161 Wis. 245 | Wis. | 1915
The following opinion was filed June 1, 1915:
The original street railway line in what is now the city of Superior was constructed by the Douglas County Street Railway Company, operating under a franchise granted by the town of Superior before the city was incorporated. Among other things, this franchise authorized the street railway company to charge a five-cent fare between certain designated points, and a ten-cent fare between the Superior and West Superior termini of its road.
In 1889 the city of Superior was incorporated by special act of the legislature. On July 9, 1889, the city granted a franchise to the street railway company to run for a term of thirty years. Sec. 7 of such franchise was as follows:
“The said company may regulate and establish, from time to time, such rates of fare for the transportation of passengers or freight over its lines of railway, as it may deem proper; provided that the charge for carrying a person, including hand baggage, from one point to another, within the city limits, shall not exceed five (5) cents for a distance of two miles or less, nor five (5) cents over any continuous line operated as such.”
Sec. 17 of the ordinance provided that within thirty days after its publication the street railway company might file its acceptance thereof with the city clerk and the relinquishment of all rights and privileges acquired under the franchise granted by the town of Superior, and that from and after the filing of such acceptance the ordinance should have the effect of and be a contract between the city of Superior and the street railway company, which should be the measure of the rights and liabilities of said city as well as of said company. This ordinance was accepted by the street railway company.
Ch. 124 of the Laws of 1891 was entitled “An act to re
“not in any manner affect, injure or invalidate any existing contract, act or suit, claims, penalties or demands, that may have been entered into, performed or commenced by the village of Superior (and the word ‘village’ herein shall be construed to mean city), or that may exist under or by virtue or in pursuance of the said act incorporating said city, or of the acts and parts of acts amendatory thereof, or of any of them, but the same shall exist qnd be enforced and carried out and be completed as fully and effectually to all intents and purposes as if this act had not been passed, and nothing herein contained shall be held to impair any of the rights granted by said city of Superior to the Douglas County Street Bail-way Company, and the ordinance granting the same is hereby ratified, confirmed and validated, and all other ordinances, resolutions, regulations, rules, by-laws and orders either of the village of Superior or the city of Superior, or parts thereof not repealed, suspended, nor made void by this act, or by eh. 152 of the Laws of 1889, shall continue, and remain of the same force and effect as if this act had not been passed, until altered, amended, repealed or suspended by the comm on council in pursuance of this act.”
In 1892 the Douglas County Street Eailway Company transferred its property, including its franchises, to the Superior Eapid Transit Company. The latter company went into the hands of receivers in 1896, and the receivers operated the property until 1900, when it was sold on foreclosure and acquired by the Duluth Street Railway Company, the present plaintiff. This latter company had been engaged in operating a street railway system in Duluth, and it was placed in the hands of a receiver in 1898. The purchase at the foreclosure sale of 1900 was part of a reorganization affecting both properties, and in fact brought them under a single ownership.
The Railroad Commission placed a valuation of $100,000 on the property of the plaintiff in Wisconsin and some property in Duluth used in connection with the operation of the street-car system in Wisconsin.
The plaintiff makes four main contentions: Eirst, that the action of the Railroad Commission is void because its order violates the obligation of a contract, contrary to the state and federal constitutions. Second, that its order is void because the Commission took a mistaken view of the law, and of its powers, in a number of important particulars. Third, that in any event the rates charged were reasonable, and the Commission had no power or jurisdiction to change such rates. Fourth, that the Railroad Commission made a gross undervaluation of its property.
Very many questions are argued in the able and exhaustive brief filed by the appellant, but they all bear either directly or indirectly on the propositions above set forth.
Sec. 10 of art. I of the constitution of the United States, and sec. 12 of art. I of the constitution of the state of Wisconsin, each prohibits the passage of any law by the state impairing the obligation of contracts.
Rights conferred by the ordinance of 1889.
