Lead Opinion
In this first-party no-fault insurance action, defendant appeals as of right the trial court’s order granting plaintiffs motion for summary disposition regarding liability. We affirm.
I. FACTS
Flaintiff filed this action for no-fault benefits under his automobile insurance coverage with defendant insurer after he was injured in an accident involving a grain delivery truck. On May 31, 2002, Thomas Lee Passmore, a delivery truck driver for Litchfield Grain Company, arrived to deliver animal feed at a farm where plaintiff was employed. Passmore backed the truck up to a silo and activated the truck’s auger system to unload the feed. Passmore realized that the feed was not dropping onto the auger system, which had apparently become clogged. Plaintiff was assisting Passmore in unclogging the truck’s auger system when he was injured. As plaintiff reached through an inspection door on the truck to clean the animal feed from the augers, Passmore activated the augers without warning, apparently unintentionally. Plaintiff lost his right index finger and a portion of his right middle finger.
The trial court granted plaintiffs motion for summary disposition on the issue of liability. The court found that plaintiffs injuries were covered under the no-fault act, MCL 500.3101 et seq., pursuant to the parked-vehicle exceptions, MCL 500.3106(1). Defendant contends that the trial court erred in granting summary disposition to plaintiff.
II. STANDARD OP REVIEW
We review de novo a trial court’s grant or denial of summary disposition under MCR 2.116(0(10). Veenstra v Washtenaw Country Club,
III. ANALYSIS
Defendant argues that plaintiffs injury is not covered by the no-fault act because it did not arise out of the use of a motor vehicle “as a motor vehicle.” MCL 500.3105(1). We disagree. The starting point for our analysis under the no-fault act is MCL 500.3105(1). Rice v Auto Club Ins Ass’n,
Under personal protection insurance an insurer is liable to pay benefits for accidental bodily injury arising out of the ownership, operation, maintenance or use of a motor vehicle as a motor vehicle, subject to the provisions of this chapter. [Emphasis added.]
Under § 3105(1), the analysis for determining whether no-fault benefits are available involves two broad steps. Rice, supra at 33. First, it is necessary to determine “whether the injury at issue is covered,” i.e., whether it is “accidental,” “bodily,” and “aris[es] out of the ownership, operation, maintenance or use of a motor vehicle as a motor vehicle.” Id. Second, it is necessary to determine whether the injury is excluded under other provisions in the no-fault act and whether an exception to an exclusion would save the claim. Id.
In the present case it is undisputed that the injury sustained by plaintiff was both accidental and bodily, consisting of
“[Wlhether an injury arises out of the use of a motor vehicle ‘as a motor vehicle’ under § 3105 turns on whether the injury is closely related to the transportational function of motor vehicles.” McKenzie v Auto Club Ins Ass’n,
Contrary to defendant’s argument, we disagree that plaintiffs injury did not arise out of the ownership, operation, maintenance, or use of a motor vehicle as a motor vehicle under the analysis set forth in McKenzie. The circumstances in this case are unlike those circumstances identified in McKenzie as rare instances “when a motor vehicle is used for other purposes, e.g., as a housing facility of sorts, as an advertising display (such as at a car dealership), as a foundation for construction equipment, as a mobile public library, or perhaps even when a car is on display in a museum.” Id. at 219. The vehicle involved is a delivery truck, and it was being used as such when the injury occurred. Accordingly, plaintiffs injury is closely related to the motor vehicle’s transportational function, and therefore arose out of the operation, ownership, maintenance, or use of a motor vehicle “as a motor vehicle” pursuant to McKenzie, supra at 220.
With regard to the second step in the analysis under § 3105(1), Rice, supra at 33, injuries arising out of contact with parked vehicles are generally not covered by the no-fault act. MCL 500.3106(1). However, an injury related to a parked vehicle is compensable if one of the following exceptions applies:
(a) The vehicle was parked in such a way as to cause unreasonable risk of the bodily injury which occurred.
(b) Except as provided in subsection (2), the injury was a direct result of physical contact with equipment permanently mounted on the vehicle, while the equipment was being operated or used, or property being lifted onto or lowered from the vehicle in the loading or unloading process.
(c) Except as provided in subsection (2), the injury was sustained by a person while occupying, entering into, or alighting from the vehicle. [MCL 500.3106(1).]
