127 Mass. 571 | Mass. | 1879
A petition to the county commissioners of Norfolk was presented by Cyrus Alger in 1854, to recover damages for land and dots taken by the location of the Midland Railroad Company in 1851. The proceedings upon this petition were continued by the commissioners until 1873, when the sum of $23,233 was awarded by them as damages against the railroad; and the corporation was ordered to give security for the payment of that sum, or for such damage as might be awarded by a jury. In 1875, the administrator of Alger’s estate, being dissatisfied with the amount awarded, filed a petition to the Superior Court sitting in Norfolk County for a jury to assess his damages; and the case comes before us on exceptions taken by the respondents at the trial in that court.
1. Since the filing of the original petition, many changes have taken place in the ownership of the Midland Railroad Company. Its franchises, rights and property, subject to all its liabilities and obligations, passed by mesne conveyances through several different corporate organizations, to the Boston, Hartford and Erie Railroad Company, and were mortgaged by the latter in 1866 to Berdell and others, trustees. On the foreclosure of the Berdell mortgage in May 1871, they were transferred to the
At the trial, the last-named corporation, and the trustees of the Berdell mortgage, who were made respondents, appeared and resisted the petitioner’s claim. They objected that the present owners of the railroad were not in any manner liable to pay the damages which might be recovered; and that the payment of the same could not be enforced legally against them, or against the railroad in their possession. The judge declined so to rule; and instructed the jury, that the respondents succeeded to the rights of the Midland Railroad Company, and took the railroad subject to this claim for damages.
The Midland Railroad Company, by its charter, was made subject to all the duties, liabilities and restrictions set forth in the Revised Statutes, and to all general laws which had been or might be passed relative to railroad corporations. St. 1850, c. 268. At the time of the taking of this land, railroad corporations were required to pay all damages occasioned by the taking, to be estimated by the county commissioners in the manner provided for the laying out of highways, and subject to a right of appeal to a jury. The corporation was required, if requested by the landowner, to give security to the satisfaction of the commissioners for the payment of the damages awarded, and the right to enter upon and use the land, except for surveys, was suspended until such security should be given. Rev. Sts. c. 39, §§ 56, 61. These provisions were reenacted in the General Statutes, with the further provision, that the commissioners may issue warrants of distress to compel the payment of damages awarded; that the right to enter upon the land shall be suspended if the corporation, after such warrant, or after an execution has issued, neglects to satisfy the same; and that this court shall have power to restrain the corporation from so entering. Gen. Sts. c. 63, §§ 33, 34. The same provisions are also incorporated into the St. of 1874, e. 372, which is entitled “An act to revise and consolidate all the provisions relating to railroads,” and in the third section of which it is further declared that, when a railroad laid out and constructed by one corporation is lawfully maintained and operated by another, the latter shall
By the St. of 1873, c. 289, the proceedings of the holders of the bonds secured by the mortgage to Berdell and others, in forming a corporation under the name of the New York and New England Railroad Company, were ratified and confirmed, and the New York and New England Railroad Company was made a corporation, and was vested with all the franchises, powers and privileges, and made subject to all the restrictions, duties and liabilities, set forth in the general laws, which then were, or might thereafter be, in force relating to railroad corporations.
It is not necessary now to determine whether the petitioner is entitled, against the present respondents, to the other remedies provided by the statutes, or whether the respondents are liable upon a warrant of distress or an execution for the damages recovered. It is sufficient that he has the remedy above pointed out. There has been as yet no application for any other.
2. Two questions affecting the jurisdiction of the county commissioners of Norfolk County, anti of the Superior Court
3. It is also contended, that, even if a portion of the land was in Norfolk when taken, and the commissioners of that county had jurisdiction of the original petition, yet as the land was annexed to and became part of Suffolk County by the St. of 1869, c. 349, making the town of Dorchester part of the city of Boston, the petition for a jury in 1875 should have been presented in that county. Section 3 of this act, after giving to the courts of Suffolk jurisdiction over causes of action and proceedings in civil causes, and over all matters in probate and insolvency, which have accrued in the territory annexed, reserves to the several courts in Norfolk “jurisdiction of all actions, proceedings and matters, that shall have been rightfully commenced in said courts prior to the time when this act shall take effect; ” and provides that “ all suits, actions, proceedings, complaints and prosecutions, and all matters of probate and insolvency, which shall be pending within said territory, before any court or justice of the peace, when this act shall take effect, shall be heard and determined as though this act had not passed.”
4. The facts stated do not show that there were other' parties having interests in the premises, who ought to have been joined as necessary parties to the proceedings.
