70 Mass. App. Ct. 285 | Mass. App. Ct. | 2007
Lead Opinion
A seventeen year old student at Milton Academy, a private school (school), was expelled by the school and charged criminally with statutory rape for receiving oral sex from a fifteen year old female student. Four other boys involved in the same incident, which occurred in the boys’ locker room on the school campus, were also expelled and prosecuted, either as juveniles or adults, depending on their ages. The incident was reported in the newspapers and commented upon publicly by the school. The seventeen year old student and his parents
Background. The plaintiffs’ complaint asserts the following facts. The school is a private college-preparatory school occupying a 125-acre campus. Admission is selective. The school admits boys and girls in kindergarten through grade twelve and offers boarding for students in the upper school (grades nine through twelve). The upper school has approximately 680 students. Tuition for the upper school for the academic year 2004-2005 was $25,675 for day students and $32,725 for boarders. The plaintiff was an upper school day student.
In terms of student conduct, the plaintiffs allege that the handbook provides “that students must keep the school accurately informed of their whereabouts at all times when under the school’s jurisdiction.” Specific policies govern dormitory room visitation between students of opposite sexes. Alcohol and drug use is prohibited, as are unchaperoned parties. The complaint alleges, however, that “[sjtudents in grades 9 through 12 — over and under 16 years old, day students and boarding students — freely and regularly had sex ... on campus.”
In terms of student discipline, the complaint alleges that “[t]he Handbook also outlines a fairly detailed and well-developed disciplinary process, which includes the use of a Discipline Committee.” Although “the head of school reserves the right to determine a disciplinary response without a Discipline Committee, the Handbook indicates that the power is generally used only where there is an immediate threat to another or to the school’s property.” Finally, the handbook states that “[w]e expect the cooperation of parents in upholding our standards. We believe that parents and the Academy share the task of establishing the right balance of freedom and responsibility, realistically and consistently, for young people.” With this background, we turn to the incident at issue.
After dinner on January 24, 2005, the student and a group of his hockey teammates used a pass code to enter the boys’ locker room. They were accompanied by the fifteen year old girl, who was also a student at the school. According to the complaint, she was “known by the boys to have performed oral sex on small groups of boys on . . . two prior occasions.” In the locker room, she performed oral sex on each of the boys.
School administrators learned of the incident several weeks later and on February 15 or 16, 2005, spoke to the girl involved. No details of this meeting appear on the record, but the girl apparently described the January 24 incident and disclosed the
The next morning, February 17, 2005, the student and the other four boys involved in the January 24 incident were called out of class and brought to separate rooms. The student was questioned by the school’s director of admissions and the assistant dean of students, who also told him to produce a written statement.
After the student wrote his statement, the assistant dean of students then advised him to call his parents. The student did so. The student’s mother promptly telephoned the assistant dean of students, who told the student’s mother that she “did not think [the January 24 incident] would warrant any discipline.” The student’s father spoke to the dean of students later that day, who told him that it was possible that the student would be expelled.
The following day, February 18, the dean of students informed the student that he had been expelled.
By the next day, February 19, the school had released a prepared statement to the press.
As excerpted in the complaint, the February 22 letter referenced the expected standards of behavior as set out in the handbook:
“As a community we have, as the handbook says, developed certain standards of conduct fundamental to the education the School provides. We believe that it is incumbent on all of us to hold ourselves to the highest standards, both as members of the community and citizens of a larger world. This behavior, which clearly violates community norms, is simply unacceptable at Milton Academy.
“Furthermore, our handbook states that students are expected to uphold the rights and well being of others. Therefore, impinging on the well being of others is an unacceptable breach of this value.”
The February 22 letter explained that those standards had not been met here:
“Milton Academy cannot tolerate situations in which any individual, regardless of gender, is pressured, consciously or unconsciously to perform sexual acts. The boys participated in a situation that involved a 5 to 1 ratio of boys to the single girl. That by definition represents a pressurized situation, which the boys should have known. It was a situation where coercion, implicit or explicit, was an element of the interaction.”
