73 Mich. App. 212 | Mich. Ct. App. | 1977
Plaintiff appeals on behalf of itself and all other cherry producers in the State of Michigan. This action originally began in 1972
After the Michigan Association of Cherry Producers was permitted to intervene as a defendant, the circuit court granted defendants’ and intervening defendant’s motions for accelerated judgment on the ground that plaintiff’s petition was untimely filed. This Court affirmed in Dukesherer Farms, Inc v Director of the Department of Agriculture, 53 Mich App 489; 220 NW2d 46 (1974). The Supreme Court reversed and remanded the case to the circuit court for consideration of the constitutional challenges. 393 Mich 758; 223 NW2d 294 (1974).
In the circuit court plaintiff moved for summary judgment on the ground that the Act is unconstitutional on its face because it improperly delegates general legislative and taxing powers, and fails to state distinctly the tax it assessed, all in violation of the Michigan Constitution. The circuit court denied plaintiff’s motion and granted summary judgment for defendants, holding the Act constitutional.
The Act provides the procedure to establish marketing programs for a variety of agricultural products. A marketing program is defined as:
"a program established by order of the director pursuant to this act, prescribing rules and regulations governing the marketing for processing, distributing,*216 selling, or handling in any manner of any agricultural commodity produced in this state during any specified period and which he determines would be in the public interest.” Section 2.
Section 3 of the Act specifies what the contents of the programs may contain:
"(a) Provisions for establishing advertising and promotional programs.
"Ob) Provisions for establishing market development programs.
"(c) Provisions for establishing and supporting supplemental research programs designed to improve the market acceptability of the specific commodity and contribute to the effectiveness of the program.
"(d) Provisions for development and dissemination of market information.
"(e) Provision for contracting with organizations, agencies or individuals for carrying out any of the above activities.
"(f) Provisions for:
"(1) Establishing standards for quality, condition or size for agricultural commodities sold as fresh products for resale or processing and standards for pack and/or container for commodities sold for use as fresh products.
"(2) Inspection and grading of the fresh commodity in accordance with the grading standards so established.
"(g) Provision for determining the existence and extent of any surplus in any marketing period, for any commodity or product, or of any grade, size, or quality thereof, and providing for handling and equitably sharing the cost of such surplus handling among the producers of the commodity. Before provisions under this paragraph are included in any marketing program, particular attention shall be given to determining that Michigan producers ‘affected by the provisions produce a sufficient proportion of the product covered by the provisions for the program to be effective in the particu*217 lar market toward which the provisions would be applicable.
"(h) Provision for payment for all usable products purchased from producers according to established grades.
"(i) Provision for exemption of nonparticipating producers.”
The funding for any and all such programs established is through special assessments collected "from each producer of any marketable agricultural commodity * * * directly affected by a marketing program”, MCLA 290.655; MSA 12.94(25)(a). These assessments, as stated in the Act, are to be used to defray program and administrative costs. Furthermore, each marketing program must specify the maximum assessment needed to cover the program’s expenses, MCLA 290.655; MSA 12.94(25)(b).
Section 8(a) of the Act provides:
"Any moneys collected pursuant to this act shall not be state funds and shall be deposited in a bank or other depository in this state, allocated to the marketing program under which they are collected, and disbursed only for the necessary expenses incurred with respect to each such separate marketing program, in accordance with the rules established under the program.”
And, § 9 contains the refund procedure in the case of excess funds at the close of any marketing season.
Sections 10 through 12 of the Act detail the procedure to be followed in the institution of a marketing program. The Director of the Michigan Department of Agriculture (defendant) must receive a petition signed by a certain percentage of producers of the commodity calling for adoption of a particular marketing program. The director
Within 45 days of the close of the hearing the director must issue a decision based on his or her findings and recommend approval or disapproval of the proposed findings. This recommendation must contain the text of the proposed program and be supported by evidence obtained at the hearing.