Plaintiff contends that § 3106(l)(b) applies because his injuries were “a direct result of physical contact with equipment permanently mounted on the [grain delivery] vehicle, while the equipment was being operated or used ....” MCL 500.3106(l)(b). We agree.
It is uncontested that the grain delivery truck’s auger system, used for unloading, was “permanently mounted” on the grain delivery truck. It is further uncontested, as shown by the documentary evidence submitted to the trial court, that Passmore activated the vertical auger momentarily while plaintiffs right hand was reaching
Defendant argues that this case is factually analogous to Bialochowski v Cross Concrete Pumping Co, 428 Mich 219;
Defendant suggests that because the grain delivery truck in the case at bar was similarly unloading cargo, plaintiffs injury must not have arisen out of the use of the grain truck “as a motor vehicle” under the reasoning of McKenzie. However, as discussed above, the circumstances in this case are not akin to those rare instances identified in McKenzie in which a motor vehicle is not being used as a motor vehicle. Further, defendant’s argument disregards a fundamental difference between Bialochowski and the case at bar. Before the Bialochowski cement truck could begin unloading concrete, the vehicle had to be stabilized, effectively transforming the cement truck from a motor vehicle into a platform for construction equipment. Therefore, at the time of the injury in Bialochowski, the cement truck was no longer functioning “as a motor vehicle,” but rather as a foundation for construction equipment. In contrast, the grain truck in the case at bar never lost its essential character as a motor vehicle. At all times it remained drivable, and no transformation or mechanical alteration was necessary before it could begin unloading grain. The facts of this case are therefore distinguishable from those present in Bialochowski.
W. MCKENZIE INTERPRETATION OF THE PARKED-VEHICLE EXCEPTIONS
While we recognize that McKenzie controls the analysis of no-fault coverage in this case, we conclude that the McKenzie analysis is at odds with the no-fault statutory scheme.
MCL 500.3105(1) provides:
Under personal protection insurance an insurer is liable to pay benefits for accidental bodily injury arising out of the ownership, operation, maintenance or use of a motor vehicle as a motor vehicle, subject to the provisions of this chapter.
MCL 500.3106, which addresses parked motor vehicles and the recovery of personal injury protection (PIP) benefits, provides in part:
(1) Accidental bodily injury does not arise out of the ownership, operation, maintenance, or use of a parked vehicle as a motor vehicle unless any of the following occur:
(a) The vehicle was parked in such a way as to cause unreasonable risk of the bodily injury which occurred.
(b) Except as provided in subsection (2),[2] the injury was a direct result of physical contact with equipment permanently mounted on the vehicle, while the equipment was being operated or used, or property being lifted onto or lowered from the vehicle in the loading or unloading process.
(c) Except as provided in subsection (2), the injury was sustained by a person while occupying, entering into, or alighting from the vehicle.
Plaintiffs injuries fall squarely into § 3106(l)(b). The unintentional injuries were caused by physical contact with the grain truck’s augers when they were activated. As such, plaintiffs injuries were “a direct result of physical contact with equipment permanently mounted on the vehicle, while the equipment was being operated or used[.]” MCL 500.3106(l)(b).
In determining the parameters of no-fault benefits, we must examine the express provisions of the no-fault act. Reading the plain language of MCL 500.3106, a cogent argument can be made that if any of the three parked-vehicle exceptions
The primary task in construing a statute is to discern and give effect to the intent of the Legislature. Shinholster v Annapolis Hosp,
In Winter v Automobile Club of Michigan,
In this insurance case, the carrier appeals from a determination that the no-fault act covers an accidental injury to plaintiff which occurred when a slab of sidewalk, raised by a tow truck, slipped off its hook and fell on plaintiffs hand. Because the vehicle was “parked” within the meaning of § 3106(1) at the time of the accident, and none of the § 3106(1) exceptions is applicable, plaintiff is not entitled to no-fault benefits, and we therefore reverse.
In Winter, as in this case, the defendant argued that the tow truck was not being used “as a motor vehicle” within the meaning of MCL 500.3105(1), but rather it was being used as a stationary crane. Id. at 451. Our Supreme Court, sharpening the focus on the proper analysis, stated:
In limiting no-fault benefits to injuries “arising out of the ownership, operation, maintenance or use of a motor vehicle as a motor vehicle,” the Legislature realized that it would be inherently difficult to determine when a parked vehicle is in use “as a motor vehicle.” Accordingly, the Legislature specifically described in subsections (a)-(c) of § 3106(1) the limited circumstances when a parked vehicle is being used “as a motor vehicle.” Thus it is apparent that if a vehicle is “parked” coverage otherwise available under § 3105(1) is qualified by the provisions of § 3106(1). In the instant case, because the tow truck was parked, coverage is excluded by § 3106(1) unless one of its exceptions is applicable. [Winter, supra at 457-458 (emphasis added in the second sentence).]