In her March 3 letter to parents, Robertson provided further information to the school community “about a short and unfortunate pattern of behavior by a small group of students”:
“The pattern that ended on January 24 involved two other meetings: four students met on Saturday, January 22, and four met on Sunday, January 23. The first meeting took place in the early evening in a dormitory room; the others took place in the locked locker room in the short interim period between dinner and study hours. The students who participated are those we have already disciplined.”
In January of 2006, the plaintiffs brought the instant suit against the school and Robertson, alleging negligence, breach of contract, breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, violation of G. L. c. 93A, § 9, defamation, and negligent and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Both defendants moved to dismiss, alleging that the plaintiffs’ complaint failed to state a claim on which relief could be granted, Mass.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6), and failed to comply with the requirements of Mass. R.Civ.P. 8. On August 30, 2006, a judge of the Superior Court allowed the defendants’ motions and dismissed the plaintiffs’ complaint, further ordering that the defendants should recover their costs of action. The plaintiffs appeal.
Discussion. In reviewing the dismissal of claims pursuant to Mass.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6), we accept the plaintiffs’ factual allegations as true. “However, we do not accept legal conclusions cast in the form of factual allegations.” Schaer v. Brandeis Univ., 432 Mass. 474, 477 (2000). On appeal, the plaintiffs do not pursue the dismissal of their claims pursuant to G. L. c. 93A, or for negligent or intentional infliction of emotional distress. We address in turn the merits of their remaining claims on appeal.
1. Negligence. The plaintiffs claim that the school and Robertson owed a duty to the student “to use reasonable care to protect [him] while he was on school property or under the school’s jurisdiction, control and care.” The plaintiffs argue that the defendants breached this duty by inadequately supervising school students and the boys’ locker room, failing to advise students of any prohibitions on sexual acts on campus or the criminal laws governing statutory rape, and by questioning the student and
The Supreme Judicial Court has addressed the duty of care owed by private educational institutions to students in Mullins v. Pine Manor College, 389 Mass. 47 (1983) (Mullins). In that case, a student who was raped on campus by an unidentified intruder sued the school for negligence. The court derived a duty of due care from “existing social values and customs,” id. at 51, quoting from Schofield v. Merrill, 386 Mass. 244, 247 (1982), and a “duty voluntarily assumed” by the college. Id. at 52. It determined that “colleges of ordinary prudence customarily” recognize an obligation to provide security and protection from harm for students on their campuses. Id. at 51. The court thus held that the college had a duty of care to protect its resident students against reasonably foreseeable criminal acts of third parties. Id. at 54.
The plaintiffs contend that the principles articulated in Mullins, and the in loco parentis doctrine more generally, provide a cause of action for them. We disagree. In Mullins, the plaintiff was the victim, not the perpetrator, of a rape. The opposite is true here as matter of law. A seventeen year old who receives oral sex from a fifteen year old has committed statutory rape in this Commonwealth. G. L. c. 265, § 23. See Commonwealth v. Dunne, 394 Mass. 10, 19 n.17 (1985) (“The law conclusively presumes that those under sixteen years of age are not sufficiently mature to understand fully the physical, mental, and emotional consequences of sexual intercourse, and are therefore incapable of making a rational decision about whether to consent to such conduct”). Our statutory rape law provides for punishment, not protection, for a seventeen year old for this conduct. Our “social values and customs” also particularly condemn the group sexual activity here, involving five boys and one younger girl.
Nor does the law recognize a general duty on the part of a private school to advise a student to speak to his parents or a lawyer prior to questioning him about a sexual offense and having him prepare a written statement. A private educational institution is “not required to adhere to the standards of due process guaranteed to criminal defendants . . . .” Schaer v. Brandeis Univ., 432 Mass. at 482. See Commonwealth v. Considine, 448 Mass. 295, 300-301 (2007) (searches by private school teachers uncovering drugs and alcohol not governed by protections afforded by Fourth Amendment to United States Constitution as private high school teachers were not acting as State agents). Indeed, absent a contractual commitment to the contrary, schools “have wide discretion in school discipline matters,” as discipline is inevitably a part of the education process. Nicholas B. v. School Comm. of Worcester, 412 Mass. 20, 21 (1992). See Coveney v. President & Trustees of the College of the Holy Cross, 388 Mass. 16, 19-20 (1983). We therefore conclude that the school did not violate a duty of care when it investigated and documented, without the involvement of the student’s parents or counsel, the sexual misconduct that occurred at the school. Not involving the parents or counsel in the investigation was a disciplinary decision, made within the private school’s “wide discretion,” as was the decision to expel the student. Nicholas B. v. School Comm. of Worcester, supra. See Coveney v. President & Trustees of the College of the Holy Cross, supra at 20 (expulsion of student permissible even when other student involved in episode received lesser punishment).