After the location was made by the Midland Railroad Company in 1851, Alger by deed of warranty conveyed two lots, being part of the premises taken, to different grantees. It is contended that these grantees took the right to damages which Alger had in these lots, and that they should have been cited in under the Gen. Sts. c. 43, § 53. But the answer to this is that the title acquired by the railroad was acquired when the location was filed. Alger was then sole owner in fee of all the land described in his petition. He alone was the proper party to commence proceedings. Boynton v. Peterborough & Shirley Railroad, 4 Cush. 467. The section relied on has reference to parties having several estates in the land at the time when it is taken, as in the. case of tenants in common. Dwight v. County Commissioners, 7 Cush. 533. When there is only an equitable interest at the time of the taking, such as is created by a bond for a deed, it was decided, in Proprietors of Locks & Canals v. Nashua & Lowell Railroad, 10 Cush. 385, that the railroad company could not object that the owner of that interest had joined with the legal owner in the petition, not that the owner of an equita ble interest was ever a necessary party.
5. The respondents further objected, that the alleged location in 1851 was invalid and insufficient to support an application for land damages. It was ruled that the burden of proof was on the petitioner to prove a valid and legal location; and it was further ruled, that, the company having taken the land, under the location then filed, and built their road, it must be treated as valid and sufficient for the purposes of this hearing, and as against these respondents. These rulings were correct.
It was found as a fact at the trial, that a plan was filed in the clerk’s office on May 2, 1851, upon which was an indorsement signed by the directors of the Midland Railroad Company, in the following words: “Location of the Midland Railroad in the county of Norfolk, scale 2000 to an inch, April 1851. This is the plan referred to, and filed with and as part of the location of so much of the Midland Railroad as lies in the county of Norfolk, this day filed, Boston, May 1,1851.” Annexed to this when filed was a paper entitled “ Table of curves, courses and distances of the Midland Railroad location' in the county of Norfolk, the
There was some evidence tending to show, that, by reason of the small scale upon which the plan was drawn, it was difficult to apply it with the accompanying descriptions to the land and flats of the petitioner; but there was evidence that the line over these flats was surveyed and the location pointed out to the petitioner before the filing of this petition, and that the location so pointed out was substantially the actual location of the road as afterward constructed. The new or amended location of 1854, referred to in the original petition, was not produced at the trial by either party. And there was no evidence that the land actually taken and described in the petition was not substantially covered by the description contained in the location of 1851'. The three papers relied on to prove the location, although somewhat informal and irregular, were joined together when filed, and are to be construed together as one. Both parties have treated the location as sufficient; and mere uncertainty or ambiguity of description is cured by the possession actually taken by the corporation and acquiesced in by the petitioner. See Wilson v. Lynn, 119 Mass. 174, 178, and cases there cited; Kohlhepp v. West Roxbury, 120 Mass. 596, 599; Pinkerton v. Boston & Albany Railroad, 109 Mass. 527, 539, 540.
It is the duty of a railroad corporation to file the location of its road, within one year, with the commissioners of each county through which the same passes, “defining the courses, distances and boundaries of such portion thereof as lies in each county.” Gen. Sts. c. 63, § 18. And it was said by Shaw, C. J., that “ if, without a location, the corporation should enter upon land, and proceed to make its road, in favor of the owner and against the corporation, this might be deemed such actual taking as would warrant him to proceed and claim damages ; or rather, that the corporation under such circumstances would be estopped to deny that they had taken the land.” Boston & Providence Railroad v. Midland Railroad, 1 Gray, 340, 361. Davidson v. Boston & Maine Railroad, 3 Cush. 91, 106.
We are of opinion that this location is to be treated as good, upon this petition, and as against these respondents.
The Withington plan covering the line in dispute seems to have been admissible also in rebuttal, when accompanied by evidence that it came from the custody of those under whom the respondents claim to derive title. Chapman v. Edmands, 3 Allen, 512.