If the director recommends adoption of a program, a referendum of affected producers and processors is required within 45 days. The program becomes effective:
"(a) If 66-2/3% or more by number of those voting representing 51% or more of the volume of the affected commodity produced by those voting assent to the proposal, [or]
"(b) If 51% or more by number of those voting representing 66-2/3% or more of the volume of the affected commodity produced by those voting assent to the proposal.” MCLA 290.661; MSA 12.94(31).
Section 15 of the Act requires that adopted marketing programs include a definition of terms, statement of purpose of the program, maximum rate of assessment, method of collection, nominating procedure, qualifications, representation and size of the committee and other necessary provisions.
All parties to this case agree that the Michigan Cherry Promotion and Development Program presently under attack meets all of the requirements specified in MCLA 290.665; MSA 12.94(35). It provides for an assessment of $3.75 per ton for tart cherries; $3.00 per ton for sweet cherries; $1.25 per ton for both tart and sweet cherries when sold for juice purposes. The program provides the assessments be collected by the cherry processors and
I
Tax or Assessment
The key to determining the constitutionality of the Marketing Act is to decide whether the funds collected in support of the cherry program are "assessments” or "taxes”. Knott v City of Flint, 363 Mich 483; 109 NW2d 908 (1961).
The Marketing Act establishes the statutory basis for the cherry program. The funding provision, MCLA 290.655; MSA 12.94(25) states:
"(a) Assessments shall be collected from each producer of any marketable agricultural commodity produced in this state and directly affected by a marketing program issued for the commodity to defray all program and administrative costs * * * .
"(b) Each program shall specify the maximum assessnent to be collected to cover program and administrative costs.
"(c) For convenience the processors, distributors or handlers of the commodity may be required to collect and remit producer assessments. Processors, distributors or handlers paying the assessments for any producer may deduct the amount from any moneys which they owe to the producers.”
Taxes are imposed for a public purpose, not the private purposes motivating assessments; taxation is a means of raising revenue for the general benefit of the public as a whole. People ex rel the
On the other hand:
"Special assessments * * * are made upon the assumption that a portion of the community is to be specially and peculiarly benefited, in the enhancement of the value of property peculiarly situated as regards a contemplated expenditure of public funds; and, in addition to the general levy, they demand that special contributions, in consideration of the special benefit, shall be made by the persons receiving it.” Fluckey v City of Plymouth, 358 Mich 447, 453; 100 NW2d 486, 489 (1960), relying on 2 Cooley, Taxation (3d Ed), pp 1153, 1154.
Plaintiff-appellant cites Miller v Michigan State Apple Commission, 296 Mich 248; 296 NW 245 (1941), as authority for the proposition that assessments for advertising and research (like the assessment here in question) are taxes because they provide a source of revenue, are not incidental to regulation of an industry and benefit the general welfare of the state. However, in Miller, the question of whether the levy was an assessment or a tax was not at issue. The Marketing Act was designed to regulate the establishment of marketing programs; its purpose is to finance the operation of such programs, not to generate revenue.
As the circuit court found, the funds appear to be generated for the specific and narrowly defined purposes outlined in § 3 of the Marketing Act. A distinct benefit is conferred on cherry producers; namely, assistance in marketing and processing to produce a greater demand for cherries.
Section 5(b) of the Act dictates that each program specify the maximum assessment to be collected. Disbursements are limited to "necessary
Even if this were a tax it is not obscure or deceitful. The purpose is stated clearly enough to comply with Westinghausen v People, 44 Mich 265, 266-267; 6 NW 641 (1880).
The intent of Const 1963, art 4, § 32 (former Const 1850, art 14, § 14) is:
" * * * to prevent the Legislature from being deceived in regard to any measure for levying taxes, and from furnishing money that might by some indirection be used for objects not approved by the Legislature.” Westinghausen, supra, p 267.