Finally, the school was not responsible in tort for the criminal consequences of the student’s actions or the criminal investigation or prosecution that followed the school’s internal review, as the plaintiffs seem to allege here. The student’s actions and the criminal law defined the criminal consequences; the police and prosecutors, not the school, were responsible for the criminal investigation and prosecution. This was true regardless whether the written statements taken by the school furthered the criminal investigation and prosecution. See generally Flesner v. Techni
2. Breach of contract. The plaintiffs next argue that the school made “promises and representations, express and implied,” that constitute a contract between the school and the plaintiffs.
The Supreme Judicial Court established the standards for interpreting contract claims based on school handbooks in Schaer v. Brandeis Univ., 432 Mass. at 478-481. Although that case involved a university’s handbook, we believe that the same methodology is properly applied to a private, college-preparatory school’s handbook. We therefore employ “the standard of ‘reasonable expectation — what meaning the party making the manifestation, the [school], should reasonably expect the other party to give it.’ ” Id. at 478, quoting from Cloud v. Trustees of Boston Univ., 720 F.2d 721, 724 (1st Cir. 1983). Moreover, as is ordinarily the case, “[t]he interpretation of the contract itself generally presents a question of law for the court. . . . Whether or not a contract is ambiguous is also a question of law for the court.” Berkowitz v. President & Fellows of Harvard College, 58 Mass. App. Ct. 262, 270 (2003).
Our task is made more difficult here by the failure of the parties to include the handbook in the record. The plaintiffs provide only scattered extracts from the handbook, often presented in paraphrases. Although we are reviewing under a rule 12(b)(6) standard, “we do not accept legal conclusions cast in the form of factual allegations.” Schaer v. Brandeis Univ., supra at 477.
All that being said, the provisions that are quoted and paraphrased by the plaintiffs do not in and of themselves or together as a whole create any reasonable expectations that have been violated by the school. Specifically, the plaintiffs reference a handbook provision stating that “the school does not approve of unchaperoned parties or parties where alcohol/drug use is permitted, and will not allow students under its jurisdiction to attend such parties.” They also rely on a provision that states “that students must keep the school accurately informed of their whereabouts at all time when under the school’s jurisdiction.” The plaintiffs interpret these provisions to combine to constitute
The handbook provisions speak for themselves. The “reasonable expectations” that they create have not been violated by the school in the instant case. The incident involved here was not an unchaperoned party that the school allowed to occur. This was not an on-campus beer party knowingly condoned by the school. The five boys, accompanied by the girl, used a pass code to enter the boys’ locker room in the evening and engaged in behavior that they undoubtedly understood was not acceptable to school officials. See generally Nicholas B. v. School Comm. of Worcester, 412 Mass. at 22 (no advisory rule required for “unquestionably improper” conduct). The students, not the school, were in violation of the handbook.
The plaintiffs also claim that the school violated the disciplinary process articulated in the handbook. The plaintiffs argue first that the school should have convened a discipline committee and not acted through the head of school’s reserved right to determine a disciplinary response herself. Although the plaintiffs characterize the reserved right as “generally” being used for immediate threats to person or property, even the plaintiffs’ description of the provision allows for its use in other circumstances. Given the sensitivity of the issues, the number of students involved, the possibility of subsequent criminal prosecutions, and the important implications for the school community as a whole, it is neither surprising nor problematic that the head of school exercised her express right to take over the discipline process herself.
