Dunn v. State

125 Wis. 181 | Wis. | 1905

The following opinion was filed March 14, 1905:

SiebeckeR, J.

It is urged that the court erred in denying the motion for a new trial for want of sufficient evidence-to warrant a conviction of the offense charged in the indictment. ' This contention is based upon the ground (1) that there was no application pending’ before plaintiff in error, as inspector of buildings, for a permit to construct the building in question at the time it is claimed the offense was committed, or which might come before him, in his official capacity, for his vote, opinion, judgment, or action thereon; and (2) that the check referred to was not received by him from Mr. Pabst under an agreement or understanding between them that his official opinion, judgment, or action was to be thereby ■corruptly influenced.

As to the first claim it is asserted that the evidence shows that the accused could exercise no official authority in respect to the issuance of the building permit at the time it is alleged the offense was committed, because the evidence establishes that the application for such permit had theretofore been passed upon by him and denied, and was then pending before arbitrators, which action had removed it beyond his jurisdiction and deprived him of all power in the matter. This leads necessarily to the inquiry concerning the legality of the a~bitration proceeding. The state claims that the arbitration proceeding was void for want of any basis on which to institute it under the provision of the ordinance; that the necessary steps therefor were not taken by the parties; and also that the evidence shows that the proceeding was collusively and unlawfully instituted under an agreement between the accused and Mr. Pabst for the corrupt purpose, and under this pretense to shield him in perpetrating the offense charged. The provisions of the ordinance providing for arbitration in matters pertaining to the official action of the inspector of buildings are to the effect that an arbitration shall be allowed to persons feeling aggrieved by the action of the inspector in cases where he is vested with discretionary powers in estimating certain damages, and where he is vested with and required to exercise other discretionary powers, or in cases where his action pertained to the se■curity or insecurity of buildings. It is clear from' the un-contradicted facts in evidence that the application by the Pabst Brewing Company for a permit to erect this bottling house involved no exercise of any discretion by the accused as building inspector. He informed Mr. Pabst, and insisted upon the trial, that he could not grant the permit applied for, because the plans and specifications obviously violated the building regulations of the city, in that the floor areas within the specified walls were largely in excess of what was permitted and allowed-by such regulations; nor ■does the plaintiff in error dispute or claim but that such was the fact, and that no permit could properly be granted to build the structure pursuant to the plans and specifications submitted. Under these facts and circumstances it is apparent that no question of discretion arose in passing upon the application for a permit to erect this building, and that no legal basis existed for the arbitration of the matter. It is also provided in this ordinance that such an appeal to arbitration shall be taken within forty-eight hours after written notice of the decision of the inspector has been given, and that an appeal taken thereafter shall not entitle the party to an arbitration. The record discloses no written notice of the •decision or order of the inspector denying the application made by Mr. Peter for the brewing company. It also appears that he acted upon such application, and informed the company that it was denied, more than forty-eight hours before the 15th day of November, the day of appeal by the applicant for the permit. This failure to comply with the law is another irregularity fatal to the legality of the proceeding. The arbitration cannot be relied on as establishing, as a matter of law, that the inspector of buildings had no legal authority or power to act upon and issue the permit in question. In this state of the case it was for the jury to pass upon the facts and circumstances of the alleged arbitration as evidence material to the question at issue, in connection with the other evidence in the case. It is also urged that under such a ruling all the credible evidence in the case shows that the check was given and received by the accused under an agreement and understanding, and that it was in fact used for a purpose, wholly different and foreign to the one charged in the indictment, namely, that it was intended for the purpose of, and was in fact given and used in securing, the withdrawal of the ordinance from the council. We cannot say the evidence can be viewed only in this light. Considering the facts and circumstances adduced in evidence, as applied to the question of guilt or innocence, they may reasonably and legitimately be interpreted and considered by the jury as showing that the accused understood that he could grant this permit notwithstanding the violation of the building regulations in doing so; that his transaction with Mr. Pabst was designed to induce Mr. Pabst to become a party to a plan for the issuance of this permit for a money consideration, and to employ the arbitration as a cover of his corrupt purpose. It is true the evidence on which such inferences are based is contradicted or explained by other evidence in the case. This, however, was the subject for the consideration of the jury in weighing all the evidence and determining the truth of the matter. We are therefore persuaded that the court held correctly that the evidence sustained the verdict finding the accused guilty of the offense charged in the indictment.

