Drown v. New England Telephone & Telegraph Co.

80 Vt. 1 | Vt. | 1907

Rowell, C. J.

This is case for negligence. The declaration contains two counts, and is demurred to by both defendants. The first count alleges that before and at the time in question the defendant, The New England Telephone & Telegraph Company, owned and operated a telephone line from Williamstown to Graniteville; that one of the poles of that line stood at the junction of two highways near Graniteville, near the top of which were two cross pieces to which the wires were fastened; that in order to attach the wires, and to repair them, it was necessary to climb the pole and work at the top of it; that before and at the timeAn question the other defendant, The Consolidated Lighting Company, was engaged in generating and selling electricity for artificial light, heat, and power; that after the construction of the telephone line, and before the time in question, the Lighting Company constructed an electrical line from Barre to Graniteville consisting of three wires strung on poles, for the purpose of transmitting a powerful current of electricity, dangeroüs to human life; that the poles of the electrical line were placed on the same side of the highway from said junction to Graniteville as the telephone poles, and for the greater part of the way the electrical wires were strung and maintained above and directly over the poles and wires of the telephone line, and were constructed and maintained directly over the telephone pole at the junction of said highways.

The count further alleges that it was the duty of the Lighting Company so to construct and maintain its line as not to endanger the safety of the Telephone Company’s servants while on the poles of its line, but that the Lighting Company, disregarding its duty in this behalf, so carelessly and negligently constructed and maintained its line that the wires thereof were only about twenty-seven inches from the top of the telephone pole standing at the junction of said highways, thereby greatly endangering the safety of the Telephone Company’s- servants who had to work at the top of said pole.

The count further alleges that at the time in question the plaintiff was in the service of the Telephone Company as a lineman, and that as such it became and was his duty to* climb said pole for the purpose of attaching -wires to one of the cross pieces, and that it was the duty of the Telephone Company to furnish him a reasonably safe place in which to do that work, but that the top of said pole was an unsafe place “because, of the close proximity of the electrical wires, ’ ’ as said company had reason to know, and that' it was the duty of said company to render said pole a safe place, either by removing it, or by compelling the Lighting Company to remove its wires, neither of which it did, but suffered and permitted said pole and the electrical wires thus to remain in dangerous proximity to each other.

The count further alleges that at the time in question said last mentioned wires were charged with a dangerous current of electricity, and that the plaintiff was wholly ignorant of the close proximity of said wires to said pole, and was wholly ignorant that said pole was an unsafe place to work, and that while at work at the top thereof, fastening wires to one of the cross pieces, without fault or negligence on his part, but solely in consequence of the negligence of the Lighting Company in constructing and maintaining its line as aforesaid, and of the negligence of the Telephone Company in suffering said pole and said electrical wires to remain in such close proximity to each other, he came in contact with said wires, and was burned and injured.

The second count is essentially like the first, except that it omits the ‘allegation that the Telephone Company had reason to know that the top of said pole was an unsafe place to work, and charges the duty of the defendants as a joint duty, and its breach as a joint breach.

It is objected that the declaration is bad for misjoinder of defendants and causes of action, and urged that the rule of the common law — formulated when almost all the cases of tort were for intentional wrongs — that tort feasors cannot be joined unless there was concert of action or common design, is most logically applicable to negligence cases also, which have so greatly increased since the introduction of modern utilities, and that a broader rule involves a very distinct departure from the original common-law conception of joint tort feasors; that when two defendants act independently of each other, but their relations to the plaintiff are similar, so that the duties they have violated are of a similar character, and the defences available to them rest upon the same legal principles, and in general the standard of care and the tests of negligence as against both are substantially the same, — it might occasion no serious practical difficulty to try both cases in one action. But that when, as here, the duties that the two defendants are alleged to have violated are entirely different in character; when they stand in entirely different relations to the plaintiff; when the defences available to them are distinct, and based upon entirely different legal principles,. — the danger of confusing the jury with evidence and instructions applicable to one case and not to the other, and the resulting risk of injustice to the plaintiff or to one or both of the defendants, — constitute a sufficient objection, both theoretical and practical, to the joinder of two such causes of action in a single count of a single declaration; that the objection of duplicity in common-law pleadings, and of multifariousness in equity, applies with equal force to such a misjoinder; and the fact that the plaintiff’s damage is the same in both cases, tends only to increase the confusion.

