85 Ala. 144 | Ala. | 1887
The only error assigned in the present case is the refusal of the judge of the fourth judicial circuit to issue the writ of certiorari to the Court of County Bevenues, as prayed for by the appellants in their petition to said judge. — Code, 1886, § 3616.
The purpose of the suit is to assail the constitutionality of the several acts of the Genóral Assembly authorizing the Court of County Bevenues of Wilcox county “to establish or abolish districts in which stock may be prevented from running at large.” — Acts 1880-81, p. 163; Acts 1884-85, pp. 531, and 560; Acts 1886 — 87, pp. 851, 923. '
It is contended that these enactments are in violation of
That these various statutes are inconsistent with the general laws of the State may be conceded. — Code, 1886, §§ 1364-1375. To sustain the appellants’ contention, it is necessary, therefore, to establish two distinct propositions: (1) That a county is a municipal corporation, within the meaning of this section of the constitution; and (2) that the General Assembly has delegated to the governing officers of Wilcox county the authority to pass stock laws within their discretion; or, in other words, that the State legislature has delegated to such county officials authority strictly legislative in its nature.
That the phrase “municipal corporation” is used in two distinct senses in our State constitution, as it often is in common parlance, seems quite obvious. In its more general sense it may be made to include both towns and counties, and other public corporations created by government for political purposes. In its more common and limited signification, however, it embraces only incorporated villages, towns and cities. An example of the former meaning is found in section 52 of Article IV of the constitution, which ju’ohibits the General Assembly from taxing the property of “the State, counties, or other municipal corporations”; and in section 9, of Article XI, which declares that the General Assembly shall not have power to require “the counties, or other municipal corporations,” to pay any charges which are now payable out of the State treasury. So, an example of the latter meaning is illustrated in section 7 of Article XI, which provides that “no city, town, or other municipal corporation,” shall levy by way of taxation more than one half of one per-centum of the value of taxable property; and again in section 7 of Article XIV, regulating the exercise of the right of eminent domain by “municipal and other corporations.” This distinction between municipal corporations proper, such as towns and cities voluntarily organized under general incorporating acts or legislative charters, and what have been termed “involuntary gwasi-corporations,” such as counties, sometimes generically termed municipal, as pertaining to the civil and political administration of matters of State, is well defined and fully recognized in our jurisprudence. — 2 Dillon on Munic. Corp. (3d Ed.), §§ 22-23;
The section of the constitution under consideration declares, as we have seen, that “the General Assembly shall not have power to authorize any municipal corporation to pass any laws inconsistent with the general laws of the State.” Const. 1875, Art. IV, § 50. The phrase municipal corporation, as here used, in our opinion, was intended to have reference to municipal corporations in their more limited and proper sense, or to incorporated villages, towns and cities. It must be interpreted in reference to the mischief intended to be remedied, which was, very clearly, legislation by towns and cities in the form of by-laws and ordinances enacted under special charters, and not to the gttasi-legislative functions commonly conferred on courts of county commissioners, and boards of revenue of counties, which are rarely conferred except by laws of a general character. While the general rule obtains, that the power to make laws is vested in the General Assembly by the constitution, and this power can not ordinarily be delegated to any other tribunal; yet it is nowhere denied, that it is competent for the General Assembly to delegate to municipal corporations the power to enact by-laws and ordinances, which, in many particulars, may have all the force and validity of a statute enacted by the General Assembly itself. This is commonly done in the charters granted to incorporated towns and cities, and the authority thus conferred comprehends a vast number of subjects affecting the property rights and personal liberty of the citizen, and covering the same class of acts regulated by State laws. The American theory of municipalities is, that the legislation permitted to be exercised by them is a mere delegation of the power of the State; and hence it is an established rule, that all laws or ordinances enacted by virtue of this delegated power are, in a certain sense, as much part of the general system of legislation as are the laws of the State; and “it is therefore necessary that they should be consistent with the State laws.” — Municipal Police Regulations (Horr & Bemis), § 88. It is accordingly a familiar rule on this subject, that municipal by-laws and ordinances, in conflict with the general law, will be adjudged void, unless they be clearly authorized by the charter of the particular town or city enacting them. — Sedgwick on Stat. & Const. Law (2d Ed., Pomeroy), 400; 1 Dillon Munic. Corp. (3d Ed.), § 329. The section of the constitution under con
Under these views, the error assigned must be overruled, and the judgment of the Circuit Court refusing the writ of certiorari will be affirmed.