F. P. DUCHESNEAU ET AL., PLAINTIFFS AND APPELLANTS, v. SILVER BOW COUNTY, A POLITICAL SUBDIVISION OF THE STATE OF MONTANA, AND NEIL BOLTON, APPELLANTS, DEFENDANTS AND THIRD PARTY PLAINTIFFS, v. MACK TRUCKS, INC., AND ROBERTS ROCKY MOUNTAIN EQUIPMENT COMPANY, THIRD-PARTY DEFENDANTS AND RESPONDENTS. PAUL A. TALLON, PLAINTIFF AND RESPONDENT, v. SILVER BOW COUNTY, MONTANA, ET AL., DEFENDANTS AND APPELLANTS.
Nos. 11891, 12154
Supreme Court of Montana
Decided Aug. 9, 1971
Submitted on Rehearing Oct. 28, 1971. Decided Dec. 8, 1971.
492 P.2d 926 | 158 Mont. 369
Mr. Justice Castles dissented from denial of rehearing and filed opinion in which the Hon. Thomas Dignan, District Judge, concurred.
Leonard Haxby, Lawrence G. Stimatz, County Atty., Butte, Mark P. Sullivan, argued, Butte, Neil J. Lynch, Butte, Knight, Dahood & Mackay, Anaconda, Wade J. Dahood, Anaconda, argued, Corette, Smith & Dean, Butte, Dolphy O. Pohlman, Jr., argued, Butte, Burgess, Joyce, Prothero & Whelan, Butte, for appellants.
Poore, McKenzie & Roth, Butte, Allen R. McKenzie argued, Butte, for respondents.
No. 11891.
MR. JUSTICE HASWELL delivered the Opinion of the Court.
This is an appeal by various parties in a consolidated multiple party negligence case from separate orders granting summary judgment on the issue of liability and judgments entered accordingly. The orders and judgments were entered by the district court of Silver Bow County upon application therefor by the moving parties following extensive pretrial discovery.
On August 26, 1968, a water truck owned by Silver Bow County and operated by its employee, Neil Bolton, had an apparent brake failure and careened down a steep grade on Montana Street in Butte, Montana. It struck numerous vehicles, some of which were occupied, and crashed into the showroom of the Wilson Motor Company destroying the building. Numerous suits were filed against Silver Bow County for personal injuries and property damage. In each instance the defendant Silver Bow County filed a third party complaint naming Roberts Rocky Mountain Equipment Company and Mack Trucks, Inc. as third party defendants based upon
Subsequently Neil Bolton became a defendant and third party plaintiff with Silver Bow County. Two of the plaintiffs, Joseph L. Wilson, d/b/a Wilson Motor Company, and his property insurer, Hardware Mutual Insurance Company, filed an amended complaint naming Silver Bow County, Bolton, Roberts Rocky Mountain Equipment Company, and Mack Trucks, Inc., as parties defendant. The instant case represents ten suits which were consolidated for pretrial purposes, including rulings on the motions for summary judgment involved in this appeal.
Three motions for summary judgment were presented to the district court: Motion #1 asked the court to rule that the liability of Silver Bow County was limited to the extent of its liability insurance coverage. This motion was granted and is not involved in this appeal. Motion #2 was filed by plaintiff Georgia Reid, who asked for entry of summary judgment against defendant Silver Bow County on the issue of liability. It was stipulated by counsel for all plaintiffs that the decision of the court on this motion would control the suits of the other plaintiffs. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of all plaintiffs against defendant Silver Bow County on the issue of liability. This order and the partial summary judgment entered accordingly is being appealed in the instant case by defendants Silver Bow County and Bolton. Motion #3 was a motion for summary judgment and dismissal from all consolidated cases by defendants and third party defendants Roberts Rocky Mountain Equipment Company and Mack Trucks, Inc. The district court granted this motion and entered judgment thereon, from which Silver Bow County, Bolton, Joseph L. Wilson, d/b/a Wilson Motor Company are appealing in the instant case.