The Court concluded that none of the exceptions set forth in MCL 500.3106(1) applied to the facts of the case; therefore, the tow truck was not being “used as a motor vehicle” within the meaning of § 3105(1), and the plaintiff was not entitled to PIP benefits. Winter, supra at 460-461.
The Supreme Court subsequently addressed no-fault coverage of a parked vehicle, somewhat altering the analysis applied in Winter. In Putkamer v Transamerica Ins Corp of America,
In summary, where a claimant suffers an injury in an event related to a parked motor vehicle, he must establish that the injury arose out of the ownership, operation, maintenance, or use of the parked vehicle by establishing that he falls into one of the three exceptions to the parking exclusion in subsection 3106(1). In doing so under § 3106, he must demonstrate that (1) his conduct fits one of the three exceptions of subsection 3106(1); (2) the injury arose out of the ownership, operation, maintenance, or use of the parked motor vehicle as a motor vehicle-, and (3) the injury had a causal relationship to the parked motor vehicle that is more than incidental, fortuitous, or but for. [.Putkamer, supra at 635-636 (emphasis in original).]
Because there was no dispute that the plaintiff was getting into the vehicle with the intention of traveling to her brother’s home, the Court found, as a matter of law, that she was using the parked motor vehicle as a motor vehicle when she was getting into the car. Id. at 636.
A distinguishing feature between Winter and Putkamer is that the Winter Court indicated that if one of the parked-vehicle exceptions of § 3106(1) applied, it would automatically equate to a finding that the parked motor vehicle was indeed being used as a motor vehicle, which in turn meant that the plaintiff was entitled to PIP benefits; however, Putkamer required an independent determination whether the parked vehicle was being used as a motor vehicle, even if one of the parked-vehicle exceptions applied. McKenzie subsequently extended Putkamer by holding that the question “[w]hether an injury arises out of the use of a motor vehicle ‘as a motor vehicle’ turns on whether the injury is closely related to the transportational function of automobiles.” McKenzie, supra at 215.
McKenzie, decided a year after Putkamer, involved a claim for PIP benefits for injuries sustained when the plaintiff was nonfatally asphyxiated while sleeping in a camper/trailer attached to his pickup truck. The Court noted:
This case turns on whether plaintiffs injury, incurred while sleeping in a parked camper/trailer, arose out of the use of a motor vehicle “as a motor vehicle” as contemplated by § 3105. We are able to arrive at this ultimate question because all agree that this injury was occasioned while a person was occupying the vehicle as required by MCL500.3106(l)(c). [McKenzie, supra at 216-217.]
Curiously, McKenzie cited Putkamer in a footnote in support of the above language, despite the fact that Putkamer never utilized § 3105 in its analysis concerning the parked motor vehicle.
With respect to the determination whether a motor vehicle was being used as a motor vehicle, the McKenzie Court ruled that “the clear meaning of this part of the no-fault act is that the Legislature intended coverage of injuries resulting from the use of motor vehicles when closely related to their transportational function and only when engaged in that function.” McKenzie, supra at 220. Because the parked camper/trailer was being used as sleeping accommodations, the use was too far removed from the transportational function to constitute use of the vehicle “as a motor vehicle” at the time the injury occurred. Id. at 226.
In assessing McKenzie’s extended analysis in the context of previous decisions, the McKenzie Court noted that Putkamer had been correctly decided because “entering a vehicle in order to travel in it is closely related to the [vehicle’s] transportational function[.]” McKenzie, supra at 221. With regard to Winter, the Court stated:
The Winter Court’s holding turned on the fact that the truck was parked and none of the exceptions set forth in § 3106 applied. Accordingly, it was unnecessary to explicitly consider whether the injury arose out of the use of a motor vehicle “as a motor vehicle,” as opposed to some other use. However, this holding is nonetheless consistent with the approach posited here because the injury arose out of the use of a motor vehicle as a foundation for construction equipment and was not closely associated with the transportational function. [McKenzie, supra at 221.]