7. The respondents objected to the admission of evidence to show consequential damages to so much of the petitioner’s land as lies west of the railroad, on the ground that the claim for incidental damages to the remaining land of the petitioner was limited, in the original petition to the county commissioners, to such portion of his land or flats “as lies southerly or eastwardly of the contemplated track.” But the boundaries given in the original petition included the land west of the railroad track, as well as east; the petition alleges that the railroad has taken land which is part and parcel of the land therein described, and concludes with a prayer that the damages occasioned by the taking aforesaid may be ascertained. “ It is not necessary, in petitions of this kind, to describe in detail the extent of the damage, or the precise mode in which it occurred. It is enough to charge in general terms that a portion or the whole of some lot, specifically described, has been appropriated under legal
8. The next exception is to the admission of testimony that the land west of the railroad before the taking could have been used for mechanical or wharf purposes, and that it could not be put to any use after the taking. In order to prove damages occasioned to the land of the petitioner which was not taken, but which formed part of the same parcel, it was competent for him to show the uses to which it might profitably be applied, before and after the taking. That is one way of showing the diminution in value caused by the taking. It was evidence of the actual capacity of the land for future improvement as a fact affecting its value. Presbrey v. Old Colony & Newport Railway, 103 Mass. 1. Dwight v. County Commissioners, 11 Cush. 201. Dickenson v. Fitchburg, 13 Gray, 546.
9. The testimony of Minot and Clark was properly rejected. It related in one case to a conversation with the petitioner, at least eleven years after the taking, and in the other, to a conversation at a much later period. It had a tendency to show that, at the time named, there were parties ready to purchase the land west of the track as then constructed. The conversations were in the nature of offers to purchase, made long after the time when the value was to be ascertained. Such offers are not admissible as evidence of value. Dickenson v. Fitchburg, 13 Gray, 546.
10. Evidence was put in by the respondents as to the feasibility of putting in side tracks, for the purpose of filling the petitioner’s land on either side of the railroad. Whether this was admissible or not, it is clear that the evidence introduced by the petitioner, to the effect that filling the land would require the erection by him of expensive retaining walls, might properly be admitted by way of rebuttal. Treat v. Curtis, 124 Mass. 348.
12. The jury were properly instructed that, as no rights of crossing the railroad had been reserved or provided for the petitioner, his damages must be assessed as if no such rights existed. Old Colony Railroad v. Miller, 125 Mass. 1. Ham v. Salem, 100 Mass. 350. The opportunity which might be afforded to the petitioner to use the cars and tracks of the railroad after its com pletion for filling the flats, and the chance that the corporation might be willing to have side tracks and spurs built for the accommodation of his future business, were elements not proper to be considered in the assessment of damages. No privileges ir this respect were specially reserved or secured to the petitioner. His privileges were no greater than the company would be bound as a common carrier to furnish for a reasonable compensation to all persons doing business with it. The favors which the road
13. As to interest, the rule is that it is to be allowed from the time of the taking. Old Colony Railroad v. Miller, above cited. Reed v. Hanover Branch Railroad, 105 Mass. 303. There is nothing except the agreement of the parties in this case, making the interest to commence with the completion of the road, to take it out of the general rule.
The application for damages was made within the time limited by statute. The loches relied on is the alleged unreasonable delay in prosecuting the suit. But after a suit is commenced, ii is in the power of either party to bring it to a trial. It does not appear that the delay in the case was not as much the fault of
The provisions of the mortgage to Berdell and others as trustees are set forth in 107 Mass. 3, note, with the exception of some of the recitals, the form of the bonds, and the description of the property conveyed. Among the recitals there omitted, and relied on by the respondents in this case, is one of a vote of the stockholders, that the directors be authorized to make application to the legislatures of the states in which the corporation had chartered rights, “for authority to make a mortgage upon the whole or any portion of the line of the road, and to issue mortgage bonds to the amount of $20,000,000, for the purpose of providing for and retiring all the existing mortgage debt and prior liens upon the line of the road.” In the form of the bond given in the mortgage was a clause that the bonds were secured by the mortgage, “which is to be the first and only lien on the property and franchises of the company, when the existing mortgage debt is retired.” In the description of the property conveyed, the lands at the termini of the road, at Boston and Eishkill, outside of the location of the road, are expressly excepted from the conveyance. The St. of 1866, c. 142, declares that the proceedings of the Boston, Hartford and Erie Railroad Company, whereby they conveyed their raiboad and other property to Berdell and others, “trustees of the bondholders in said mortgage mentioned, to secure the holders of said bonds the payment of the same, are hereby ratified and confirmed.”