The next assignment of error argued pertains to the exclusion of testimony. The accused, testifying, stated: “I don’t know whether I took the advice of the legal department of the city of Milwaukee on that particular arbitration or not.” He was then asked: “You say you do not recollect whether you did in this particular instance. Had you previously advised with the city department with reference to the arbitration of such proceedings under that ordinance?” This question was excluded upon objection. This ruling is followed by the evidence that he informed Mr. Pabst that nothing could be done while the ordinance was pending before the common council, and the witness then testified: “In making that statement I bad in mind advice given by the legal department of the city.” This declaration, following immediately upon tbe ruling complained of, furnished substantially the same information sought for in the question excluded. Under such circumstances the ruling is not prejudicial error.

Another exception presented arises upon the striking out of the statement made by the assistant inspector while testifying, as improper cross-examination. He testified to the effect that he knew of the action of the board of arbitration upon this application when he issued the permit on November 17th. It seems that the fact as stated was proper to be submitted to the jury. The record shows, however, that this fact was thereafter adduced by the testimony of the accused in the following statement: “I informed Mr. Burmeister at the timo I told him to issue the permit that a board of arbitration had so decided.” This was submitted to the jury without any attempted contradiction by the state. This leaves the record freed from the error committed by the court in striking out the above statement.

It is claimed that remarks of the prosecuting officer in his-argument upon the evidence to the jury, to which proper exception was taken, were improper at various times throughout the course of his comments, and that the remarks of the court in one of its rulings on such exceptions were prejudicial to the accused. We have examined all the instances to which attention is called, and, in addition, those on which argument is presented under this assignment of error, and we find nothing in the record on which to base a complaint. In all instances wherein exception was taken to the remarks of counsel as transgressing the bounds of legitimate argument, the court promptly and efficiently corrected him, and properly instructed the jury in respect thereto, so that they could not in any way be misled and prejudiced; nor were these rulings made in any incorrect or faulty expressions by the court.

The court was requested to instruct the jury:

“Where evidence is offered which is susceptible of two constructions, one of which tends to guilt and the other to innocence, it is the duty of the jury to adopt the latter.”

We are satisfied that this request does not embody a correct rule for the guidance of the jury in considering the evidence before them. It would amount to a direction to the jury that any evidentiary fact submitted to their consideration must be considered as tending to prove.innocence if it can possibly be so construed. This would deprive juries of the right to give to evidence the significance which they find and believe to be its natural and reasonable interpretation, in view of all the facts and surrounding circumstances of the case. The duty of interpreting evidence and drawing inferences therefrom in criminal trials is peculiarly within the province and the good judgment of the jury, and should not be infringed upon by artificial rules for determining its weight, and limiting the inferences they might reasonably draw therefrom.

The court was also requested to instruct:

'“You cannot convict the defendant on theory, suspicion, or ‘speculation; and, unless you are satisfied beyond a reasonable •doubt that defendant accepted said sum of money under an ¡agreement or arrangement by which he was to issue or procure the issue of the permit in consideration of the defendant’s receiving said sum, your verdict should be ‘Not guilty.’ ”

This request, it is insisted, should have been given, because peculiarly applicable to the case, and because its equivalent was not submitted in the court’s charge. True, the form and words employed in this request were not incorporated in the charge given, but the rule embodied was clearly and fully given. The jury were directly informed that they must scrutinize the evidence with the utmost caution, and that guilt could only be inferred from evidence showing beyond reasonable doubt that all the elements of the offense were established ; and in connection therewith the court called their attention to all the ingredients of fact necessarily involved in order to find the offense charged, as enumerated in the requested instruction. ■

Exception is taken to the refusal to instruct as follows:

“Unless you find from the evidence that the check for $1,500 was given to the defendant under an agreement or arrangement with Gustav G. Pabst by which the defendant, in his official capacity, in consideration of his receiving the $1,500, should issue or cause to be issued the'building permit, your verdict should be ‘Not guilty.’ ”

The court gave the following on this subject:

“But if you find from the evidence that the check for $1,500 was given and used for the purpose of procuring a withdrawal of an ordinance from the common council, and not for the purpose of influencing the judgment, opinion, or action of the defendant in his official capacity, then your verdict should be ‘Not guilty.’ ”

