19 P.2d 914 | Wash. | 1933
The plaintiff brought this action to obtain the possession of farm lands under the terms of a written and duly executed lease. The defendants, the owners of the land and the lessors, after demurring to the complaint, defended on the theory that the lease had been surrendered by mutual agreement, or that the plaintiff was by his own acts estopped to claim otherwise.
After a trial on the merits, the trial court made findings of fact and conclusions of law and entered a judgment awarding to the plaintiff the possession for which he prayed, upon the condition that he pay into the registry of the court for the use of the defendants the sum of $414, within a time fixed, as the value to him of summer fallowing and harrowing of a part of the lands in question which was done by the defendants during the period when they were wrongfully withholding possession.
The defendants have appealed from that part of the decree which awards possession to the plaintiff and which limits their recovery to $414. The plaintiff has cross-appealed from that part of the decree *236 requiring him, as a condition precedent, to pay for the summer fallowing.
A careful consideration of the evidence convinces us that it in no wise preponderates against the trial court's findings, and under our familiar rule those findings will be accepted here without discussion.
The defenses of rescission of the lease by mutual agreement and of estoppel are thus eliminated, and will be given no further attention.
[1] The principal question raised by the defendants' appeal is: Has a lessee who, though having a right of possession under the lease, has never been in possession, such an interest or estate in the land as will entitle him to wage an action for possession or specific performance, or is he limited to a right of action for damages arising from the landlord's breach in refusing to give him possession?
It is, of course, a thoroughly well established principle of the common law that entry by the lessee is necessary to give him an interest in the land, but to the common law, title to real estate was as sacred as was a prerogative of the King. Under modern conditions, title to real estate is but a property right, little, if any, superior in the eyes of the law to any other property right.
Here, we have a lease formal in every part, duly executed on September 25, 1931, for a term of years beginning October 1, 1932, but which authorized and required the lessee to enter and to do work in the nature of summer fallowing and cultivating as early in the spring of 1932 as possible. The provision reads:
"The said lessee covenants and agrees that he will at his own cost and expense during the spring of the year 1932, commencing as early as the same reasonably can be done, plow, till and cultivate and summer fallow all of the areable portion of said premises not *237 in crop in a thorough and husband like manner, and thoroughly till and cultivate the same during the spring and summer following so as to sprout and kill all noxious weeds and do all work necessary to keep all foul growths from going to seed on said premises."
This covenant on the part of the lessee, of course, carries with it by necessary implication the right to so enter and perform. The refusal to permit such entry put the plaintiff in motion and caused the bringing of this action.
In the early case of Boston Clothing Co. v. Solberg,
In the case of Oldfield v. Angeles Brewing Malting Co.,
"Many errors are suggested by appellant, and there is much discussion in the briefs as to whether the contract *238 sued upon was a lease or an agreement for a lease, or whether, since appellant never took possession, the relation of landlord and tenant ever existed and there could be a recovery for rent as rent. To our minds these questions are immaterial, and have no bearing upon the real issue between the parties, and any discussion of them would be merely academic in its character."
The court, while recognizing the line of authorities which denies the existence of the relationship of landlord and tenant until the tenant takes possession, expresses no opinion as to whether that rule is in force in this state, and proceeds to determine the issues upon the theory that, in any event, in such a case as that, the party wronged by the breach could be fully compensated for the injury sustained by an allowance of damages measured by the difference between that which he would have received under the breached contract and that which he does receive from some subsequent lessee. As we now read it, the decision does not deny the right of specific performance in a proper case, but since the lease there covered a term of five years and, of course, as equity could not compel in any practical way a performance by the lessee throughout the term, it was, no doubt, considered that the action at law for damages gave a just, adequate and sufficient remedy.
The same case (Oldfield v. Angeles Brewing Malting Co.) was again before the court in
"The prayer was for that amount, with interest from accrual upon the amount of each month's rent going to make up the aggregate. His evident theory, and that of the trial court on the first trial, was that there would be a right of action for each month's rent and that the failure to pay the rent would constitute *239 successive breaches. There was, however, but one breach, and that was complete and final, going to the whole contract. It was made by the refusal to accept the building. In such a case, the cause of action is entire and the measure of damages is the loss suffered, namely, the difference between the entire rent reserved and the entire rental value for the term."
The judgment of the trial court was again reversed because the complaint had not been amended to meet the issues as suggested in the first decision.