Pretrial discovery, principally by deposition, disclosed that the water truck in question was a 1957 Mack truck which had
On August 26, 1968, the water truck was dispatched to North Montana Street to clean the county streets just north of the Butte city limits. Bolton, the driver and an employee of Silver Bow County, flushed North Montana Street with four or five loads of water he obtained from a nearby fire hydrant. Up to this point, the brakes and the power steering unit were working perfectly. In each instance Bolton used the brakes to stop at the hydrant.
Bolton returned to the fire hydrant to refill the truck. He parked the truck on the west side of Montana Street facing south with the wheels turned to the right. When the truck was filled, Bolton got back into it, disengaged the clutch and started the engine. When the clutch was disengaged, the truck started to move. Bolton turned the truck to the left and attempted to gear it down from the second lowest gear to the lowest gear. He attempted to apply the brakes to shift into the lowest gear but when he did so, the brake pedal went all the way to the floor and he had no braking power whatever. He began racing the motor in an unsuccessful attempt to build up air pressure to operate the brakes, throwing the gears into neutral so as not to accelerate the speed of the truck in the process. There was no warning buzzer to indicate that the air pressure had been lost, but there was an air pressure
The deposition of Charles Herndon, a licensed professional engineer and an associate professor of engineering at the Montana School of Mineral Science & Technology, was taken. He examined the water truck after the accident at the request of Silver Bow County. His examination revealed that when the wheels of the truck were placed in an extreme left-hand position, the left front tire would rub against one of the air lines of the power steering unit. His examination disclosed that the outer cover of the air line had been worn through and that there was a quarter inch hole in the air hose. This hole would allow air to escape into the atmosphere rather than operating the power steering. Herndon indicated that on this particular truck, the escape of air through the power steering unit, in his opinion, would deprive the truck of any braking power. He expressed his opinion that this one particular air hose was installed incorrectly so that the wheel could strike it.
Herndon further testified safe operation of the truck required that it have an audible warning device to warn of low air pressure in the braking system, and that he could find none on the truck during his examination and inspection. He also indicated that the power steering unit should have some type of device to control the air pressure, once the system started to leak. He stated that for safety purposes such a device should be located where the driver could close the line. In his inspection, he found no automatic or manual valve which would preserve air pressure for operation of the braking system on the truck if the power steering unit began to leak air.
The deposition of Harry Powley, parts manager for Roberts
Alex Zbitnoff, the county surveyor, indicated that he did not believe the water truck was equipped with an audible warning device to indicate loss of air pressure. He also expressed the opinion that if the water truck had been free wheeling or out of gear and had attained sufficient momentum, the brakes of the truck would not have held it.
The shop foreman for Silver Bow County at the time of the accident, Frank Kinsella, testified that after the accident he became familiar with the power steering unit that Roberts installed and testified as to the purpose of the automatic and manual shut-off valves. He testified that he had no knowledge as to whether the valves were on the power steering unit at the time of the accident.
The first issue for review upon this appeal is whether the district court was correct in granting summary judgment to all plaintiffs against defendant Silver Bow County on the issue of liability.
* * * The judgment sought shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law * * *
A succinct statement of the controlling principle under this rule is found in 3 Barron and Holtzoff, Federal Practice & Procedure, § 1234, p. 122:
“The question to be decided on a motion for summary judgment is whether there is a genuine issue of fact and not how that issue should be determined. The hearing on the motion is not a trial * * * ”
“A summary judgment, interlocutory in character, may be rendered on the issue of liability alone although there is a genuine issue as to the amount of damages.”
Reviewing the pretrial discovery as a whole, we find that there are genuine issues of material fact presented concerning the liability of Silver Bow County. Initially, there is the ultimate factual question as to whether Bolton‘s acts or omissions were those of a reasonable man under the circumstances. His testimony upon deposition indicates the braking system on the water truck had been operating properly up to the time of the accident; implies that he looked at the air pressure gauge on the dash which showed sufficient air pressure to operate the braking system when he entered the cab after filling the water truck at the hydrant; that he disengaged the clutch in order to start the motor, pressed the starter button and started the motor, turned the wheels to get in the downhill lane of traffic; that the truck began moving faster than he desired; that he attempted to apply the brakes to shift from the second lowest gear to the lowest gear but
While it is argued that Bolton was negligent per se by reason of violation of
In addition, there are numerous factual questions involved in determining whether any acts or omissions with which Silver Bow County is chargeable were the proximate cause of the accident. Aside from all other considerations and irrespective of the existence of negligence per se, the question of proximate cause remains a jury question. Pollard v. Todd, 148 Mont. 171, 418 P.2d 869; Faucette v. Christensen, 145 Mont. 28, 400 P.2d 883. Accordingly, it cannot be adjudicated upon motion for summary judgment where, as here, factual issues concerning negligence and causation are presented.
