In this divorce action, the trial judge awarded the custody of the parties’ two infant children to the mother. The sole issue presented by the father’s appeal is whether that decision was so clеarly erroneous as to constitute an abuse of discretion. We have concluded that we are unable to find an abuse of the discretion vested in the trial judge, and we affirm his judgment.
Kenneth Dudgeon, the appellant-husband, and Delois Dudgeon, the appellee-wife, after some years of unhappy marriage, separated in July, 1969. Two children were born to the marriage, one of whom is nоw seven years old, and the other is four years old. The older child is a boy and the younger child is a girl. Since no issue is made on this appeal concerning the judgment as it relates to the questions of divorce and alimony, we find it unnecessary *160 to detail the evidence relating to those matters. The trial judge granted each of the parties a divorce from the other; he awarded lump sum alimоny and child support payments and the custody of the children to the wife.
Several months prior to the separation, Delois became acquainted with a married man who lived near the Dudgeоn home. This man began to visit her at night while Kenneth was at work. After the parties were separated and while the divorce action was in progress, the relationship between Delois and her marriеd neighbor, who is now divorced, blossomed into a full-fledged affair. The neighbor began to visit the Dudgeon home nearly every night after the children went to bed. On one such occasion, Kenneth returned to the house, ostensibly to see his children, and found Delois and the neighbor in an extremely compromising situation. The children were in bed asleep in another room.
Delois admitted that she had engaged in sеxual intercourse with the neighbor. There is no proof that Delois associated wrongfully with any other man either during her marriage to Kenneth or after-wards. Kenneth admitted that Delois had been a good mother to the children. De-lois admitted her intimacy with the man after her separation from Kenneth. She stated that she and this man were considering marriage but that her children had never seen him and that she would not marry him if the children would be unhappy in that event.
Kenneth testified that if the custody of the children were awarded to him, he would keep them in the home of his parents. Their home, although cleаn and comfortable, is somewhat crowded and alteration of it would be necessary to accommodate the children. The evidence establishes that, except for this indiscretion, De-lois has been a good mother and makes adequate provision for the children.
The trial judge stated that in his opinion the children would be much better off and that it was “in their best interest and welfare” that they be in the custody of their mother with right of visitation in their father.
The judge further noted that at a conference between the parties and their counsel with the court he had stated that the custody оf children was a continuing thing and such an award lasted only until further orders of the court, and if the conduct of Delois should continue it might cause her to give up custody.
Appellant concedes that thе trial judge’s discretion in determining the best interest and welfare of the children when making a custody award is indeed broad. He also concedes that this court has continually. refused to establish rigid guidelines which a trial court should follow when determining questions of child custody. Appellant urges, however, that where the mother admits to immoral behavior in her own home while the children are located therеin; where the father has not been shown to be an unfit parent; and where the mother has not married the man with whom the immoral acts took place, the trial judge’s broad discretion ends. Appellаnt maintains that custody in such situation must be awarded to the father. He construes the remark of the trial judge concerning the conduct of the mother to mean that Delois’ present conduct is so rеprehensible as to make her unfit.
We have reviewed our case law concerning the issue presented by this appeal and find that it is consistent in stating the obvious proposition that courts, both trial and appellate, are presented with no problem of greater complexity than the delicate and awesome responsibility of adjudicating the custody of children. We find it aрparently inconsistent in reaching appellate results when one particular circumstance is overemphasized in reviewing an award of custody as compared with other relevant circumstances. We do find it consistent, however, in its advocacy of the general proposition that the issue is best *161 determined by the trial judge and that a very clear and substantial showing of manifest error on his part is required before an appellate court should undertake to substitute its judgment for his. This attitude is influenced, and properly so, by the system which vests trial judges with continuing supervision so that they may by рrocess of reexamination achieve the best result practicable within the limitations of the system and within the limitations inherently created by the tragic occurrence itself as it affects thе lives of the innocent children.
We do not condone Delois’ conduct, nor did the trial judge. The question remains, however: On balance what result will promote the best interest of the children concerned regardless of the human shortcomings or strengths of the adults involved ?
In Jones v. Sutton, Ky.,
We recognized the requirement of promiscuity in Kelien v. Kelien, Ky.,
In Wilcox v. Wilcox, Ky.,
In Morris v. Morris, Ky.,
Finally, in Bickel v. Bickel, Ky.,
In the case before us, these children have continuously been in the custody of their mother. There is no showing that she has neglected them, but on the contrary the evidence is without contradiction that she has been an interested and loving mother.
It is true, as appellant points out, that many of our former opinions discuss *162 ing this problem of thе sexually indiscreet mother appear to place emphasis on whether she marries the man with whom she has been indiscreet. We think the emphasis is misplaced. It may very well be relevant to a determination of. whether or not she is promiscuous, but so far as the determination of custody is concerned, she might provide a better environment for the child in conceivable situations if shе concluded not to marry the man than in those instances where marriage takes place. This is but another illustration of what we think is inescapable: We cannot create cubicles labеled “promiscuity,” “marriage to the man,” or “nonmarriage to the man,” and then in computer-like fashion attempt to cram the fate of innocent children into one cubicle or the other tо reach a result. The issue must be resolved by careful and conscientious trial judges who weigh all relevant factors; make a difficult decision; then are available and vigilant to supervise the rеsult. This is simply the best we can do with the means available. Appellate review must confine itself in changing determination of the custody of infants in divorce cases to those situations where there is a clear and substantial showing that the manifest error was committed. We cannot say that in this case.
The judgment is affirmed.