The plaintiffs also suggest that the disciplinary process here violated the handbook because the student was not advised to consult his parents or counsel prior to being questioned about his conduct. The handbook provisions referencing parental involvement do not preclude such questioning. The school’s statement that it expects the cooperation of parents in upholding its standards does not contain a prohibition against questioning upper school students about serious misconduct before notifying their parents. The same is true for the provision discussing how “parents and
Finally, we examine the disciplinary process to “ensure that it was conducted with basic fairness.” Schaer v. Brandeis Univ., supra at 481, quoting from Cloud v. Trustees of Boston Univ., 720 F.2d at 725. A private school may not arbitrarily or capriciously dismiss a student or do so in bad faith. Coveney v. President & Trustees of the College of the Holy Cross, 388 Mass. at 19. The expulsion of the seventeen year old student was, however, for serious sexual misconduct involving a younger student. The student was given an opportunity to explain his behavior. Both of his parents were informed of the proceedings shortly thereafter. The four other boys involved in the incident were treated similarly in the proceedings and likewise expelled.
3. Defamation. The plaintiffs next argue that the school made false and defamatory statements of and concerning the student, both in its interactions with the press and in Robertson’s written communications to the school community.
To prevail on a defamation claim, a plaintiff must “establish that the defendants published a false statement about him to a third party that either caused him economic loss or was of the type that is actionable without proof of economic loss” (footnote omitted). Phelan v. May Dept. Stores Co., 443 Mass. 52, 55-56
“Milton Academy cannot tolerate situations in which any individual, regardless of gender, is pressured, consciously or unconsciously to perform sexual acts. The boys participated in a situation that involved a 5 to 1 ratio of boys to the single girl. That by definition represents a pressurized situation, which the boys should have known. It was a situation where coercion, either implicit or explicit, was an element of the interaction.”
The plaintiffs contend that this statement was defamatory because it could be reasonably interpreted to mean that the boys had done something that “coerced or pressured the girl into performing sexual acts.”
To determine whether the statements regarding pressure or coercion are defamatory, we must decide whether they are statements of fact or opinion, or a combination of both. This determination, which is “generally considered a question of law,” is critical. Cole v. Westinghouse Bdcst. Co., 386 Mass. 303, 309, cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1037 (1982). See Friedman v. Boston Broadcasters, Inc., 402 Mass. 376, 379 (1988), quoting from King v. Globe Newspaper Co., 400 Mass. 705, 709 (1987), cert. denied, 485 U.S. 940 & 962 (1988) (“The determination whether a statement is a factual assertion or an opinion is a question of law if the statement unambiguously constitutes either”). Statements of fact may be actionable, but “pure opinions” are not. King v. Globe Newspaper Co., supra at 708. See Friedman v. Boston Broadcasters, Inc., supra; Cole v. Westinghouse Bdcst. Co., supra at 312.
Opinions are, however, rarely “pure” of facts. We therefore draw distinctions between opinions as well. Opinions clearly based on disclosed, nondefamatory facts are not actionable. See, e.g., Pritsker v. Brudnoy, 389 Mass. 776, 780 (1983); Aldoupo-
“In deciding whether statements can be understood reasonably as fact or opinion ‘the test to be applied . . . requires that the court examine the statement in its totality in the context in which it was uttered or published. The court must consider all the words used, not merely a particular phrase or sentence. In addition, the court must give weight to cautionary terms used by the person publishing the statement. Finally, the court must consider all of the circumstances surrounding the statement, including the medium by which the statement is disseminated and the audience to which it is published.’ ” Cole v. Westinghouse Bdcst. Co., supra at 309, quoting from Information Control Corp. v. Genesis One Computer Corp., 611 F.2d 781, 784 (9th Cir. 1980).
We conclude that the school’s statements regarding whether there was pressure or coercion are opinions clearly based on disclosed nondefamatory facts. The accurate factual basis for the discussion is set out in the second sentence of Robinson’s statement: “The boys participated in a situation that involved a 5 to 1 ratio of boys to the single girl.” The school’s statement that sexual relations in these circumstances “by definition represents a pressurized situation, which the boys should have known” follows in the next sentence. The use of the terms “by definition” demonstrates that the school is expressing an opinion about what it means by pressure based on these facts alone. The use of the phrase “should have known” is further proof that the school is expressing its opinion rather than stating an undisclosed fact about the boys. The last sentence is tightly linked to those preceding it, particularly in its continued emphasis on the “situation.” In sum, “[t]he logical nexus between the facts and the opinion was sufficiently apparent to render unreasonable any inference that ‘the derogatory opinion must have been based on
The plaintiffs also claim defamation based on the following statement from Robinson’s March 3 letter: “Initially, we thought we were dealing with one event, but after two weeks of following up we now understand that what transpired was a short and unfortunate pattern of behavior by a small group of students. The pattern that ended on January 24 involved two other meetings: four students met on Saturday, January 22, and four met on Sunday, January 23. . . . The students who participated are those we have already disciplined.” The plaintiffs contend that the student was defamed by this statement because he was not involved in the January 22 and January 23 encounters, and this statement falsely implied that he was.