The second issue for review is whether the district court was correct in granting summary judgment and dismissal of Roberts Rocky Mountain Equipment Company and Mack Trucks, Inc., as defendants and third party defendants in all the consolidated cases.
Roberts and Mack Trucks initially contend the grant of
Next, Roberts and Mack Trucks argue that the third party complaints of Silver Bow County do not state a claim against them, because there is no right to contribution among joint tortfeasors in Montana and there is no right of indemnity until after payment. This argument misconstrues the gist of the third party claim of Silver Bow County against Roberts and Mack Trucks. Silver Bow County contends it was not negligent and no act or omission with which it is chargeable proximately caused the accident and that liability rests solely on Roberts and Mack Trucks. Here also, our previous holding that there are material issues of fact as yet unresolved concerning the liability of Silver Bow County and Bolton, renders the application of joint tortfeasor and indemnity principles premature. Accordingly, this contention fails.
Finally, Roberts and Mack Trucks assert that the amended complaint of Wilson Motors and its property damage insurer against them does not state a claim based on § 402A of 2 Restatement of Torts 2d, because neither plaintiff is a user or consumer entitled to relief within the meaning of that section and also because some courts have held that this section does not allow recovery on property damage claims. We find it unnecessary in this case to determine whether § 402A should be adopted as the law of Montana.
The gist of the claim by Wilson Motors and its property damage insurer against Roberts and Mack Trucks is negligent design and installation of the power steering unit, constituting the proximate cause of the accident. The district court previously denied a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim.
It is argued that there is simply no basis for liability on the part of Mack Trucks inasmuch as their last connection with the water truck was in 1957, substantial changes were made in it by installation of the power steering unit in 1967, and assumption of the contractual duty of repair and maintenance by Silver Bow County all relieve it from liability. If these were the undisputed facts, there would be some merit to Mack Truck‘s position. However, the deposition of Harry Powley, the parts manager for Roberts, indicates the contrary. In testimony concerning the power steering unit installed on the water truck in 1967 prior to the accident, Powley had this to say:
“Q. I believe we have mentioned Air-O-Matic? A. That is a brand name of the supply unit. This is the original manufacturing company for the Air-O-Matic.
“Q. You deal with that company generally? A. No. This particular unit was purchased through Mack Truck.” (Emphasis added)
And again:
“Q. Do you have that, or since you do have the units, do you have one available in the shop? A. No. They are a special order item only. I assume you are referring to the steering unit.
“Q. In other words, you had one when you installed it back in 1967? A. I ordered it special for the application.
“Q. In 1967? A. Right, for Mr. Zbitnoff.” (Emphasis added)
The foregoing testimony indicates the power steering unit
“Q. You have testified that these kits must be ordered from Air-O-Matic? A. Yes.
“Q. Did you order one of the systems for the county when they replaced it? A. No.” (Emphasis added)
For the foregoing reasons the order granting summary judgment in favor of Roberts and Mack Trucks and dismissing them from the consolidated cases was error.
Accordingly, both orders for summary judgment herein appealed and the judgments entered in conformity therewith are ordered vacated. The consolidated cause is remanded to the district court for further proceedings not inconsistent herewith.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE JAMES T. HARRISON, and MR. JUSTICES HARRISON and DALY, concur.
MR. JUSTICE CASTLES, (dissenting):
I dissent. I would find the district court action in granting summary judgment to be correct.
On Rehearing of No. 11891. Consolidated with Appeal from No. 12154.
MR. JUSTICE HASWELL delivered the Opinion of the Court.
Subsequent to our opinion in cause No. 11891, Duchesneau et al. v. Silver Bow County et al. v. Mack Trucks, Inc. et al. reported in 28 St.Rep. 732, we granted rehearing. Additionally, we consolidated the appeal in cause No. 12154, Tallon v. Silver Bow County, with such rehearing as the rights of the parties in Tallon were directly affected by our opinion in Duchesneau.