It is true that the common-law rule for joining tort feasors, when originally formulated, was based upon the conception of concert of action or common design. And it may be tree, as claimed, that this conception resulted from the fact that then almost all of the tort cases were for intentional wrongs. But the rule is not confined to .intentional wrongs, but embraces unintentiohal wrongs as well, for all agree that it embraces eases of wrongful neglect of joint duties. The difference of opinion comes when you have wrongful neglect of separate duties. But even here that difference is not so marked when the duties are similar as it is when they are dissimilar. In the latter case it is more strongly urged that to impose a joint liability would be an unwarrantable departure from the rule. But it cannot be said to be a departure from the rule to apply it to cases involving elements generically the same though specifically different, that is, elements that give you concert of action or common design within the meaning of the rule. Now the rule does not require actual concert as distinguished from passive concert, nor actual community as distinguished from passive community; if it does, the wrongful neglect of joint duties would not be within it, for there you have only passive concert or passive community.

Although in respect of negligent injuries there is considerable conflict of opinion as to what constitutes joint liability, yet we think that the weight of authority as well as the principle of the rule sustain this proposition, namely: that when two owe to another separate duties, though differentiated by the relations they severally sustain to him, but primary and not secondary as between themselves, and each neglects flo perform his duty, with no actual concert of action nor community of design between them, and their neglects concur to produce a single injury that would not have happened without such concurrence, so that each is a proximate and an efficient cause,— the injury may be attributed to either or both of the causes, and each of the wrong-doers is liable for the whole damage, and therefore they may be sued jointly or severally at the election of the party injured.

This proposition is well exemplified by the numerous cases holding that when a passenger on a railroad train is injured by a collision of his train with the train of another road, caused by the concurrent negligence of both roads, the carrier and the non-carrier are jointly liable. Here the duties are different because of the different relation that each road sustains to the passenger; still, as the breach of their duties- concurred in producing the injury, which would not have happened without such concurrence, they are held jointly liable. There are numerous electrical eases essentially like the one at-bar in their facts, in which the same .thing is held. There are, however, cases that hold the other way; but it is unnecessary to refer to the cases on either side, as they arc largely cited in the briefs. Judge Cooley favors this proposition. Cooley, Torts, 3d Ed. 246, 247. And the case in hand comes within it, for by wrongfully neglecting to remedy the dangerous condition complained of, which either could have done, the defendants passively concurred in maintaining and taking the risk of it; and as their neglects in this behalf concurred in producing the plaintiff’s injury, which would not have happened without such concurrence, they passively and by community of wrong participated in its infliction, and therefore are jointly liable for it.

We are not much impressed by the suggestion that the danger of confusing the jury and thereby of doing injustice to some of the parties constitutes a sufficient objection to the joinder, for we do not think that such danger exists to any embarrassing extent. It -is true that some courts lay stress upon that, but the more part take no notice of it.