“To succeed ... on an action for defamation, a plaintiff must. . . show that the alleged defamatory statement published by the defendant was ‘of and concerning’ the plaintiff.” Eyal v. Helen Bdcst. Corp., 411 Mass. 426, 429 (1991). This can be done in two ways: “either that the defendant intended its words to refer to the plaintiff and that they were so understood, or that the defendant’s words reasonably could be interpreted to refer to the plaintiff and that the defendant was negligent in publishing them in such a way that they could be so understood.” Id. at 430, quoting from New England Tractor-Trailer Training of Conn., Inc. v. Globe Newspaper Co., 395 Mass. 471, 483 (1985).
The student in the instant case is not mentioned by name in the March 3 communication. Compare Reilly v. Associated Press, 59 Mass. App. Ct. 764, 777 (2003) (defamatory statement could be found to be “of and concerning” plaintiff, who was “only person identified in the article”). In addition, the stated facts regarding the January 22 and January 23 incidents have not been alleged to be inaccurate. The school listed the number of participants in each incident so that it is clear that not every boy involved in the January 24 incident participated in the earlier incidents. In
4. Failure to comply with Mass.R.Civ.P. 8. Finally, the plaintiffs allege that the Superior Court judge misapplied the law in dismissing the plaintiffs’ complaint for failure to comply with Mass.R.Civ.P. 8(a). Although the rule 8 decision is unessential in light of the rule 12(b)(6) decision, we discern no error here as the complaint shares many of the shortcomings identified in Schaer v. Brandeis Univ., 432 Mass. at 477, where the court noted that the judge could have dismissed the complaint pursuant to Mass.R.Civ.P. 8(a).
The complaint in Schaer v. Brandeis Univ., supra, was “anything but short and plain” as it “sends 125 paragraphs sprawling over thirty-four pages,” while the complaint here spans thirty-three pages and includes 126 paragraphs. The complaint here is also “so verbose and confusing that it fails to give the defendants ‘fair notice of what the plaintiffs [claims are] and the grounds upon which [they rest].’ ” Mmoe v. Commonwealth, 393 Mass. 617, 621 (1985), quoting from Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47 (1957). It is very difficult to link particular factual allegations to particular claims, as each count is sketchily described and cross-referenced with all previous and subsequent paragraphs. See Schaer v. Brandéis Univ., supra (“Each of the seven counts incorporates paragraphs one through 108 in their entirety”). Much of the complaint is also irrelevant, making this task even more difficult.
In sum, we discern no error in the judge’s conclusion that the complaint “fails adequately to inform the defendants of the precise nature of the claims against them, and the grounds therefor.” See Mass.R.Civ.P. 8(a)(1), (e)(1); Schaer v. Brandeis Univ., supra.
Judgment affirmed.
We shall refer in the text to the plaintiff-student as the student, and to the student and his parents collectively as the plaintiffs.
The other boys were also questioned and told to prepare written statements.
The student’s parents hired school faculty to tutor him for the remainder of the school year.
The plaintiffs’ complaint does not specify whether this news release was issued proactively or in response to media inquiries. The first article on the
The school fairly described the behavior as a violation of “community norms.”
Nor does the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing so require.
The decision to treat the fifteen year old female student very differently is not arbitrary and capricious for the reasons stated throughout this decision.