Tallon is one of the plaintiffs whose case was consolidated in Duchesneau for pretrial determination of liability on motion for summary judgment. After the district court entered summary judgment for all plaintiffs against Silver Bow County on the issue of liability, Tallon was tried to a jury on the issue of damages alone and resulted in a jury verdict and judgment in his favor against Silver Bow County for $18,500. Thereafter the appeal in Duchesneau was argued before this Court at which plaintiff‘s counsel in Tallon did not appear and participate. Our opinion in Duchesneau followed on which we subsequently granted rehearing and consolidation with the appeal in Tallon.
We now affirm our previous opinion in Duchesneau reported in 28 St.Rep. 732. Two matters require further comment herein.
Upon rehearing it was argued that the summary judgment of the district court against Silver Bow County on the issue of liability was not an issue upon appeal in Duchesneau, in view of our prior dismissal of the appeal of Silver Bow County on February 2, 1971. There would be merit to this contention if the Duchesneau appeal involved only the rights of the plaintiffs against Silver Bow County. But Duchesneau also involves the rights of two plaintiffs, Wilson Motor Company and American Hardware Mutual Insurance Company, directly against defendants Mack Trucks, Inc. and Roberts Rocky Mountain Equipment Company as well as against defendants Silver Bow County and Neil Bolton; it also involves the rights of third party plaintiffs Silver Bow County and Neil Bolton against third party defendants Mack Trucks, Inc.
The second matter requiring mention herein is the appeal in Tallon. From what has been said heretofore in the original opinion in Duchesneau and affirmed on rehearing, the summary judgment against Silver Bow County on the issue of liability is incorrect and must be set aside as there are factual issues requiring jury determination. As Tallon was tried to the jury on the issue of damages alone with Silver Bow County precluded from contesting liability, the judgment entered therein on March 29, 1971 is hereby vacated and set aside and the cause remanded to the district court of Silver Bow County for a new trial on all issues.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE JAMES T. HARRISON, and MR. JUSTICE DALY, concur.
MR. JUSTICE CASTLES, (dissenting).
I dissent. In the previous opinion, affirmed here today on rehearing, I dissented without stating my reasons. I am compelled to briefly state my reasons now.
While I have dispute with the manner in which the facts are put forth in the majority opinion in its effort to find some “genuine issue of material fact” as to Mack Trucks, Inc. and Roberts Rocky Mountain Equipment Co., I shall not dwell on
However, the real vice in the majority opinion is this: Plaintiff (I shall refer to all plaintiffs collectively and in general) brought a simple, “garden variety” action of negligence against Silver Bow County and its truck driver Bolton [not all plaintiffs joined Bolton] for damages resulting from a runaway truck which obviously was negligently operated, so much so that the district judge ruled the county liable as a matter of law. Defendants, under the purported authority of
To make it even more clear what this Opinion is approving and overruling a district court to do, we reiterate what the majority holds:
Next Roberts and Mack Trucks argue that the third party complaints of Silver Bow County do not state a claim against them, because there is no right to contribution among joint tortfeasors in Montana and there is no right of indemnity until after payments. This argument misconstrues the gist of the third party claim of Silver Bow County against Roberts and Mack Trucks. Silver Bow County contends it was not negligent and no act or omission with which it is chargeable proximately caused the accident and that liability rests solely on Roberts and Mack Trucks. * * *
Now then, what is the gist of the third party claim of Silver Bow County? According to what is denominated an
“I That the plaintiff, Ray Reid, has filed against the defendant a complaint for property damage in the instant case.
“II That the negligence, damage and liability alleged by RAY REID in his complaint is not the liability of SILVER BOW COUNTY and the accident made the basis of said complaint was beyond the control of the said SILVER BOW COUNTY and the THIRD-PARTY DEFENDANTS are liable for said accident and any proximate damage or injury therefrom for the following reasons:
“a. That the said water truck manufactured by the defendant, MACK TRUCKS, INC., and sold by the defendant, ROBERTS ROCKY MOUNTAIN EQUIPMENT COMPANY, as the retailer was negligently designed in that there was a failure to install a warning device common to such vehicles warning of the loss of air for the brake system which said warning device if it had been installed would have prevented the accident and the proximate damage and injury.
