186 Mass. 353 | Mass. | 1904
The action is for a personal injury occasioned by the fall of a trolley pole and car sign. The case stated in the declaration is that as the car approached the plaintiff he went toward it for the purpose of entering it having given the motorman in control notice of his intention so to become a passenger, and that as he was about to get on the car the trolley pole fell striking a sign upon the car and the pole and sign struck the plaintiff, he being in the exercise of due care and the defendant negligent.
At the trial the testimony of the plaintiff and of one passenger on the car tended to show that when the pole and sign fell the car was stationary, and the plaintiff in the act of boarding it, having either one foot or both feet on the running board.
The defendant requested the judge to instruct the jury (1) that the plaintiff was not a passenger and that the defendant did not owe him the degree of care owed to passengers, and (2) that the defendant was required to exercise only that degree of care towards the plaintiff which a reasonably prudent person would exercise under the same circumstances. The judge instructed the jury in substance that a person desiring to ride upon a street car may have the rights of a passenger before he actually takes his place upon the car; that where he has signalled the motorman to stop and the motorman has stopped to receive him, thereby making an offer to be received and an acceptance of that offer, he is entitled to the rights and protection of a passenger as he approaches that car to get upon it, at least so far as any defect in that car is concerned.
After a verdict for the plaintiff the case is before us upon the defendant’s exception to the refusal of the judge to give the rulings requested, and upon an exception to the portions of the charge which stated that a person may have the rights of a
“Now, gentlemen, I want to say before I go into the evidence — to explain what I said I would explain about being a passenger. A man becomes a passenger, or at least it may be a more accurate way to say that he has the rights of a passenger, before he actually takes his place upon the car. He may do so. A man who comes to a steam railroad which has depots, when he has bought his ticket and as he is approaching the car, may have all the rights of a passenger, although he has not yet reached the car or taken his seat upon it. And the person desiring to ride upon the street car, where he has signalled the motorman to stop, and the motorman has stopped to receive him, thereby making an offer to be received and an acceptance of that offer — he is entitled to the rights and protection of a passenger as he approaches that car to get upon it; at least, so far as any defect in that car is concerned. He is within his rights and within the contract under those circumstances as he approaches that car, for instance, if anything falls, as in this case, from the car and strikes him.”
“ They owed him the duty to use the highest degree of care which is reasonably practical in running such a road ; the utmost care which is consistent with the nature and extent of the business in which it is engaged, and such as a prudent man would use to guard them against every possible contingency — every possible danger, so far as it was practicable. They are not an insurer, but they owe a good deal more than the ordinary degree of care. A passenger entrusts his person, sometimes his life, to these companies, and is obliged to trust them for the precautions which shall be used for it; and the law has been long settled that he is entitled to call upon them, as I have said, for the highest practical degree of care in executing such an enterprise as running a street railway. That they must do for him, and the question is whether they failed in that duty, because in the failure of that duty is the plaintiff’s case. If they performed that duty they owe no further liability to the plaintiff. He may have been injured by one of those inevitable accidents for which no remedy exists, and which we all have to bear as they come to us in the course of human life.”
This leaves as the turning point of the case the question whether a foot traveller on the highway who is approaching a street car stopped to receive him as a passenger, and before he actually has reached the car, is entitled to the rights of a passenger in respect of that extraordinary degree of care due to passengers from common carriers, at least so far as any defect in that car is concerned.
In other words the question is whether the jury should have been instructed that the defendant owed to the plaintiff the same high degree of care while he was approaching the car and had not yet reached it that it would owe to a passenger.
It is apparent that a person in such a situation is not in fact a passenger. -He has not entered upon the premises of the carrier, as has a person who has gone upon the grounds of a steam railroad for the purpose of taking a train. He is upon a public highway where he has a clear right to be independently of his intention to become a passenger. He has as yet done nothing which enables the carrier to demand of him a fare, or in any way to control his actions. He is at liberty to advance or recede. He may change his mind and not become a passenger. Certainly the carrier owes him no other duty to keep the pavement smooth or the street clear of obstructions to his progress than it owes to all other travellers on the highway. It is under no obligation to see that he is not assaulted, or run into by vehicles or travellers, or not insulted or -otherwise mistreated by other persons present.
The defendant incurs no responsibility to exercise extraordinary diligence by making an express contract, but only by its exercise of the calling of a common carrier, and its obligation as such does not arise until the intending passenger is within its control. We are unwilling to go farther than the doctrine stated in Davey v. Greenfield & Turner’s Falls Street Railway, 177 Mass. 106, that when there has been an invitation on the part of the carrier by stopping for the reception of a passenger any person actually taking hold of the car and beginning to enter it is a passenger. See Gordon v. West End Street Railway, 175 Mass. 181, 183, and cases cited.
If the instructions allowed the jury to find for the plaintiff only in case the car had reached a usual stopping place and had stopped to receive him, there was error in ruling that under those circumstances and before he had actually reached the car he had a right to have the defendant exercise, as to him that extraordinary degree of care due to passengers. So long as he remained a mere traveller on the highway, although walking upon it for the sole purpose of taking the car, the defendant did not owe him any other duty than that which it owed to any person on the highway. Whether one just has dismounted from a street car, or just is about to board one he does not have the rights of a passenger.
Exceptions sustained.