In drawing the distinction, we focus on whether the assertion can be proved false. Friedman, supra at 381-382. Reilly v. Associated Press, 59 Mass. App. Ct. 764, 769 (2003). Opinions are usually based on far more subjective judgments than ordinary facts. “An assertion that cannot be proved false cannot be held libellous.” Cole, supra at 312, quoting from Hotchner v. Castillo-Puche, 551 F.2d 910, 913 (2d Cir.), cert. denied sub nom. Hotchner v. Doubleday & Co., 434 U.S. 834 (1977).
Concurrence in Part
(concurring in part and dissenting in part). I agree with the court that the judge properly dismissed the claims for breach of contract, breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and defamation, but disagree as to the negligence claim and dismissal under Mass.R.Civ.P. 8(a)(1), (e)(1), 365 Mass. 749 (1974), for failure of pleading precision.
1. Background.
2. Compliance with Mass.R.Civ.P. 8. The complaint in this
Massachusetts courts have consistently held that “[t]he rules of civil procedure were designed to facilitate pleading and to eliminate technicalities.” Friedman v. Jablonski, 371 Mass. 482, 488 (1976). Furthermore, when the complaint contains “excessively adjectival allegations,” Charbonnier v. Amico, 367 Mass. 146, 147 (1975), the spirit and tradition of the rules of procedure favor giving “the plaintiffs an opportunity to reffame their complaint” instead of a dismissal. Id. at 153-154.
Despite the complaint’s length and unnecessary editorial comment, it fairly notified the defendants of the claims against them and the grounds supporting those claims, and thus, in my view, it was error to dismiss the complaint under rule 8. “[D]is-missals on the basis of pleadings, before facts have been found, are discouraged.” Gennari v. Revere, 23 Mass. App. Ct. 979, 979 (1987). See Afarian v. Massachusetts Elec. Co., 449 Mass. 257, 269 (2007), quoting from Castellucci v. United States Fid. & Guar. Co., 372 Mass. 288, 289 (1977) (“[T]he expressed tendency is in favor of allowing amendments”).
3. Negligence.
It is settled that the question whether the defendants acted reasonably “is one of fact for the jury,” Zezuski v. Jenny Mfg. Co., 363 Mass. 324, 327 (1973), while the question of “whether there is a duty to be careful is a question of law.” Yakubowicz v. Paramount Pictures Corp., 404 Mass. 624, 629 (1989). In this case, the judge noted that schools have a general duty to protect their students from foreseeable harm, but commented that no case law supports the plaintiffs’ assertion that the interrogation incident violated any recognized duty the school had to the plaintiffs. Other than a passing reference to Mullins v. Pine Manor College, 389 Mass. 47 (1983) (Mullins), the judge cited no case law eviscerating the school’s general duty to the plaintiff student. The defendants argue that Mullins does not support the
According to well established principles of tort law, “everyone has a duty to refrain from affirmative acts that unreasonably expose others to a risk of harm.” Yakubowicz v. Paramount Pictures Corp., 404 Mass. at 629. See Restatement (Second) of Torts § 302 comment a (1965) (“[A]nyone who does an affirmative act is under a duty to others to exercise the care of a reasonable man to protect them against an unreasonable risk of harm to them arising out of the act”). In this case, the school took multiple affirmative acts in the interrogation incident, and tort law clearly mandates that in performing these acts the school had a duty to exercise reasonable care.
Furthermore, Massachusetts case law supports the notion that
I would reverse the judgment insofar as it dismissed the complaint on the basis of a rule 8 violation, and on the negligence count. I concur in the court’s opinion in all other respects.
In assessing the plaintiffs’ claims on a motion to dismiss, the plaintiffs receive the benefit of the doubt. Wrightson v. Spaulding, 20 Mass. App. Ct. 70, 72 (1985). A motion under Mass.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6), 365 Mass. 754 (1974), admits, for purposes of the motion, all well-pleaded allegations of the complaint, and the court must also accept as true such inferences as may be drawn from the complaint in the plaintiffs’ favor. See Jones v. Brockton Pub. Mkts. Inc., 369 Mass. 387, 388 (1975); Curran v. Boston Police Patrolmen’s Assn., Inc., 4 Mass. App. Ct. 40, 41 (1976). These generous and indulgent criteria are comprehensively reiterated in Brum v. Dartmouth, 44 Mass. App. Ct. 318, 321 (1998), S.C., 428 Mass. 684 (1999).