The ordinance of 1889 recites that it is to constitute a contract if accepted. The street railway company, in consideration of the privileges granted, relinquished certain rights which it had under its existing franchise. The ordinance and its acceptance constituted a contract protected by both constitutions, provided the city had power to make such a contract, unless the ordinance was subject to amendment or
Counsel for respondent contend that the ordinance provided for a maximum rate which, could not be exceeded, and was not a contract empowering plaintiff to exact a five-cent fare at discretion. The parties agreed that the plaintiff might establish such rates of fare “as it may deem proper,” provided that the charge for carrying a person from one point to another within the city limits “shall not exceed five cents,” ■etc.
The language used in this franchise is somewhat different from that considered in Milwaukee E. R. & L. Co. v. Railroad Comm. 153 Wis. 592, 142 N. W. 491. There a maximum charge was fixed, hut it was not affirmatively stated that the railway company might at discretion charge up to the maximum. Whether this case is ruled by the cases of Detroit v. Detroit City St. R. Co. 184 U. S. 368, 22 Sup. Ct. 410; Cleveland v. Cleveland City R. Co. 194 U. S. 517, 535, 536, 24 Sup. Ct. 756, and Minneapolis v. Minneapolis St. R. Co. 215 U. S. 417, 30 Sup. Ct. 118, as contended by the plaintiff, or by Georgia R. & B. Co. v. Smith, 128 U. S. 174, 9 Sup. Ct. 47; Southern Pac. Co. v. Campbell, 230 U. S. 537, 33 Sup. Ct. 1027, and the Milwaukee Oase, above referred to, as contended by defendant, we do not find it necessary to decide.
Conceding that the ordinance and its acceptance constituted a contract empowering the appellant to exact a five-•cent fare, and conceding that the act of the city in making such a contract was not ultra vires, still the general provisions of sec. 1862, under which the city acted, did not abrogate the right of the legislature, acting directly or through the Railroad Commission, to exercise the function of regulating rates whenever it was deemed proper to assert it. The contract remained valid until the state saw fit to exercise its paramount authority to regulate such rates. So much has
Effect of the law of 1891.
Appellant insists, however, that there is one very significant distinction between the present case and the two last referred to, arising out of the enactment of ch. 124, Laws 1891, the material part of which has been quoted. It is argued that here the state has ratified and made the ordinance of 1889 a law of the state, and that while it might set at naught contracts fixing rates made by minor political units acting-under sec. 1862, it cannot set aside.such a contract of its own making.
If the act of 1891 means what counsel think it does, there-is plenty of authority to support the conclusion deduced, unless the act is repealable under the reserve power contained in sec. 1 of art. XI of our constitution. Walla Walla v. Walla Walla W. Co. 172 U. S. 1, 19 Sup. Ct. 77; City R. Co. v. Citizens’ St. R. Co. 166 U. S. 557, 563, 564, 567, 568, 17 Sup. Ct. 653; Detroit v. Detroit City St. R. Co. 184 U. S. 368, 382, 383, 389, 396, 398, 22 Sup. Ct. 410; Cleveland v. Cleveland City R. Co. 194 U. S. 517, 533, 536, 24 Sup. Ct. 756; Cleveland v. Cleveland E. R. Co. 201 U. S. 529, 541, 26 Sup. Ct. 513; Wright v. Milwaukee E. R. & L. Co. 95 Wis. 29, 69 N. W. 791.
Taking up the further questions involved, in the order in which they have been presented, it is urged (1) that the order is void because the Commission considered matters which were not in evidence and which the plaintiff had no opportunity to meet; (2) that no reduction could be made in the' existing rate unless it was found to be unreasonable, and no such finding was made; (3) that on the basis of the Commission’s valuation of plaintiff’s property, neither the rate nor the return therefrom was unreasonably high; and (4) the-property of the plaintiff was grossly undervalued.
Consideration of improper evidence by the Commission.
In endeavoring to arrive at the original cost of the property of the plaintiff the engineers employed by the Commission started with an inventory of the property made by Ford, Bacon & Davis in 1900 for the people who were figuring on consolidating the Duluth and Superior street railway lines, and buying the property in at the foreclosure sale. The parties making this appraisal were engineers.
The cost appraisal made by the engineers of the Railroad Commission was considered by it in ascertaining the cost of the property. The appraisal was not formally offered in evidence, was not exhibited to the plaintiff, and the parties who made it were not sworn as witnesses on the hearing before the Commission. No testimony was offered to show that the inventory made by Ford, Bacon & Davis was correct.