The respondents contended that the object of the mortgage was to create a security which should take precedence of everything except mortgages then existing; and that the New York and New England Railroad Company was not a successor of the mortgagor in any other sense than as a creditor foreclosing his mortgage is a successor of his debtor, especially as all the property of the Boston, Hartford and Erie Railroad Company was not included in the mortgage; and that the execution and ratification of the mortgage created a vested right which could not be taken away by subsequent legislation
The instructions requested by the respondents, as to the injury to the portions of the petitioner’s land not taken by the railroad, were as follows: “1. The Legislature has the right to regulate the use of public navigable waters in this state; and the erection of a bridge across the channel at the place where the railroad bridge was built across the same, under the authority of the Legislature, gave no right to damages to any one who was thereby impeded in using the navigable water. 2. The Legislature may authorize the building of such bridge, with or without a draw, and, in either case, there can be no recovery for the real or supposed injury to private rights caused thereby. 3. The increased difficulty of reaching portions of land or flats by water, by passing up the channel above the bridge, or even a total inability to do so, cannot be considered as an element of damage to the petitioner. 4. An owner of flats holds his legal title subject to the right of the Legislature to fix or change lines within which any structure may be erected, and to such other restraints and limitations as the Legislature may see fit to impose for the preservation and protection of public and private rights. 5. A riparian owner has no right, either as against conterminous proprietors or the public, to have his flats kept open and unobstructed for the free flow and reflow of tide water. 6. The Legislature might, at any time, authorize the channel, by which the land described in the petition is approached, to be either partially obstructed or wholly filled up at any point. The owner cf land or flats holds Ms title subject to this liability, and can maintain no
The judge gave the first two of these instructions as asked for; and the third with this addition: “ The mere fact that the road crosses the main channel, either with or without a bridge, standing alone, does not entitle the petitioner to damage if the road does not cross his land, but if the road does cross his land between the portion thereof on the mainland and the channel, cutting him off from the use of that channel which otherwise he could have made in connection with that portion, and that was a valuable use connected with said land, the petitioner is entitled to such damage as he shall prove in accordance with the rules of law which I shall lay dowm.” As to the other rulings requested, the judge instructed the jury as follows: “ These propositions may be true as general principles, but they are not altogether applicable to this case. These lands, if taken at all, were taken by a railroad corporation, and the law is that every railroad corporation shall be liable to pay all damages that shall be occasioned by laying out and making and maintaining its road, or by taking any land or materials. And these damages are to be assessed in accordance with the principles which I shall lay down. The fact that flats are subject to the exercise of certain rights and powers, directly or indirectly, by the Legislature, even if these powers have not in fact been exercised, may affect the value generally of flats, but does not affect the obligation of a railroad corporation to pay the damages really occasioned by laying out, making and maintaining its road.”
On this point the respondents requested the judge to instruct the jury as follows: “ The delay in prosecuting this case has been unreasonable; and the petitioner is not entitled to recover interest during such unreasonable delay. What delay is unreasonable is for the court to determine. The ground on which interest is allowed in cases like the present is, that some time is necessary to enable an owner of land to have his damages judicially ascertained; and therefore interest should only be computed for such time as is reasonable for that purpose. If the court should leave it for the jury to determine what would be an unreasonable delay, the jury should still be instructed not to compute any interest during any delay deemed by them to have been unreasonable.”
The judge declined so to instruct the jury; but instructed them as follows: “As the petitioner has consented that interest should be computed from January 1,1855, (which was after the date of the location and construction of the road,) interest will be computed from that date to the present time.”
The instructions requested by the respondents on this point were as follows: “ In considering the question of incidental damages, the jury should take into consideration and allow for such reasonable facilities, either for crossing the tracks, or for the use of tracks or cars of the railroad company for the purpose of filling flats, or for the use of spurs or side tracks for business purposes, on terms mutually beneficial to the parties, as the jury, in the exercise of their practical judgment, think reasonable.”
The judge declined to give these instructions; and instructed the jury as follows: “In cases of this kind, compensation is rendered once for all. It is to be estimated according to the full measure of the right acquired by the corporation, and not merely according to the mode and time of the exercise of that right in the first instance. If the corporation would lessen the damages on the ground of any right of crossing the road reserved to, or remaining in, the landowner, it must secure him those rights in the manner pointed out by law; and, as there is no evidence in this case that any such rights have been so secured, damages must be assessed as if no right of crossing the road on the part of the landowner existed. Damages include all injury to the remaining land by cutting off access to, or egress from, different parts of it, or rendering it inconvenient by breaking it up into irregular pieces, or in any manner lessening its suitable uses for occupation as a whole, or for division into lots. As there is no claim that any depot or spur tracks are actually located or constructed, any alleged probability or possibility that any such depot or tracks may some time or other be constructed is not to be considered by the jury in assessing damages. Such possibilities or probabilities are to be altogether excluded. As there is no claim that any rights to use the railroad for the purpose of filling these fiats has been reserved or secured in any manner to the ’andowner, any possibility that he may make contracts hereafter with said railroad to use it for the purpose of filling his flats, should be altogether excluded in assessing damages.”