruling of the motion in arrest of judgment by which alone it was raised.

[3] In the instant case the objection was duly and seasonably made by plea in abatement prior to arraignment, and the overruling of that plea is shown by the record proper, which is presented for review, and, besides, was unnecessarily excepted to. Crowley v. United States, 194 U. S. 461, 24 Sup. Ct. 731, 48 L. Ed. 1075.

[4] The statute designates the officials who are to select the names to be drawn from for jury service. A body made up of persons not so selected is not the grand jury contemplated by the law. An obvious purpose of the enactment was to provide protection against unfounded, partisan, and malicious prosecutions by confining the selection of those who can serve as grand jurors to designated officials, required to be members of opposing political parties. It is a means adopted to secure fair dealing and impartiality in the body intrusted with the power of making criminal charges. There can be no certainty that' the purposes of the statute will not frequently be defeated if an indictment, which is seasonably impeached on the ground that it was found by grand jurors selected by persons having no authority whatever to select them,’ may be sustained because the evidence adduced with reference to it is such as to make it appear that the defendant was not actually prejudiced as a result of the selection of those who preferred the charge having been made without legal authority. Without regard to other obstacles which may confront one situated as a defendant in a criminal case not infrequently is, the secrecy of grand jury proceedings often must stand in the way of existing evidence being available to him to prove that improper influences were effective in bringing about the finding of the indictment against him, or to rebut untrustworthy evidence adduced to prove the absence of such influences. With reference to the participation of unauthorized persons in the selection of the names to go in the jury box, from which panels for service are to he drawn, it was said, in the opinion in the case of United States v. Murphy (D. C.) 224 Fed. 554, 564:

“The law has specified who is to make the selection of jurors, and it is unsafe and unwise to permit a departure from its provisions. Courts cannot stop to inquire in each case whether such participation, however indirect, has been harmful in a given case. The only safe rule is to prohibit and condemn it absolutely.”

The designation made by the statute of the officials charged with the duty of selecting the names to be drawn from to make úp grand and petit juries is a means adopted to prevent the pollution of the stream of justice at its source. The provision was intended to guard the administration of the criminal law against improper influences. The court is not vested with a discretionary power to dispense with a compliance with an essential feature of a safeguard proscribed by law. An impeachment of an indictment because of a noncompliance with the requirement that the names put in the jury box be selected by specified officials is nót a suggestion of a defect or imperfection in matter of form only (U. S. Rev. Stat. § 1025 [Comp. St. 1913, § 1691]), but goes to the vital question of the legality of the existence of the body by which the charge was made, and of its right or power to make a charge which the party charged can be required to defend against. United States v. Lewis (D. C.) 192 Fed. 633. The conclusion is that the averments of the plea in abatement, which were sustained by. uncontradicted' evidence, showed that the indictment was bad because of a noncompliance with a fundamental requisite in the creation of the grand jury which returned it. Because of the error committed in overruling that plea, the judgment under review is reversed.

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