The appellant insists that the Commission had no right to-consider the appraisal made by its engineers, particularly inasmuch as the same was based on an inventory made by other-parties and there was no evidence to,establish the correctness
The inventory used by the engineers of the Commission was obtained from the plaintiff. As we understand the record, this inventory, with the appraisal made by the engineers of the Commission, was one of the files of its office when the hearing was had, and might, we think, properly be considered by the Commission under the decision in Chicago & N. W. R. Co. v. Railroad Comm. 156 Wis. 47, 145 N. W. 216, 974. Of course common fairness would dictate that the plaintiff be advised of the appraisal made by the employees of the Commission, if the Commission intended to use such figures as a basis for decision. We do not understand it to be claimed that there was any intentional suppression by the Commission of evidentiary matters of this kind.
Should it be conceded in this case that the Commission did consider improper evidence, we do not see what particular significance would result from the concession. The plaintiff brought its action to set aside the award of the Commission, and under the statute was entitled to a trial do novo in the circuit coiirt. It was not confined to the evidence used before the Commission, and in fact offered considerable additional testimony in the court action. The decision, to be sure, threw the onus upon the plaintiff, but still the proceeding in circuit court was nothing more nor less than an original hearing. If new evidence was offered by the plaintiff on such hearing, which was found to be different from that offered before the Commission, the court was required to transmit a copy of the evidence to the Commission and stay further proceedings for fifteen days from the date of such transmission, unless the parties stipulated in writing to the contrary. Sec. 1797m-— 67, Stats.
The plaintiff attacked this appraisal in the circuit court. Because of the new evidence which it offered it had the right
Tbe International Harvester Co. Case, 157 Wis. 167, 173, 147 N. W. 53, bas no bearing whatever on tbe question here involved. Tbe plaintiff in tbe present action was entitled to and bad a trial de- novo in tbe circuit court. Tbe plaintiff in tbe other case was not entitled to such a trial, and of course did not have it. Under tbe statute there involved, tbe findings of tbe commission on tbe facts were conclusive if there was any evidence to support them, because its judgment could be set aside for jurisdictional defects only. If tbe industrial commission could return tbe evidence taken which showed no liability whatever, and at tbe same time state that, as a result of investigations made by it, it was satisfied that there was liability, and in tbis way sustain tbe award made, there would be no object in providing for an appeal to tbe courts, because no award could ever be set aside. Furthermore, it appears that little reliance was placed on tbis inventory in arriving at a conclusion.
Some complaint is made in reference to information gathered regarding probable use of tickets, which was not submitted to tbe plaintiff. In reference to tbis, tbe testimony showed that tbe information in question was used in tbe decision for illustrative purposes only and did not affect tbe conclusion reached in the case.
The further contention is made by tbe appellant that tbe Railroad Commission erroneously attempted to regulate tbe reasonableness of tbe plaintiff’s return and not tbe reasonableness of the rate of charge, and that under tbe Public Utilities Law (sec. 1797 — 14) tbe Commission is authorized to reduce rates only when they are unreasonable, and that there is no evidence whatever to show that tbe rate of fare charged in tbe instant case was not reasonable. Tbe Commission held that inasmuch as tbe rates charged yielded a return of more than seven and one-half per cent, per annum on tbe fair value of tbe property they were excessive, and because they were excessive they were unreasonable. This is at least tbe substance of tbe bolding of tbe Commission, although tbe language used did not follow tbe statutory requirement very closely.