The sole negligence alleged against the Lighting Company is, that it placed and maintained its wires in the dangerous proximity of twenty-seven inches above the top of the telephone pole on which the plaintiff was working at the time of his injury. The company contends that this alone does not make a case of actionable negligence against it; that the question arises whether the injury was the natural and probable consequence of the negligence alleged, in the sense that a prudent man ought to have foreseen it; that that question cannot be answered in favor of the plaintiff on that allegation, for that the danger comes only when electricity escapes by reason of defective insulation, so that proof of the proximity alleged, without other evidence explaining how the injury occurred, would not be sufficient to show the company guilty of actionable negligence; that the cases uniformly set forth as the proximate cause of injuries arising from the escape of electricity, a defect or break of the insulation, and that no such defect is here alleged; that you cannot answer, res ipsa loquiter, for although it may be an irresistible inference that electricity did escape by reason of improper insulation, yet it does not-follow from that alone that the company is liable, for it may not have been to blame for it, and if it was, the plaintiff may have known of the defect as well as the company; and besides, the declaration excludes any' claim of negligence on the part of the company in respect of defective or improper insulation or in any other respect except only in placing and maintaining its wires in the proximity alleged.

It is undoubtedly an irresistible inference from what is alleged, as counsel seem to think, that electricity did escape by reason of imperfect insulation, for otherwise the plaintiff could not have been burned and injured as alleged; and so the injury speaks for itself to this intent, and is prima facie evidence that the company was to blame for it, and guilty of the negligence alleged. This being so, the fact of imperfect insulation, and the escape of electricity by reason of it, sufficiently appear, the rule being that you need not allege what is necessarily implied in what you do allege. Thus, if a man plead that he is heir to such an one, he need not allege that that one is dead, for that is implied, as no one is heir to the living.

Thus it appears that the proximate cause of the injury, as counsel call it, namely, the escape of electricity by reason of imperfect insulation, is not wanting, as claimed, and that the declaration does not exclude all claim of negligence in respect of it; for the doctrine of res ipsa loquiter is merely a rule of evidence, and when it is evidence of the negligence alleged, the plaintiff is entitled to the benefit of it.

The suggestion that the plaintiff may have known of the imperfect insulation is- no answer to the declaration, for it cannot be said that he did know; and if he did, that alone is not enough, for mere knowledge of a risk does -not necessarily involve consent to the risk, for that- would be saying scienti non fit injuria, whereas the maxim is, volenti non fit injuria, which applies between strangers as well as between master and servant. Hence, the company having, prima facie, violated its duty to the plaintiff, he must have contributed to the accident by his own negligence, or have voluntarily encountered the danger within the meaning of the maxim; and these are questions of fact, as the case is declared upon. Thrussell v. Handyside, 20 Q. B. D. 359; Smith v. Baker, [1891] A. C. 325; Thomas v. Quartermaine, 18 Q. B. D. 685, 698.

The Telephone Company claims that the declaration is bad (1) because it fails to show negligence on its part; (2) because it shows that the plaintiff assumed the risk; and (3) that he was guilty of contributory negligence.

■ The reasons relied upon to sustain the claim of failure to show negligence on its part are summarized as follows: (1) that the duty to provide a reasonably safe place is not absolute, but relative, requiring only reasonable care to provide a reasonably safe place in view of the nature of the business and the circumstances of the case; (2) that the nature of the telephone business, • and the manner in which as a practical matter ■it must be conducted, render it impossible always to avoid the proximity of electric light wires: (3) that the alleged dangerous situation of which the plaintiff complains was not brought about by the company, and does not appear to have been so serious as reasonably to impose upon it the duty of relocating its line; (4) that no lack of warning is relied upon, and it does not appear that warning was not in fact given; (5) .that the danger was so obvious that warning was unnecessary; and (6) that it does not appear that the plaintiff’s work required him to go- within reach of the electric light wires.

But the first two reasons do not show the declaration bad in law. They are only a statement of the character and extent of the company’s duty under the law, and of what should be considered in determining whether in fact it performed that duty.

As to the third reason, although the alleged dangerous situation was not brought about by the company in the sense that it actively participated in creating it; yet, if dangerous, it was as much its duty to remedy it as though it had brought it about in the first place; and that it was dangerous, is shown by the declaration.

As to lack of warning not being relied upon, and its not appearing that warning was not given, it must be borne in mind that the danger complained of is the proximity of the electric wires to the top of the pole; and of that danger, the declaration alleges, the plaintiff was wholly ignorant. This, in effect, is a negation of warning, and a reliance upon lack of warning.

