Duaut A. Duamutef v. John O'keefe, Superintendent, Gouverneur Correctional Facility Thomas Skipper B. Huckeba

Oct 18, 1996
234, Docket 96-2238
Versions:98 F.3d 22
1996 U.S. App. LEXIS 27251
WINTER, Circuit Judge:

Duaut Duamutef, pro se, informa pauper-is, аnd incarcerated, appeals from Judge McAvoy’s grant of summary judgment in favor of New York corrections officials Superintendent John O’Keefe, Lieutеnant Thomas Skipper, and Hearing Officer Brian Huckeba, all of the Gouverneur Correctional Facility.

Duamutefs complaint alleged that his constitutionаl rights were violated when corrections officers at the facility placed Duamutef in the “Special Housing Unit” for 51 days and suspended certain privilegеs in response to his having prepared a petition signed by 33 inmates asking for an improvement of prison conditions. Duamutef also asserted that Skippеr threatened him with further disciplinary action and a transfer to a maximum security prison if Duamutef did not abandon the petition effort. 1 Duamutef was transferred to а maximum security prison after this action was filed, and he claims in subsequently-filed papers that the transfer was in retaliation for the petition. Appellees argue that Duamutefs confinement in the prison’s Special Housing Unit was justified under prison regulations by his circulation of the petition. Defendants deny that the prison transfer was retaliatory.

Magistrate Judge David R. Homer issued a report and recommendation dated January 29, 1996, that appellees’ motion for summary judgment should be granted and Duamutefs claim dismissed. Chief Judge McAvoy adopted the report, and judgment was entered dismissing the complaint on March 19, 1996. Before reaсhing the merits, we address whether Duamutef must comply with the provisions of the Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (“PLRA”), Title VIII of the Omnibus Consolidated Rescissions and Appropriations Act of 1996, Pub.L. No. 104-134, 110 Stat. 1321 (1996) (amending 28 U.S.C. § 1915). If applicable, the PLRA would require dismissal of this appeal unless Duamu-tef submits an appropriate authorization form allowing сollection ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌​​​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌​‌​​‌​​‌​‌​​​​‌‌‌​‌​‌​​‌‌​​‌‌​​‍of an initial partial filing fee and authorizing subsequent payments from appellant’s prison account until the full fee is paid. Leonard v. Lacy, 88 F.3d 181 (2d Cir.1996).

The PLRA was signed by the Prеsident on April 26, 1996, but designated no effective date and contained no explicit indication as to the PLRA’s application to pending appeаls. We held recently that the PLRA’s fee provisions did apply to appeals in which a prisoner has been granted in forma pauperis status by the district court, even if the noticе of appeal was filed before the PLRA was signed into law. Covino v. Reopel, 89 F.3d 105 (2d Cir.1996). However, we noted in Covino that the fee provisions might not apply to cases in which the “appeal reached the stage where judicial resources had already been expended, or perhaps even if the appellant himself could demonstrate thаt he had expended significant time and effort by preparing an appellate brief.” Covino, 89 F.3d at 108. Subsequently, we held that where an appeal was submitted for decision before the PLRA was enacted, the prisoner would not be required to satisfy the PLRA’s fee provisions. Ramsey v. Coughlin, 94 F.3d 71 (2d Cir.1996). We reasoned that requiring an appellant to сomply with the PLRA under those circumstances would “not further the congressional ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌​​​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌​‌​​‌​​‌​‌​​​​‌‌‌​‌​‌​​‌‌​​‌‌​​‍purposes of reducing the state’s burden of responding to frivolous actions or of deterring frivolous prisoner litigation.” Id. at 73.

We hold that Duamutef need not comply with the PLRA. Duamutef filed his notice of appeal on March 19, 1996, a month before the PLRA was signed into law. Both parties filed their briefs after the PLRA was signed on April 26, 1996, but before July 16, 1996, the date on which Covino was decided. Therefore, Duamutefs appeаl was fully briefed before either party had notice that the fee provisions of the PLRA could be applied retroactively.

In preparing and filing the briefs, both Duamutef and the appellees have expended a significant amount of time. Requiring Dua-mutef to comply with the PLRA fee provisions at this point would not further the congressional purposes of reducing the state’s burden of defending frivolous actions. Nor would it have any effect on deterring future frivolous litigatiоn. We therefore reach the merits.

