Drew v. DrakeDrew v. Drake
- Reporters:
- , ,
- Before:
- Christian
Lead Opinion
Pat Drew appeals from a judgment on demurrer, dismissing for failure to state a cause of action, a complaint against respondents William Drake and Sharon Drake for negligent infliction of emotional distress. The complaint also purported to state a cause of action for wrongful death; appellant does not challenge the judgment insofar as it dismissed that cause оf action.
Appellant alleged that she and Eugene Maillet had lived together as “de facto spouses” continuously for thrеe years and that appellant had suffered emotional distress when she witnessed the killing of Eugene Maiflet in a vehicular collision caused by respondents’ negligence. Respondents demurred, asserting that the complaint did not pass the three-part test of foreseeability established by the California Supreme Court in Dillon v. Legg (1968) 68 Cal.2d 728 [69 Cal.Rptr. 72, 441 P.2d 912, 29 A.L.R.3d 1316]: “(1) Whether plaintiff was located near the scene of the accident as contrasted with one who was a distance away from it. (2) Whether the shock resulted from a direct emotional impact upon plaintiff from the sensory and contemporaneous observance of the accident, as contrasted with learning of the accident from others after its occurrence. (3) Whether plaintiff and the victim were closely related, as сontrasted with an absence of any relationship or the presence of only a distant relationship.” (68 Cal.2d at pp. 740-741.)
Emotional distress to a spouse (Krouse v. Graham (1977) 19 Cal.3d 59 [137 Cal.Rptr. 863, 562 P.2d 1022]) or a parent (Archibald v. Braverman (1969) 275 Cal.App.2d 253 [79 Cal.Rptr. 723]) witnessing an injury to spouse or child meets the Dillon test bеcause it is reasonably foreseeable that a person standing in such close relationship to the injured person may bе present and suffer intense distress. No reported decision extends the “close relationship” guideline to include friends or housеmates. It has nevertheless been argued that the alleged relationship of housemates might be regarded, at least for the рurposes of withstanding a demurrer, as a close relationship. But the Supreme Court used the term “close relationship” as a limitаtion of potential liability in the context of parent and child. To allow persons standing in a “meaningful relationship” (to use a сontemporary colloquialism) to recover for emotional distress resulting in physical injury would abandon the Dillon requirement that “[t]he courts.. .mark out the areas of liability, excluding the remote and unexpected.” (68 Cal.2d at p. 741.)
The judgment is affirmed.
Caldecott, P. J., concurred.
Dissenting Opinion
On the question of what constitutes a close relationship, the court today draws a bright line distinction between those persons formally married and those not. In particular, a person living with another for three years without benefit of clergy is precluded as a matter of law from recovering for the emotional distress suffered from witnessing the killing of her “de facto” spouse.
Foreseeability оf the risk is the issue. The formula for resolution given by the California Supreme Court in Dillon v. Legg (1968) 68 Cal.2d 728 [69 Cal.Rptr. 72, 441 P.2d 912, 29 A.L.R.3d 1316] contains only three elements, two of which the plaintiff undeniably satisfies because her emotional shock resulted from actually observing the fatal accident. Factor three is the only concern: whether the plaintiff and the victim were “closely related, as contrasted with the absence of any relаtionship or the presence of only a distant relationship.” The court affirms the judgment of dismissal following the sustaining of a general demurrer because it finds no ‘family relationship” (italics added) between plaintiff and decedent. In effect the third guideline has been rewrittеn to require a formal marriage relationship. We are told that unchurched male/female relationships cannot be close and that the tortfeasor could
Giving full credit to the rarified air at the appellate level the conclusion reached here today is nevertheless astonishing: my majority colleagues have determined the incidence of cohabitation without benefit оf clergy in contemporary California society to be so rare that it can be characterized as “unexpected and remote.”1
I do not believe that this no marriage-no recovery rule is what the California Supreme Court meant when it orderеd the courts of this state to carefully analyze on a case-by-case basis what the ordinary person should have foresеen. (Dillon v. Legg, supra.)
This insistence on adherence to an older morality as the key to the courtroom was discarded shortly after the clоse of the Spanish Inquisition and is clearly not the law of this state. (Dillon v. Legg, supra; Marvin v. Marvin, supra, 18 Cal.3d 660; Mobaldi v. Regents of University of California (1976) 55 Cal.App.3d 573 [127 Cal.Rptr. 720].)2
I would reverse the judgment to allow a jury to determine whether and to what extent emotional trauma occurred.
Appellant’s petition for a hearing by the Supreme Court was denied November 19, 1980. Bird, C. J., and Newman, J., were of the opinion that the petition should be granted.
Notes
For evidence to the contrary which at least precludes the judicial notice the majority takes see footnote 1 in Marvin v. Marvin (1976) 18 Cal.3d 660, 665 [134 Cal.Rptr. 815, 557 P.2d 106]: ‘“The 1970 census figures indicate that today perhaps eight times аs many couples are living together without being married as cohabited ten years ago.’ (Comment, In re Cary: A Judicial Recognition of Illicit Cohabitation (1974) 25 Hastings L.J. 1226.)”
Mobaldi is not distinguishable, as the majority oрinion suggests, on the basis that the doctor there was aware of the relationship. Justice Thompson’s opinion so recognizes in that he refers to this as merely a buttress to the extensively developed foreseeability rationale. (Id., at P. 582.) The point is driven home elsewhere in the opinion: “‘[Reasonable foreseeability does not turn on whether the particular [defendant] would have in actuality foreseen the exact accident or loss; it contemplates that courts, on a case-to-case basis, analyzing all the circumstances, will decide what the ordinary man under such circumstances should reasonably have foreseen.’” (Id, at P. 581.)