“b. That MACK TRUCKS, INC., one of the third-party defendants, negligently designed the said truck in this case in not designing and installing a shut-off valve out of the air tank in the cab of said truck so that any loss of air to the steering could be shut off by the driver so that he would still have steering control and if this had been done, the accident could have been prevented.
“c. That ROBERTS ROCKY MOUNTAIN EQUIPMENT COMPANY, a third-party defendant, negligently installed a different power steering unit in not installing a shut-off valve between the air source and the steering unit in the cab of said truck and had the shut-off valve been installed in said cab of said truck as recommended by the manufacturer of said
power steering unit, ‘Air-o-Steer‘, the accident would have been prevented. “WHEREFORE, defendant, SILVER BOW COUNTY prays that the plaintiff take nothing by virtue of his complaint and the said Third-Party Plaintiff further demand judgment against the Third-Party Defendants for all sums that may be adjudged against the said SILVER BOW COUNTY in favor of the plaintiff, RAY REID.”
Notice, no allegation of damage to either Bolton or the county was alleged. A straight allegation against a joint tortfeasor, regardless of what it attempts to say.
In Panasuk v. Seaton, 277 F.Supp. 979, 980, 985 (D.C.Mont. 1968), the court correctly denied either contribution or indemnity in a vehicle collision case, stating:
“Third-party defendant first contends that the claim of third-party plaintiffs in effect seeks contribution between joint tortfeasors, and that this may not be done under the law of Montana. Third-party plaintiffs contend (1) that the law of Montana does not prohibit application of the doctrine of ‘contribution;’ and (2) if the amended complaint does not state a claim for relief for ‘contribution,’ it does state a claim for relief in ‘indemnity.’
“The rule is well settled in Montana that, ‘if the concurrent negligence of two or more persons causes an injury to a third person, they are jointly and severally liable, and the injured person may sue them jointly or severally, and recover against one or all.’ Jones v. Northwestern Auto Supply Co., 1932, 93 Mont. 224, 231, 18 P.2d 305, 307. In Variety, Inc. v. Hustad Corporation, 1965, 145 Mont. 358, 368, 400 P.2d 408, 414, 401 P.2d 581, the Montana court also recognized the general rule that ‘one of several wrongdoers cannot recover against another
wrongdoer although he may have been compelled to pay all the damages for the wrong done‘. ”
The court further stated in Panasuk with respect to indemnity:
“As noted supra, no case has been found where this rule has been extended to a collision between two motor vehicles. If indemnity were permitted in a case of this nature, it could arise in any action where a third person had a possible cause of action against two motorists. Each motorist could claim indemnity by alleging gross negligence of the other. This would result in the undesirable situation suggested by the Wisconsin court in Jacobs. The plaintiff in this action in order to recover from the defendants must of course prove that the defendants were negligent and that their negligence was a proximate cause of plaintiff‘s injury. If this is not established, there is no liability, and no question of possible indemnity could arise. It is my conclusion that this is not a case where the principles of indemnity are applicable.”
Also in Panasuk the court noted the rule stated in Restatement, Restitution § 102:
” ‘Where two persons acting independently or jointly, have negligently injured a third person or his property for which injury both became liable in tort to the third person, one of them who has made expenditures in the discharge of their liability is not entitled to contribution from the other.’ ”
Also see: 41 Am.Jur.2d, Indemnity, § 21, p. 710.
Thus, here the majority is approving the use of third party actions in negligence cases so as to allow complicating charges of products liability and other ramifications to interfere with the choice of plaintiff as to whom he wants to sue. Plaintiff here chose the parties directly responsible. Plaintiff must now be startled to find his choice of defendants thwarted by third party claims and his $18,500 jury verdict set aside in at least one case.
I would withdraw the Opinion rendered in Cause No. 11891
THE HONORABLE THOMAS DIGNAN, District Judge, sitting for MR. JUSTICE JOHN CONWAY HARRISON.
I concur in the foregoing dissent of MR. JUSTICE CASTLES.