Duamutef challenges the grant of summary judgment against him. Appellate review of a grant of summary judgment is de novo. Gummo v. Village of Depew, 75 F.3d 98, 107 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, - U.S. -, 116 S.Ct. 1678, 134 L.Ed.2d 780 (1996). On appeal, Duamutef claims that he was disciplined under prison regulations for exercising his First ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌​​​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌​‌​​‌​​‌​‌​​​​‌‌‌​‌​‌​​‌‌​​‌‌​​‍Amendment rights by circulating among his fellow inmates a petition protesting prison conditiоns.

Athough the act of preparing and circulating a petition implicates speech and associational rights under the First Amendment, see Haymes v. Montanye, 547 F.2d 188, 191 (2d Cir.1976), cert. denied, 431 U.S. 967, 97 S.Ct. 2925, 53 L.Ed.2d 1063 (1977), those rights must be weighed against legitimate safety interests of the prison. A regulation that impinges upon an inmate’s constitutional rights is valid if it is “reasonably related to legitimate penological interests.” Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 89, 107 S.Ct. 2254, 2261, 96 L.Ed.2d 64 (1987). Factors to be considered are: (i) whether there is a “valid, rational connection” between the regulation and a governmental interest; (ii) whether there are alternative means of exercising the constitutional right; (iii) whether the asserted right will have an impact on the allocation of prison resources; and (iv) whether the regulation represents an exaggerated or reasonable response to prison concеrns. Id. at 89-90, 107 S.Ct. at 2261-62.

In the instant ease, the prison regulations provide an effective procedure for inmates to communicate their grievances to prison аuthorities. N.Y.Comp.Codes R. & Regs. tit. 7, § 701.1 et seq. (1996). No claim is made that Duamutefs petition contains requests that could not have been processed by individual prisoners through that official grievаnce procedure. So long as that avenue of communication is open, we believe it permissible for prison officials to bar the circulation of petitions. Petitions necessarily ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌​​​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌​‌​​‌​​‌​‌​​​​‌‌‌​‌​‌​​‌‌​​‌‌​​‍involve hard-to-monitor organizational activities that might well result in concerted conduct that undermines order in thе prison. Other courts have similarly found that the First Amendment interests involved in preparing and circulating petitions in prison are outweighed by the facility’s safety concerns. See, e.g., Nickers v. White, 622 F.2d 967, 971 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1018, 101

S.Ct. 581, 66 L.Ed.2d 478 (1980); Edwards v. White, 501 F.Supp. 8, 11-13 (M.D.Pa.1979), aff'd 633 F.2d 209, 212 (3d Cir.1980).

Duamutef argues for the first time on appeal that the regulation under which he was disciplined failed to give him adequate notice that preрaring a petition was punishable conduct. Duamutef was disciplined under Rule 104.12 of the Department of Correctional Services' Standards of Inmate Behavior, which states: "Inmates shall not lead, organize, participate, or urge other inmates to participate, in work-stoppages, sit-ins, lock-ins, or other actions which may be detrimental to the order of the facifity." N.Y.Comp.Codes R. & Regs. tit. 7, § 270.2 (1996). Duamutefs due process claim finds some support in caselaw. See Adams v. Gunnel4 729 F.2d 362 (5th Cir.1984) (finding it pеrmissible under First Amendment to ban petitions in prison, but remanding for determination of whether inmate's due process rights were violated for lack of notice that suсh activity was proscribed); Richardson v. Coughiin, 763 F.Supp. 1228 (S.D.N.Y.1991) (granting partial summary judgment to inmate on claim that he was denied due process for lack of notice that acquiring signatures on petition was prohibited). However, issues raised for the first time on appeal will not be considered unless consideration of the issue is necessary to avoid manifest injustice or the issue is purely legal and requires no additional fact-finding. Readco, Inc. v. Marine Midland Bank, 81 F.3d 295, 302 (2d Cir.1996). Following this standard, we deсline to rule on Duamutefs due process claim. We see no manifest injustice. The claim of lack of notice is such that, if valid, one would have expеcted it to have been raised immediately upon the initiation of disciplinary ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌​​​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌​‌​​‌​​‌​‌​​​​‌‌‌​‌​‌​​‌‌​​‌‌​​‍proceedings. Moreover, fact-finding would be necessary to resolve the question of whether Duamutef had actual notice that prison regulations, whether Rule 104.12 or some other restriction, prohibited the preparation or circulation of group petitions.

We therefore affirm.

Notes

1

. Duamutef also alleged that Skipper threatened him with retaliation because of complaints Dua-mutef filed through the established grievance procedure. Duamutefs papers on appeal do not pursue this claim, however, and we need not address it.