There is no formal finding that tbe rates charged were unreasonable, and under sec. 1797 — 14 tbe Commission does not have tbe power to change rates unless they are found to be unreasonable or discriminatory. Tbe Commission does find that tbe rates charged were “somewhat higher than they should be.” It then proceeds to fix a rate which it bolds to be reasonable and adequate and which is considerably lower than that charged. There is a wide variance between tbe parties as to tbe amount of tbe annual reduction in revenue that will result from tbe order. Based on tbe 1913 business of tbe company, tbe estimates run from $17,695 to $35,095. Tbe reduction in rates amounts to fifteen per cent, for those who desire to take advantage of tbe rate established. This is a substantial percentage, and tbe aggregate figures given are likewise substantial. If tbe rate found and established is a reasonable one, then tbe one which formerly existed was not so, and it follows that tbe Commission inferentially if not directly found tbe existing rate to be unreasonable. It must have been found excessive else no.reduction would have been
It is argued that there is very little connection between the profit which a party makes out of a service performed and what it is worth, and that in determining the value of a thing like railroad transportatión the question is not whether the profit is large or small, but what is the service actually worth to the public. It is also argued that this element was lost sight of by the Commission and that it based its idea of reasonableness solely on the amount of profit which plaintiff was making and regardless of what the service performed was worth.
The weakness of this test was no doubt apparent to counsel, because it was suggested rather than pressed. If it were adopted it would be extremely difficult for any one to say that a rate of ten cents a mile for carrying passengers on our railroads wa§«unreasonable. So it is contended that the market value of the service should be deemed the reasonable value of it rather than its worth, and that inasmuch as a five-cent fare is charged in most cities, this fact establishes market value. If this should be established as a guiding principle, it would be impossible to make any compulsory reductions in rates no matter what economies might be practiced in the transportation business. Then it leaves out of account difference in conditions in different localities. A good many generalities which lead nowhere have been indulged in by courts and economists in reference to methods of establishing the value of railway properties, as well as the manner of determining the reasonableness of rates. Street railways are natural and necessary monopolies. At least such' was the case before the advent of the “jitney” bus, and its usefulness is at least problematical. They are quasi-public corporations that are permitted to use the streets in the interest of public convenience and necessity. Our cities might, if they deemed it advisable, carry on the business themselves. So long as
Was a reasonable rate of return allowedf
The evidence in this case showed that the city of Superior was a thrifty, growing municipality, and that the revenue of the plaintiff, generally speaking, had shown a substantial increase with the increase in growth. There is nothing to indicate that the investment is unstable or that the revenues in the future will not he sufficient to pay operating expenses, maintenance, and a reasonable return on the investment.
As before stated, tbe Commission held that a return of seven .and one-half per cent, per annum on tbe reasonable value of tbe property involved would be fair and adequate; that tbe rate charged yielded a materially larger return than this, and that tbe rate to be charged should be so adjusted as to yield substantially seven and one-half per cent. Tbe plaintiff insists that a rate of seven and one-half per cent., considering tbe character of tbe business and tbe risks which follow it, is not reasonable compensation for tbe investment. It is not claimed that a rate which will yield such a return is confiscatory, and it is obvious that it is not. It is said, truthfully enough we think, that there is a difference between a rate that is not quite low enough to be condemned as confiscatory and one which is in fact reasonable, and it is a reasonable rate which the Commission is called upon to fix. This may all be conceded. But there is a good deal of difference between a rate which affords the investor the substantial return of seven and one-half per cent, and one so low that it
Is order void because discriminatory f
It was held by the supreme court of the United States in Lake Shore & M. S. R. Co. v. Smith, 113 U. S. 684, 19 Sup. Ct. 565, that a state legislature could not fix a maximum rate of charge for the carrying of passengers and then compel the railroad company to sell mileage books at a lower rate, because such a law unjustly and unfairly discriminates against the purchaser of the ordinary trip ticket, and the law does not recognize wholesale and retail rates in matters of transportation.
It is argued that here a discrimination is practiced between those who desire to purcháse only a single ride and in
Alleged undervaluation of property.
The Railroad Commission placed a value of $100,000 on the property of the plaintiff. This included all of the property in Wisconsin used for railroad purposes and some in Duluth which was used in connection with the running of the street-car system in Wisconsin. The circuit court also found on the evidence before it that the value of this property was $700,000. The plaintiff insists that its property was grossly undervalued, and devotes a large part of its brief to a discussion of this subject.