The contention is made that the difference in phraseology between the requested and the given instructions had the effect of casting the burden of proof on the accused as to the proposition involved. We perceive no such effect from the phraseology employed; nor is the argument sustained when this part of the charge is taken in connection with that which explicitly informed the jury of the legal presumption of innocence and that the burden of proving guilt rested upon the state. It is further claimed that the instruction given is erroneous in that it required the jury to be convinced that the check was both given and used for the purpose of procuring a withdrawal of the ordinance from the common council, in order to give the defendant the benefit of this defense, and that it thus ignored the receipt and intent with which the check was received. It should be noted that the portion of the charge excepted to is part of the statement wherein the court properly defined tbe offense for which, the accused was on trial; gave the necessary facts that must be found to exist, beyond reasonable doubt, as constituent elements of the offense, to warrant a conviction; and then added that if they found the facts embodied in this part of the instruction, and which embodied what the accused averred by way of specific defense of fact to the claims made by the state against him on the evidence, then they must acquit. When separated from its context this phrase might be given a different significance from that which was evidently intended and conveyed to the jury when used in the proper connection; but, when elucidated by reference to what immediately preceded, then it is obvious it could in no way mislead the jury or prejudice the accused. It should also be observed that plaintiff in error is not in a situation to complain of this specific instruction, since the phrase complained of is the same as that submitted in the second paragraph of the requested instructions.

Another ground urged against the charge, for reversal, is that the court, in stating the elements of fact constituting the offense, of which the jury must be satisfied, to establish the crime charged against the accused, omitted the element of “corrupt intent.” In the part of the charge specifically objected to, the court did inform the jury that, before they could find the defendant guilty, they must find from the evidence, beyond reasonable doubt, that the accused, at the time and place charged-, accepted from the brewing company a check for $1,500; that it was a thing of value; that it was given and received under an express or implied agreement or understanding, to influence him in his official action upon the application for a permit to construct the building in question. This statement of the grounds upon which a conviction migh t be based included all the elements of the offense charged in the indictment, and, as such, embraced the element of corrupt intent. The court also employed tlie term “corruptly” in stating tbe charge as preferred in tbe indictment, and in defining tbe offense. Tbe charge was sufficiently explicit and complete in this respect, so that tbe jury could not have been misled thereby. State v. Smith, 72 Vt. 366, 48 Atl. 647, and other cases.

Tbe paragraph last considered closes with tbe words:

“If it was so given and received, it is immaterial whether or not it did or could, in fact, influence him in bis official action upon said application.”

It is argued that this sentence eliminates tbe corrupt intent, as an element of tbe offense, which must exist as a fact in tbe mind of tbe accused at tbe time be is alleged to have entered into tbe unlawful undertaking between himself and Mr. Pabst. If tbe check was given and received by tbe accused with tbe understanding that it should influence him in bis official action, then il is immaterial whether or not tbe accused was in fact influenced by tbe alleged bribe, or, if tbe conditions were changed, whether bis action on tbe application could or could not have been influenced by tbe alleged bribe. If tbe corrupt intent existed when be received tbe check tbe offense is complete, though it transpired that bis subsequent action was not, or could not be, influenced by it. We think such is tbe natural meaning of tbe charge, and that it must have been so understood by tbe jury.

Tbe jury was instructed:

“Evidence as to tbe good reputation of tbe defendant for honesty and integrity was received, and you should consider' such evidence, together with all tbe other evidence in the case, in arriving at your verdict. But if, from all tbe evidence in tbe case, you are satisfied of bis guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, then it is immaterial what bis reputation has heretofore been as to honesty and integrity.”

This instruction is assailed as misleading to tbe jury, in that they were probably led to disregard this defensive evidence of tbe good reputation of the accused. It is obvious that no such inference was probably drawn therefrom by the jury, since the court specifically instructed them to consider this evidence in connection with all the other evidence in the case, and, when so considered, determine upon the guilt or innocence of the accused. The concluding sentence does not withdraw this evidence from their consideration, nor does it discredit this evidence as immaterial proof in the case.

We find no error in the record upon the grounds assigned.

By the Gourt. — The order is affirmed, and the cause is remanded for further proceedings according to law.

Dodge, J., dissents.

A motion for a rehearing was denied June 23, 1905.