Under Massachusetts law, a minor is defined as “any person under eighteen years of age.” G. L. c. 4, § 7.
According to the complaint, the parents live less than a mile from the school. Furthermore, the parents’ home and work contact information is printed in the school’s directory. No one from the school attempted to contact the parents or alert them of the situation.
I concur with the court in all aspects of the negligence claim other than the interrogation incident.
The defendants suggest that Schaer v. Brandeis Univ., 48 Mass. App. Ct. 23, 30 (1999), S.C., 432 Mass. 474 (2000), contradicts the plaintiffs’ negligence claims. I disagree. Among other things, the Schaer case involved a university’s relationship with its student, and in contrast, the student here is in high school. Further, the claim in that case is based in contract.
The more recent case of Commonwealth v. Considine, 448 Mass. 295 (2007), is similarly unpersuasive. That case addresses a completely different question as to grounds for suppression of evidence in a criminal case, and essentially holds that the actions of parent-chaperones and private school employees are not actions that are within the protection of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Id. at 298-299.
I do not agree with the court’s articulation of the plaintiffs’ complaint as it pertains to the interrogation incident.
The judge performed no analysis under traditional tort law, nor under the recent cases of the Supreme Judicial Court which iterate criteria for determining the existence of a duty.
“The concept of duty ... is not sacrosanct in itself, but is only an expression of the sum total of . . . considerations of policy which lead the law to say that the plaintiff is entitled to protection. ... No better general statement can be made than that the courts will find a duty where, in general, reasonable persons would recognize it and agree that it exists. The assertion that liability must ... be denied because defendant bears no duty to plaintiff begs the essential question — whether the plaintiff’s interests are entitled to legal protection against the defendant’s conduct. [A] duty finds its source in existing social values and customs, and thus imposition of a duty generally responds to changed social conditions.”
Afarian v. Massachusetts Elec. Co., 449 Mass. at 261-262, quoting from Jupin v. Kask, 447 Mass. 141, 146 (2006) (citations omitted).
Thoughtful analysis is, in my view, especially necessary when volatile issues involving sex, power, criminal violations, and outrageous behavior are components of the relationship between a secondary school and its minor student.
In this regard, I disagree with the court’s contention that it cannot be a tort to provide assistance in a criminal investigation. While the law and established public policy support cooperation with law enforcement authorities, they do not support illicit methods, coercion of minors, or breach of duty. And while the protections of the State and Federal Constitutions against coerced confessions are not directly applicable here, the societal abhorrence of such coercion
Furthermore, notwithstanding the school’s duty to report the sexual abuse to the Department of Social Services under G. L. c. 119, § 51 A, I am of the view that the plaintiffs have sufficiently alleged harm to at least pass muster on a motion to dismiss under rule 12(b)(6). The significance of a signed confession in a criminal investigation and prosecutorial decision is, in my view, unquestionably relevant to the issue of harm.
See, e.g., G. L. c. 10, § 34 (payment of prize money to minors); G. L. c. 278, § 16A (exclusion of public from trial for sex offenses involving minors under age of eighteen); Commonwealth v. A Juvenile, 389 Mass. 128, 132 (1983) (reiterating that Massachusetts courts have long recognized that minors are afforded a “unique and protected status” and thus “the law presumes different levels of responsibility for juveniles and adults”); Carey’s Case, 66 Mass. App. Ct. 749, 754 (2006) (explaining the special protections afforded to minor employees under G. L. c. 149).
Notwithstanding dicta in Mullins, 389 Mass. at 52, noting a general decline of the theory that a college stands in loco parentis, the doctrine is relevant to this case and in my view supports the plaintiffs’ duty argument. Compare Commonwealth v. A Juvenile, 389 Mass. at 134 (with child age fourteen or over, the “assumption that an informed parent, or person standing in loco parentis, will be better able to understand the child’s rights” better than the child would alone); Commonwealth v. Alfonso A., 438 Mass. 372, 383 (2003) (adult with whom a suspect underage fourteen consults about waiver of rights must “be someone with a relationship with the juvenile who ‘is sufficiently interested in the juvenile’s welfare to afford the juvenile appropriate protection’ ”).