The Commission made an attempt to arrive at the actual cost of the property in question. For the purpose of arriving at the cost, an inventory taken in 1900 for the plaintiff, by
The Commission also ascertained the theoretical cost of reproduction new of the property, and made what it considered proper deductions for depreciation, and it appears from the testimony that this item of evidence was considered a very important factor in fixing the valuation finally determined upon. In addition to the two factors mentioned, the Commission made an allowance for “going value.” According to the evidence, the allowance on this account usually varies from five to ten per cent, of the reproduction cost of properties of this character. It was stated that in round figures about $50,000 was allowed for going value in the present instance. While the sum of $700,000 is not the result of adding values found as to a number of specific items, it appears pretty clearly that the controlling factors in arriving at this value were cost of reproduction and going value.
The important objections made to the Commission’s valuation are:
(1) The plaintiff insists that its franchise had a substantial value, and that the Commission erroneously refused to allow anything for this item of property.
(2) Certain real estate in the city of Superior, aside from easements, owned by the plaintiff and used for railway purposes was omitted from the appraisal made. The value of this property was $2,000.
(3) The plaintiff also claims that a pro rata share of its investment in the Duluth Amusement Company, amounting to $2,476, should be added to the value of its property in
(4) An allowance of at least fifteen per cent, should have been made on the reproduction cost found, to cover the cost of engineering, interest on money during construction, mistakes, and unforeseen contingencies. Had the fifteen per cent, basis been used, it would have increased the so-called present value of the property $11,453.
(5) At least twenty per cent, should have been added-to the estimated cost of material and labor, on the theory that a plant having all of its parts co-órdinated into a harmonious whole is worth that much more than the cost of items which enter into the plant. The allowance of this claim would have increased the reproduction value of the property $165,063.
(6) Items omitted from the appraisal made by the Commission, to the amount of $28,030, should have been allowed, and it undervalued certain other items to the amount of $32,682.41, from which should be deducted overvaluations aggregating $3,586, making a net undervaluation on both items of $57,126.41.
(7) A large portion of the city of Superior was platted by the Land & River Improvement Company. Before recording its plat it conveyed to plaintiff’s predecessor an easement in the «streets designated on its plat for street railway purposes. The plaintiff has succeeded to these rights, which it asserts were worth from $400,000 to $500,000. No account was taken of such rights by the Commission or by the court in arriving at the $700,000 valuation which was placed upon the property. Plaintiff insists that this action was unwarranted and unlawful.
(8) Plaintiff further urges that, by reason of the Duluth and Superior street railways being owned and operated by the same company, it was able to practice economies in the operation of its road in Wisconsin aggregating over $7,000 a
Some minor contentions are made regarding errors and omissions of the Commission> but they do not call for separate treatment.
The two principal witnesses who testified before the court on values were Mr. Haugen of the tax commission, for the plaintiff, and Mr. Erickson of the Railroad Commission, for the defendant. These two men should be as well qualified to speak on the value of the property involved as any two unen in Wisconsin. Mr. Erickson, with the aid of a trained corps of assistants, has been largely engaged for a number of years in valuing street railroads and other public utilities, as the reports of the Railroad Commission show. Mr. Haugen has been doing the same kind of work with like aids for taxation purposes. Both occupy important official positions; both are men of recognized standing and ability; and both were undoubtedly expressing their honest and candid judgments. The reproduction cost of the property was arrived at by engineers employed jointly by the railroad and tax commissions ; so that both had the same data as far as this particular item of evidence was involved. It is not unusual to have high grade experts differ widely in giving evidence on values when they are called by private interests. The fact that the experts in this case were disinterested and were employed by the state does not seem to have affected the general rule.
Mr. Haugen, answering a hypothetical question which included the various elements which it was said in the Appleton Water Works Case (154 Wis. 121, 148, 142 N. W. 476) should be taken into account in fixing the value of a public utility, testified that the value of the plaintiff’s property in Wisconsin was $1,100,000, or $400,000 in excess of the value fixed by Mr. Erickson.