However, a straightforward reading of Winter shows that the Court would not have independently determined whether the tow truck was being used as a motor vehicle when the injury occurred even if the Court had found applicable one of the parked-vehicle exceptions of MCL 500.3106. The Winter Court indicated that if a parked-vehicle exception applied, it necessarily meant that the parked vehicle was being used as a motor vehicle given the statutory scheme. Winter, supra at 457-458. McKenzie essentially concurred in the result reached in Winter, but on the basis of reasoning not encompassed in the Winter Court’s analysis. McKenzie clearly does not permit a conclusion that PIP benefits are recoverable simply on the basis that one of the parked-vehicle exceptions applies to the facts of the case.
The McKenzie Court also addressed, and overruled, the Supreme Court’s decision
In Bialochowski, this Court concluded that an injury incurred while a cement truck was unloading its product arose out of the use of a motor vehicle as a motor vehicle. The Court stated at 228:
“Motor vehicles are designed and used for many different purposes. The truck involved in this case is a cement truck capable of pouring cement at elevated levels. Certainly one of the intended uses of this motor vehicle ... is to pump cement. The accident occurred while this vehicle was being used for its intended purpose. We hold that the phrase ‘use of a motor vehicle as a motor vehicle’ includes this use.”
We find this holding utterly antithetical to the language of § 3105. As discussed above, § 3105’s requirement that injuries arise out of the use of a motor vehicle “as a motor vehicle” clearly distinguishes use “as a motor vehicle” from other possible uses. Bialochowski eviscerates this distinction by holding that the use of the vehicle at issue to pump cement constitutes use “as a motor vehicle.” Obviously, motor vehicles are designed and used for various purposes as the Bialochowski Court noted. In fact, only in the context of various possible uses would a limitation to use “as a motor vehicle” be necessary. Where the Legislature explicitly limited coverage under § 3105 to injuries arising out of a particular use of motor vehicles — use “as a motor vehicle” — a decision finding coverage for injuries arising out of any other use, e.g., to pump cement, is contrary to the language of the statute. Accordingly, we are convinced that Bialochowski was wrongly decided.
Entirely apart from this direct criticism of Bialochowski, we do not think it constitutes adequate support for the dissent’s proposed rule that any intended use of a multipurpose vehicle constitutes use “as a motor vehicle.” [McKenzie, supra at 223-224.]
McKenzie’s analysis of MCL 500.3105 is contrary to the ruling in Putkamer, and to some degree the ruling in Winter, relative to its focus on the language of MCL 500.3106, which specifically addresses parked motor vehicles. Interestingly, the Bialochowski Court, like the McKenzie Court, also analyzed the case under § 3105 to determine whether the cement truck was being used as a motor vehicle at the time of injury and under § 3106, pursuant to which the Court found applicable § 3106(l)(b),
Despite the confusion created by the case law, because McKenzie dealt with injuries that were sustained while occupying a parked motor vehicle, which implicated § 3106(l)(c), and because McKenzie overruled Bialochowski, which specifically dealt with the subsection at issue here, § 3106(l)(b), it appears that the McKenzie
McKenzie, when addressing and overruling Bialochowski, did not acknowledge or reference the fact that Bialochowski applied § 3106(l)(b), and thus McKenzie did not confront, at least expressly, the inherent problem in reconciling the “transportational function” test with the plain language of § 3106(l)(b). Indeed, the general concept of applying a test that focuses on the transportational function of a vehicle when considering parked vehicles seems illogical and consequently is, for all practical purposes, unworkable. This is especially true in relation to § 3106(l)(b), which speaks of injuries resulting from physical contact with permanently mounted equipment, while the equipment is being operated, or injuries incurred during the loading or unloading process. This language necessarily entails situations where injuries arise from uses of the vehicle other than those uses related to the transportational function of the vehicle.
Because of the inherent inconsistency with the statutory language, the McKenzie analysis is suspect as a test for applying the parked-vehicle exceptions under § 3106. Given the practical difficulties in applying McKenzie and its eviscerating effect on MCL 500.3106, we urge that it be reconsidered by the Supreme Court or that the Legislature clarify the parked-vehicle exceptions.
V DISPOSITION
Summary disposition for plaintiff on the issue of no-fault liability was proper. In light of our disposition of this issue, we decline to reach any alternative arguments raised by plaintiff.
