37 Fla. 64
Fla.
1896
Mabry, C. J.:

One of the pleas in this case, called a plea in abatement, alleges that the Florida Orange Hedge Fence Company was a corporation organized under the laws of Tennessee, and doing business in this State. According to the recognized Americаn doctrine, the domicile and citizenship of a corporation are regarded as belonging to the State under whose laws the corporation is created. In the case of Bank of Augusta vs. Earle, 13 Peters, 519, it is said that “a corporation can have no legаl existence out of the boundaries of the sovereignty by which it is created. It exists only in contemplation of law, and by force of the law; and where that law ceases to operate, and is no longer obligatory'; the corporation can have no еxistence. It must dwell in the place of its creation, and can not migrate to another sovereignty. But although it must live and have its being in that State only, yet it does not by any means follow that its existence there will not be recognized in other places, and its residence in one State creates no insuperable objection to its power of contracting in another. It is indeed a mere artificial being, invisible and intangible; yet it is a person, for certain purposes in contemplation of law, and has been recognized as such by the decisions of this court.” And in St. Louis vs. Ferry Company, 11 Wall. 423, it is said, in reference to a corporation, that l>it can exercise its franchises extra-territorially only so far as may be *72permitted by the policy or comity of other sovereign-ties. By the consent, express or implied, of the local government, it may transact thеre any business not 'ultra vires.” In recognition of the doctrine announced in the case first cited it was held by this court in Taylor vs. Branham & Co., 35 Fla. 297, 17 South. Rep. 552, that a corporation can have no legal existence out of the boundaries of the sovereignty by which it is created. It exists only in contemрlation of law, and by force of the law; and where that law ceases to operate, the corporation can have no existence. It must -dwell in the place of its creation, and can not migrate to another sovereignty. And where a number of individuals аssume to act in a corporate capacity in a State where they have not been clothed with corporate existence and authority, they can not there be recog mized as a legally constituted corporation, though they may have been duly incorporated in another State, and such persons, in the State where they assume -corporate capacity, will be treated as and held to the responsibility of partners. In the case just cited in this court the record showed that there was аn attempt at an organization of a corporation in this State under a supposed ‍​‌‌‌​​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​​‌​​‌​​‌​​​​​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌​​​‌‌‌‍charter obtained under the general laws of Tennessee without any organization or user in that State, Where a corporation has been legally created and organized under the laws of a sister State for the transaction of any business there, it may, by comity existing between the States, transact business in this State, provided it be not in contravention of our laws or public policy. Our general incorporating laws recognize the trаnsaction of business by foreign corporations in this State, and in the absence of express legislative assertion to the contrary, the courts of this *73State would be bound to recognize the comity existing among the States. While this is true, it is also well-settled that a corpоration created under 'the laws of one State can not hold corporate meetings in another for the purpose of organizing the corporation, electing its officers or performing any strictly corporate functions in its organization.

A corporate charter was granted by the Legislature of Maine, and the corporators met in New York, accepted the charter, elected officers and a board of directors for the corporation, and if was held in Miller vs. Ewer, 27 Maine, 509, S. C. 46 Am. Dec. 619, that all votes and proceedings of persons professing to act in the capacity of corporations, when assembled without the bounds of the sovereignty granting the charter are void. The corporators in a charter granted by the State of North Carolina met in Baltimоre, Maryland, and accepted the charter, and it was held that the acceptance was invalid, and the corporation had no legal existence. Smith vs. Silver Valley Mining Co., 64 Md. 85, 20 Atl. Rep. 1032. After a corporation has been duly organized in the State of its creation there may be some question as to the legality of meetings of directors, or even stockholders, without the limit of the State, as to which we express no opinion; but there can be no doubt from the authorities that the first meeting to organize the corporation and elect its first officers must be within the State where it is created. 1 Beach on Private Corporations, sec. 286.

In our judgment there was no sufficient proof before the court to sustain the plea in the case before us, that the Florida Orange Hedge Fence Compаny was a corporation organized under the laws of Tennessee and doing business in Florida. In the first place, the laws *74of Tennessee, authorizing the formation of such a corporation as the supposed charter purports to create, were not put in evidence so far as the record shows, and we do not see that we can take judicial knowledge of the laws of another State under which a corporation is claimed to have been created. The authorities indicate that proof of such laws must be made in order, that the court may see the legal warrant for the-creation of such corporations. Holloway vs. Memphis, El Paso & P. R. R. Co., 23 Texas, 465, S. C. 76 Am. Dec. 68; United States Bank vs. Stearns, 15 ‍​‌‌‌​​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​​‌​​‌​​‌​​​​​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌​​​‌‌‌‍Wend, 314; 1 Lawson’s Rights, Rem. & Prac., sec. 344. Conceding that there was legal authority for obtaining the charter in quеstion, the evidence fails to show any organization of the corporation in Tennessee, or any user under the charter in that State; but it does show, in our opinion, an attempted organization in this State under the charter. The first officers were elected here, and the only stock ever issued was in Orlando. The meeting in Tennessee can not be regarded as resulting in any corporate action to the extent of organizing a corporation under the charter. Taken in connection with what one of the corporators testified, the conclusion is, that they determined to come to Florida to carry out the methods and plans of operating the company, and the testimony shows that they did come to this State and attempted to organize by adopting a seal, electing officers and issuing stock, and although such action on their part appears to have been in good faith, under the belief that the corporation existed, it was ineffectual to accomplish any organization in law. Under the authorities referred to there can be no organization of a corporation in this State under a charter obtained in a foreign jurisdiction to do business. *75there. The present case does not come within the principle decided in Demarest vs. Flack, 128 N. Y. 205, 28 N. E. Rep. 645, where citizens of- that State obtained' in West Virginia a charter and organized under it for the purpose of doing busines in the State of New York. From the evidence produced in this case we are of the opinion that the proceedings on the part of appellees and associates in attempting to organize a corporation in this State were void, and no corporation was in fact organized.