The plaintiff insists that in view of the errors made in the
The question before us is whether the Railroad Commission made substantial errors in its method of fixing value, and whether Mr. Haugen adopted the correct method. As we understand his testimony, he took into account the physical value of the property, its earning power, and the franchise. It is probable that he also considered “going value,” although he does not mention it specifically. He made no attempt to place any specific value on the franchise, but added about $400,000 to the physical and perhaps going values to cover the franchise value and the enhanced value because of earning power. Except as the Railroad Commission treated the plaintiff as a going concern capable of earning substantial returns on its Wisconsin property, it apparently added nothing for the franchise and nothing because of the fact that the company was earning an excessive amount on its property in this state. So the difference between the values fixed by the two experts for rate-making purposes arose quite largely from their different concepts of what considerations should be taken into account in fixing values.
Franchise value.
(1) A reading of the testimony would lead to the conclusion that the Commission did not consider the plaintiff’s franchise of any value and made no allowance therefor. It is true that no certain definite sum was fixed which represented the franchise value! We have no inclination to say that the Bailroad Commission did things which it says it did not do, and still we think it necessarily took the plaintiff’s franchise into account in fixing the value of its property. It was the franchise which gave the plaintiff the right to
Items (2) and (S).
Item (2) should have been taken into account. Its omission was clearly an oversight. We are not satisfied that the Commission was not correct in disallowing item (3). An amusement park in Duluth might enhance the earnings of the plaintiff in Duluth and therefore be a paying investment, but it is not apparent that such an establishment was of any value
Allowance for engineering, etc.
(4) It is of course apparent that a plant earns nothing during construction, although money'may he invested in it for a considerable length of time. Further, that engineers must be employed and paid, and that some mistakes are bound to occur which will add something to the theoretical cost of the plant. In building an ordinary house it is easy to figure the cost in advance, but difficult in practice to keep within these figures. So in figuring reproduction cost it is usual to allow a lump sum to cover costs and contingencies of the character specified. This lump sum is figured as a certain percentage of the reproduction cost. ISTaturally there is a wide variance between experts and engineers as to what the per centum of allowance should he. The plaintiff claims from fifteen to twenty per cent. The Commission allowed twelve per cent. There is certainly evidence to support the finding of the Commission, and inasmuch as it was approved by the trial court it will not be disturbed by this court.
Value of separate items which malee up a plant as compared with value of plant after these items are co-ordinated.
(5) The claim made under this head is a large one, amounting to $165,063, and is based on the testimony given by Mr. Warren, the plaintiff’s manager, to the effect that a co-ordinated plant was worth twenty per cent, more than the estimated cost of the items of property, labor, and material which go to make it up. This would seem on its face to he a pretty extravagant claim. Whether it is or not does not appear to he very material. As we understand the evidence,
Alleged omissions and undervaluations by the Railroad Commission.
(6) An attempt was made to arrive at tbe original cost of tbe property and also wbat it was worth on tbe basis of cost after making reasonable deductions for wear and tear, obsolescence, etc. Tbe inventory made by Ford, Bacon & Davis was used as a starting point, and a value of $451,197 was placed on tbe property inventoried by them. To tbis amount was added tbe cost of additions from tbe time that inventory was made until tbe time of tbe bearing, which was ascertained to be $285,865. Tbe value of tbe Duluth property used in connection with tbe running of tbe street railway in Superior was ascertained to be $87,944, making a total of $825,006. From tbis amount tbe sum of $61,929 was apparently deducted on account of track taken up, leaving a balance of $763,077. There is some discrepancy between tbe figures found in tbe testimony and tbis balance, tbe Commission's figures actually being $753,077. To tbis was added on tbe trial tbe sum of $28,030, for tbe cost of certain items omitted from tbe engineers’ valuation, and also tbe sum of $30,940 to cover some differences on account of track taken up. Tbe sum of these items was intended to cover tbe cost new, and amounted to $822,047, but appears in tbe record as $812,047. Tbe Commission then ascertained as best it might tbe value of the plant on tbe basis of cost, after deducting wbat was thought to be a reasonable sum for depre
It' is claimed that some additional allowance should be made for undervaluations, but if the undisputed testimony be taken as true, that substantially $50,000 was allowed for going value, then the omission of those items would not cut any particular figure. It was shown in the testimony that, while the ascertainment of cost is desirable, it is not a safe guide to tie to and is not considered especially important in arriving at final results. At least no such importance is attached to it as is to reproduction cost. This is due to the fact that it is very difficult in most cases to arrive at cost where a plant has been constructed for a long time, and it is also difficult to ascertain whether the cost has been kept within reasonable bounds.