The expansion of government has led this Court to comment on the delegation problem in State Highway Commission v Vanderkloot, 43 Mich App 56; 204 NW2d 22 (1972), aff'd, 392 Mich 159; 220 NW2d 416 (1974):
"It has become impossible for the Legislature to deal directly with the host of details involved in the varied and complex situations on which it legislates, and, consequently, it has increasingly found it necessary to leave them to the reasonable discretion of administrative officers. It is important to understand that the prohibition against the legislature’s delegation of its lawmaking powers does not mean that it cannot confer a power of discretion in the administration of the law itself. It is said that the bestowing of such discretion does not become an unconstitutional delegation of a legislative function where its exercise is controlled and guided by adequate standards in the statute authorizing it.” (Citations omitted.) 43 Mich App at 61-62.
"The exigencies of modern government have led to judicial approval of the use of broad standards and liberal grants of discretion to administrative agencies. Courts have recognized the fact that in particular sitúa*222 tions detailed standards in precise and unvarying form could prove wholly unrealistic, and more arbitrary than a general indefinite one. 1 Am Jur 2d, Administrative Law, § 118, p 925. Ward v Scott, 11 NJ 117, 123-124; 93 A2d 385, 388 (1952); Swisher v Brown, 157 Colo 378, 389; 402 P2d 621, 627 (1965). 43 Mich App at 64-65.
" 'There is no unconstitutional delegation of power where the legislature acts upon a subject as far as is reasonably practicable but, from the necessities of the case, leaves to executive officials the duty of bringing about the result pointed out by the statute, where a policy is laid down and a sufficient standard is established by statute, or where a statute sufficiently indicates the legislative purpose and merely leaves the administrative details to some agency.’ 1 Am Jur 2d, Administrative Law, § 111, pp 911-912.
" 'The purpose of the statute, the requirements it imposes, and the context of a particular provision may show that the broad standard it establishes does not require a construction as comprehensive as the words alone permit and is not so vague and indefinite as to amount to a complete absence of a standard.’ 1 Am Jur 2d, Administrative Law, § 118, p 926.” 43 Mich App at 67-68.
Based on Vanderkloot and the foregoing authority, we conclude that it is not necessary to state the rate or formula of computation any more distinctly than the Act and program do. We hold that the Marketing Act is not unconstitutional and does not improperly delegate legislative taxing authority. Provisions of this type have been held constitutionally valid. Chapman v United States, 139 F2d 327 (CA 8, 1943), Edwards v United States, 91 F2d 767 (CA 9, 1937), United States v Rock Royal Cooperative, Inc, 307 US 533; 59 S Ct 993; 83 L Ed 1446 (1939).
II
Delegation of Legislative Power
Plaintiff-appellant next contends that the Act
"The powers of government are divided into three branches; legislative, executive and judicial. No person exercising powers of one branch shall exercise powers properly belonging to another branch except as expressly provided in this constitution.”
and Const 1963, art 4, § 1, which states:
"The legislative power of the State of Michigan is vested in a senate and a house of representatives.”
The procedures set forth in the Act delegate to the Department of Agriculture the task of determining whether the proposed program complies with the standards expressed in the Act.
In Milk Marketing Board v Johnson, 295 Mich 644, 651; 295 NW 346 (1940), the Court stated:
" 'It is too well settled to need the citation of supporting authorities that the legislature, within limits defined in the law, may confer authority on an administrative oflicer or board to make rules as to details, to find facts, and to exercise some discretion, in the administration of a statute ***.’”
The Court in Vanderkloot, supra, also discussed delegation of legislative authority.
A delegation involving participation by industry members is not unconstitutional when an administrator has the power to approve the program as is provided in § 10(a) of the Marketing Act. See Sunshine Anthracite Coal Co v Adkins, 310 US 381; 60 S Ct 907; 84 L Ed 1263 (1940). We recently
We hold that there is no improper unconstitutional delegation of legislative authority in the Marketing Act. We find that the ratification of the administrator’s actions by the affected industry does not result in unlawful delegation of authority to that group where the administrator has the power of approval as does the director in the Marketing Act sub judice.
No costs, a public question being involved.