As to whether the danger was so obvious that warning was not necessary, is involved in assumption of risk, and will be considered in that connection.

As to its not appearing that plaintiff’s work required him to go within reach of the electric light wires, it is sufficient to say that the declaration alleges that it was necessary to work at the top of the pole, and this the demurrer admits, and it appears that the top of the pole was within reach of the electric wires. ■

As to the assumption of risk. This was not an ordinary risk, and therefore assumed by the plaintiff, but an extraordinary risk, and therefore not assumed by the plaintiff unless he knew and comprehended it, or it was so plainly observable that he will be taken to have known and comprehended it. The declaration alleges that he did not in fact know it, and the question is whether, in the circumstances alleged, the law will impute knowledge to him. We think it will not. It was the duty of the company to see to it that the electric wires were a safe distance from the pole, and the plaintiff had a right to assume that it had performed that duty, and therefore was not bound to exercise care to find out whether it had or not. Dunbar v. The Central Vt. Railway Co., 79 Vt. 474, 65 Atl. 528.

The case is not like Sias v. The Consolidated Lighting Co., 73 Vt. 35, 50 Atl. 554, for there the duty of inspection rested upon the plaintiff. Nor is it like McKane v. Marr & Gordon, 77 Vt. 7, 58 Atl. 721, for that was a case of equal knowledge'. But here the plaintiff did not know, and was not bound to find out; whereas the company is charged with knowing, because it could have found out by the exercise of proper care. Nor is it like Chisholm against this same company, 176 Mass. 125, on which so much reliance is placed, for there the dangerous condition was not due to the defendant’s fault, while here it was.. Nor yet is it like Anderson v. Inland Telephone & Telegraph Co., 19 Wash. 575, 7 Am. Elect. Cas. 725, to which reference is made, for there the risk was regarded as ordinary, .and therefore assumed by the plaintiff; while here it is regarded as extraordinary, ' and therefore not assumed by the plaintiff. Nor like Carr v. Manchester Electric Co. and Union Electric Co., 70 N. H. 308, 7 Am. Elect. Cas. 746, for there the plaintiff knew the risk, and therefore was held to have assumed it.

The case is more like Morrisette v. Canadian Pacific R. R. Co., 74 Vt. 232, 52 Atl. 520. There the plaintiff was swept from the side of a moving freight ear by a switch standing near the track. It was contended that the danger was so obvious that he assumed the risk. It appeared that he had worked for the defendant several years as brakeman on different parts of the line, and for several months next before the accident, on the part where it happened, and was acquainted with the sidings there, and knew the location of the switch, and had operated it several times. He had never passed it before on the side of a ear, and had never been told and did not know that it was near enough to the track to sweep one from the side of a car. He had never staid by the switch when a car passed it, and had always found the other switches on the road safe. The court said that although the switch was dangerous only because of its proximity to the track, yet it was impossible to say as matter of law that the danger could be seen and comprehended by mere observation, unaided by measurement, seeing a car pass, or some such thing; that if it could' have been, it was fair to assume that some one whose business it was would have discovered and remedied it, for the switch had stood there several years.

So here, much the same thing can be said, for it does not appear that the plaintiff ever worked upon the pole before, or ever saw any one work upon it, or ever was upon it for any purpose; and he never was told, and did not know, that it was in dangerous proximity to the electric wires. We hold, therefore, here as there, that in the circumstances alleged, the danger was not so plainly observable that the law will say that he knew and comprehended it. Obviously, fair-minded men might differ about it. Hence, it must go to the jury.

It is equally clear that it cannot be said as matter of law that the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence. That, also, must go to the jury. It is not necessary for present purposes to inquire whether there is any difference between assumption of risk and contributory negligence.

Judgment affirmed and cause remanded.