Affirmed.
Notes
Bialochowski involved a motorized, four-wheeled, cement truck, with a permanently attached thirty- to thirty-five-foot boom used to pump concrete up to elevated levels. Id. at 222-223. The plaintiff was injured when the concrete pump exploded, causing the boom to collapse on the plaintiff. Id. at 223. At the time of the accident, the truck was parked and stabilized. Id.
2 Section 3106(2) is not applicable here.
Subsections a, b, and c of § 3106(1).
Stating that “Accidental bodily injury does not arise out of the ownership, operation, maintenance, or use of a parked vehicle as a motor vehicle unless any of the following occur,” MCL 500.3106(1), is arguably comparable to stating that “accidental bodily injury does arise out of the ownership, operation, maintenance, or use of a parked vehicle as a motor vehicle when any of the following occur.”
In examining § 3106(l)(b), and rejecting its applicability, the Court found that the plaintiff did not come into contact with the hook or winch of the truck; rather, he was injured when the cement slab fell from the hook onto his hand. Winter, supra at 460.
Winter was addressed in McKenzie, as we discuss later in this opinion in considering the specifics of McKenzie.
The McKenzie Court incorporated the three-step analysis for parked motor vehicles that was enunciated in Putkamer. McKenzie, supra at 217 n 3.
This Court in Rice, supra at 33-34, recognized this discrepancy and simply concluded that McKenzie retreated from Putkamer’s alternative analytical approach.
The Court found that the plaintiffs injury occurred as a result of his contact with the boom, which was permanently mounted on the truck, while the pump and boom were being operated or used to pump concrete. Bialochowski, supra at 229.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting). I respectfully dissent. Contrary to the majority, I find no inconsistency between McKenzie v Auto Club Ins Ass’n,
Sections 3105 and 3106 must be satisfied in order for plaintiff to prevail. Section 3105(1) precludes personal protection insurance unless the “accidental bodily injury aris[es] out of the ownership, operation, maintenance or use of a motor vehicle as a motor vehicle . . . . ” Section 3106 expressly precludes recovery for accidental bodily injury arising out of the “ownership, operation, maintenance, or use of a parked vehicle as a motor vehicle” unless one of three statutorily defined exceptions exists. That § 3106 defines limited situations in which the Legislature permitted recovery for accidental injury that arose while interacting with a parked vehicle does not eviscerate the threshold question whether the injury arises out of the ownership, operation, maintenance, or use of a motor vehicle as a motor vehicle. The majority would, in essence, ignore § 3105 whenever an injury relates to a parked vehicle. Such an interpretation flies in the face of the well-established rules of statutory construction cited by the majority and embraced by McKenzie.
I also disagree with the majority’s conclusion that plaintiffs injury arose out of the use of a motor vehicle as a motor vehicle. The facts of this case cannot be distinguished from Bialochowski v Cross Concrete Pumping Co,
[plermanently attached . .. concrete pump and a thirty- to thirty-five-foot boom... , which was used to pump concrete up to the elevated levels. [The] [p]laintiff was injured in the course of his employment when the concrete pump exploded, causing the boom to collapse upon [the] plaintiff, crushing him. At the time of the accident, the truck was parked and stabilized. [Bialochowski, supra at 222-223.]
The majority opinion concludes there is “a fundamental difference between Bialochowski and the case at bar” solely because the vehicle in Bialochowski was stabilized. This distinction is insignificant, particularly given that McKenzie found the holding in Bialochowski “utterly antithetical to the language of § 3105 ....” McKenzie, supra at 224. Further, the vehicle here first had to hydraulically extend its boom to the top of a silo, and only then, using three independently powered augers, did it move feed through the boom and into the silo. “Where the Legislature explicitly limited coverage under § 3105 to injuries arising out of a particular use of motor vehicles — use ‘as a motor vehicle’ — a decision finding coverage for injuries arising out of any other use, e.g., to pump cement, is contrary to the language of the statute.” Id. Here, the majority has improperly found coverage for injuries that arose out of use of a vehicle to pump feed into a silo.
I would reverse the judgment entered in favor of plaintiff and remand for entry of judgment in favor of defendant because plaintiffs injury clearly did not arise out of the use of a motor vehicle as a motor vehicle. MCL 500.3105; McKenzie, supra.