The case came to this court the third time, and is reported in
It is also true that, in the early case of McLennan v.Grant,
The trial court seems to have felt that our statute meets the situation. Rem. Rev. Stat., § 785, among other things, provides:
"Any person having a valid subsisting interest in real property, and a right to the possession thereof, *240 may recover the same by action in the superior court of the proper county."
But it is argued, and if it be an open question, with some show of reason, that the quoted language of the statute does not attempt to define what a valid subsisting interest in real property is, and only recognizes that such an interest can exist without actual possession, which, of course, is true in certain cases at common law. However, we seem to have already placed a different construction upon the statute, and one in harmony with the trial court's views.
The case of Blanc's Cafe v. Corey,
"It is argued by the respondent and by amicus curiae, in substance, that a lessee does not acquire an estate in land until he has entered into possession, and that until possession is acquired he cannot maintain ejectment for the property. This was the rule at common law, but our statute, at § 785, Rem. Code, provides: *241
"`Any person having a valid subsisting interest in real property, and a right to the possession thereof, may recover the same by action in the superior court of the proper county, to be brought against the tenant in possession; if there is no such tenant, then against the person claiming the title or some interest therein, and may have judgment in such action quieting or removing a cloud from plaintiff's title; . . .'
"We think it is too plain for argument that, where a party has a valid lease of real estate and the right to take possession of the property under his lease, he has a valid subsisting interest in the real property. This exact question, so far as we are advised, has not heretofore been determined by this court; but we think it plain from the wording of the statute that a person having a valid subsisting lease and the right to possession may maintain the action. In Tiffany on Landlord and Tenant, Vol. 1, § 37, page 293, the rule is stated as follows:
"`As regards the right of the lessee, before entry, to maintain ejectment for the premises, it would seem that the cases asserting that right are in accord with the modern rule that this action may be maintained by any person having a right to the possession. In former times, when it was necessary, to support ejectment, that a termor should have been actually ejected from the land, the action could evidently not be maintained by a lessee who had not entered, either by himself or his sublessee; but after the introduction of the fictions in ejectment, by which one entitled to land was enabled to maintain the action without any actual entry or ouster, a lessee, it would seem was in as good a position for this purpose before as after entry, and the later abolition of the fictions could not well place him in a worse position in this regard.'
"To the same effect see: Tiedeman, Real Property (3d ed.), § 131; Warvelle, Ejectment, § 156; Genardini v. Kline,
"So it is clear that, notwithstanding the rule at common law, the action may be maintained under our statute by one having a valid lease, notwithstanding he has never had possession." *242 and again:
"Respondents also urge that the appellant has a remedy in damages if the lease contract has been breached. This is true, but he is not obliged to pursue that remedy. He also has a right to enforce his lease."
The rule thus announced seems to be recognized in other jurisdictions as the modern common law rule. 36 C.J. 54, § 671;Ewert v. Robinson, 289 Fed. 740; Cooper v. Gordon,
Perhaps the rule is not universal or infallible, and ought not to be applied where an action for damages will afford adequate relief. But where, as here, the damages may be actual and substantial but of such a nature as not to be susceptible of that character of proof which the law requires, we think the better practice is to apply the equitable remedy.
[2] The allowance for summer fallowing and cultivation is questioned by both appeals. The plaintiff contends that he was prepared to and intended to do the work himself, and had he been given possession he could have done it with small expense. In so contending, the plaintiff's own testimony is overlooked, which testimony is to the effect that he had arranged to hire the plowing done at the exact price per acre which the trial court allowed, and also that, being denied possession, he applied his own labor to other lands from which presumably he received a benefit. Morever, the trial court allowed and directed the plaintiff to pay, not the costs or the reasonable value, but only the value to him of the work done. This is in accord with equity, and having received the benefit, even though that was created by the wrongful act of the defendants, the plaintiff cannot complain. *243
The defendants contend that the evidence shows that the reasonable value of the work done was considerably in excess of the amount allowed. Even so, the defendants, having wrongfully excluded the plaintiff and thus prevented him from doing the work, may not now take advantage of their own wrong and receive the reasonable value of the work done by them. They recover here not through any legal right in themselves, but only because "he who seeks equity must do equity," and the plaintiff, who has invoked equity to secure possession, must not be permitted to enrich himself by taking advantage of the defendants' mistaken or wrongful act.
We are satisfied that the judgment appealed from is just and right, and it is affirmed on both appeals.
BEALS, C.J., MAIN, STEINERT, and BLAKE, JJ., concur.