It is contended for appellees that the Florida Orange Hedge Fence Company was, under the organization mentioned, a corporation de facto, and that appellant can not be permitted to question its existence; and further that he is estopped from denying its existence;' because both he and his assignor recognized and dealt with the company as a corporation. Cook states, in his book on Stock and Stockholders and Corporation Law (3d ed.), sec. 233; that “there are many cases to the effect that a corporation creditor seeking to enforce the payment of his debt may ignore the existence of the cоrporation, and may proceed against the supposed stockholders as partners, by proving that the prescribed method of becoming incorporated was not complied with by the company in question. For instance, it has been held that where the аrticles of association were signed, but not filed until some time subsequently, debts contracted in the interim might be collected from the stockholders as partners. So, also, a total failure to file or record the certificate or articles of incorporatiоn has been held to render the members liable as-partners; as also an omission of the members to sign and publish the articles of association, or an indefinite statement of what the principle *76place of business of the corporation is to be.” And in sec. 234 he states that “during the past few years, however, the ‍​‌‌‌​​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​​‌​​‌​​‌​​​​​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌​​​‌‌‌‍great weight of authority has clearly established the rule that where a supposed corporation is doing business as a de facto corporation, the stockholders can not be held liable as partners, although therе have been irregularities, omissions or mistakes in incorporating or organizing the company. The corporation is a de facto corporation where there is a law authorizing such corporation and where the company has made an effort to organizе under that law and is transacting business in a corporate name.” The two views here expressed by this author indicate the dividing line between the decisions on the subject. The case of Snider’s Sons’ Co. vs. Troy, 91 Ala. 224, 8 South. Rep. 658, contains a clear statement of the diversity of judicial opiniоn in reference to the matter. The authorities pro and con are cited in note to the case of Rutherford vs. Hill, 22 Oregon, 218, 29 Pac. Rep. 546, and reported in 29 Am. St. Rep. 596. Conceding that the rule approved by Cook, in sec. 234, to be the correct- one, we do not perceive how an association of persons can exist as a corporation de facto unless they can legally become a corporation de jure. It is stated in Snider’s Sons’ Co. vs. Troy, supra, that “a corporation de facto exists when from irregularity or defect in the organization or constitution, or ‍​‌‌‌​​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​​‌​​‌​​‌​​​​​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌​​​‌‌‌‍from some omission to comply with the conditions precedent, a corporation de jure is nоt created, but there has been a colorable compliance with the requirements of ■some law under which an association might be lawfully incorporated for the purpose and powers assumed, and a user of the rights claimed to be conferred by the law, when there is an organization with color of law, *77and the exercise of corporate franchises.” The cases cited in note to Rutherford vs. Hill, supra, shows that when the organization of a corporation never had any appearance of validity, thе participants therein will be held liable as partners. The attempted organization of the corporation in this State under the supposed Tennessee charter was wholly illegal and without any semblance of authority. There is no law in this State, nor in Tennessee, so far as we are advised, to authorize such proceeding, and the claim of the existence of the corporation de facto under it is without support. Neither do we see that the appellant is estopped from jiroceeding against appellees as partners. The fact that the note, endorsed to him before maturity, is executed by persons as president and secretary of the company does not create a presumption that it was a corporation. Clark vs. Jones, 87 Ala. 474, 6 South. Rep. 362; Holloway vs. Memphis, El Paso & P. R. R. Co., supra. The body of the note indicates an unusual paper for a corporate body to make, and contains no recital that the company in whose name it was executed was a corporation. There is nothing sufficient to overcome the positive testimony of apрellant that he did not know the company was a corporation, or claimed to be a corporation, when he received the note, which was before its maturity; nor does it appear that .he contracted with or dealt with the company as а corporation, so as to be estopped from gainsaying its existence as a corporation. The facts of the case do not bring it within the principle decided in Booske vs. Gulf Ice Co., 24 Fla. 550, 5 South. Rep. 247, and Jackson Sharp Co. vs. Holland, 14 Fla. 384, to the effect that one who contracts with *78an association as a corporation and exеrcising corporate powers is estopped to deny it. .

Objections were made to the admission of certain evidence on the part of appellees, but as ‍​‌‌‌​​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​​‌​​‌​​‌​​​​​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌​​​‌‌‌‍the trial was before the judge, without a jury, we have not considered the objections.

On all the evidence proper in the case our conclusion is, that the judgment was wrong, and must be reversed. It is so ordered.