It is quite apparent from the whole testimony that if the omitted items had been considered by the Commission, and it had allowed the valuation on other items contained in Exhibits 117 and 118 of the record, which it was claimed should have been allowed, the final résult would have been precisely the same.
The cost of reproduction new was found to be $805,482, and the depreciated value of the property, because of wear
Value of easements.
(7) The amount claimed for right-of-way easements conveyed by the Land & River Improvement Company is large,— from $400,000 to $500,000. Nothing was allowed by the Commission for them. The respondent insists that the easements were void because repugnant to the grant to the public by the dedication, and that in any event they were worth nothing in connection with the railway property. The purpose of the grant of right of way presumably was to insure to the grantee the right to build a street.railroad in the city to the exclusion of all other persons. The validity of such attempted disposal of an interest in a street already laid out on a plat which was intended to be and was soon thereafter recorded, may well be doubted. A court would hesitate to hold, except where the law was plain, that a person platting land could put it within the power of an individual to block
The plaintiff could not lay its rails or operate its cars without the consent of the city. Such consent was given and the railroad was built and operated, in pursuance of the franchise granted by the town of Superior and the one subsequently granted by the city, for a period of over twenty years. It is difficult to see wherein the easement granted by the Land & Eiver Improvement Company was used or useful in carrying on the plaintiff’s business, unless it might be in one particular, to which reference is not made and concerning which there is no proof. It is not pointed out in what respect the plaintiff has been better off in the past or will be better off in the future by reason of the conveyance of this easement. The evidence neither shows nor tends to show benefit. It may be that if the plaintiff desired and should be permitted to carry freight in the future, this grant, if valid, would be beneficial in dealing with abutting owners who made a claim that an additional servitude was being imposed on their property. The same might be true in regard to the running of interurban cars. But no evidence was directed toward these matters, and there is nothing to indicate that the rights attempted to be conveyed have anything more than a shadow of value. The evidence of two witnesses, to the effect that these rights which were attempted to be conveyed for the nominal sum of $10 in 1884 are now worth $400,000 to $500,000, is well nigh ridiculous.
Economies from joint operation.
(8) This contention would argue perhaps for a more liberal return in the way of income rather than an increase in valuation. The plaintiff claimed a large saving by reason of the car lines in the two cities being under one management and control and supplied with power from a single plant. Mr. Erickson admitted that theoretically there should be
Method of arriving at valuation.
It is apparent that a substantial sum was allowed for going value. This allowance necessarily presupposed and took into consideration the fact that the property was in a position to earn a fair return on the reasonable value of it. A plant that bis been in existence as long as this one that was incapable of paying dividends might of course have a going value, but it would be very small. Such a property would hardly be salable at the bare cost of reproduction less depreciation. As stated before, a franchise value, or at least something akin to it, was necessarily taken, into account.
It is said in the Appleton Case (154 Wis. 121, 142 N. W. 476) that the value of the plant and business is an indivisible gross amount and that it is not obtained by adding up a number of separate items, but by taking a comprehensive view of each and all of the elements of property, tangible and intangible, including property rights, and considering them all, not as separate things, but 'as inseparable parts of one harmonious entity and exercising the judgment as to the value of that entity.
What the Gommission here did was to fix a value on the property of the plaintiff as a whole. The Gommission seems to have taken into account every kind of property, tangible and intangible, which should be considered in fixing a valuation. No doubt the reproduction cost was considered a very important item in arriving at the value of this plant, and we think correctly so. But the value was not fixed on the basis of what it would cost to reproduce the plant. It is important that some method of arriving at value be worked out which has something tangible for a basis, if such method be possible
We desire to acknowledge our indebtedness to counsel for tke clear and concise presentation made' of tke numerous questions involved in tkeir briefs and oral arguments. Tkey kave done tkeir full duty by tkeir clients and tke court.
By the Court. — Judgment affirmed.
A motion for a rekearing was denied, witk $10 costs, on October 5, 1915.