delivered the opinion of the Court.
Thе record' in this case contains nine indictments against the appellant, filed at the January Term of the Criminal Court of Baltimore City, numbered 698 to 706, inclusive, and in each indictment he is charged, in the first count, with the larceny of money belonging to the Mayor and City Council. of Baltimore, and, in the second count, with receiving the money, knowing it to have been stolen.
*243 On the 23rd of April, 1909, the appellant was arraigned in each of these cases and pleaded “not guilty,” and on the same day, as shown hy the docket entries, filed in case No. 698 the following petition, supported by his affidavit:
William E. D„owns, the defendant in the above cause, respectfully suggests that he cannot have a fair and impartial trial in this Honorable Court, and accordingly prays that an ordеr may be passed directing th^, record of said cause to be transmitted to some other Court for trial.
And the said William E. Downs further respectfully shows to the Court that he is advised that there is intense prejudice and bitter feeling prevailing against him throughout the City of Baltimore in connection with the charge for which he stands indicted; that in the newspapers of Baltimore City, accounts hаve been published from time to time regarding the larceny with which the said William E. Downs is charged, and in which accounts it has been unqualifiedly and repeatedly represented that this defendant is guilty of said charge; that he has agreed to confess his guilt, and that Honorable Albert S. J. Owens, State’s Attorney for Baltimore City, in interviews said that he will convict Downs, as,the proof is positive; that said nеwspaper accounts are prejudiced, sensational and false, but that nevertheless said accounts are composed largely of public interviews, statements, editorials and caricatures.'
Detectives, police, city and State officials and any number of taxpayers of Baltimore City who are interested in the prosecution of this defendant, and who by various prejudiced assumptions and diverse comment have so affected the minds and the feelings of the people of Baltimore City generally as to cause virtually universal bias, bitterness and enmity against this defendant throughout the said city, and to cause general prejudgment in the case of the defendant adverse to him so as to render it impossible for him tо secure a fair and impartial trial in said city or to have testimony which may be adduced during the trial of his case weighed and passed upon in an unprejudiced, dispassionate and just manner by any jury which may be impannelled in the City of Baltimore to determine this defendant’s innocence or guilt.
And in connection with the foregoing the said William E. Downs, defendant, prays respectfully tо refer the Court to said *244 newspaper accounts excerpted from all newspapers of Baltimore City possessing any considerable circulation, said accounts being filed herewith and marked “Defendant’s Exhibit No. Two” and prayed to be taken as part hereof.
And as in duty bound, etc.,
Harry B. Wolf,
Attorney for Defendant.
With -this petition the appellant also filed seventeen affidavits, each stating that the affiant, for the reasons assigned in the affidavit, believed that the prisoner could not obtain a fair and impartial trial in Baltimore City, and numerous clippings from the newspapers of Baltimore City.
The record also shows that the Court heard the petition, and argument of counsel for the appellant in support thereof, and from the remarks of the Court in passing on the petition, which are set out in full in the record, it is apparent that the Judge presiding fully considered the reasons assigned in the various affidavits, and the effect of the publication of the articles, etc., contained in the newspaper clippings, and refused to remove the case because it did not satisfactorily appear that the appellant could not have a fair and impartial tidal in said Court.
On the petition of the prisoner the record’ in the case was transmitted to this Court for the purpose of having the action of the Court below, in refusing to grant a removal of the case, reviewed.
The Constitution of 1851, section 28 of Art. 4, provided that: “In all suits or actions at law,” etc., pending or thereafter instituted, in any of the Cоurts of law of the State, “the judge or judges thereof, upon suggestion in writing, if made by.the State’s attorney, or the prosecutor for the State, or upon suggestion in writing, supported by affidavit made by any of the parties thereto, or other proper evidence, that a fair and impartial trial cannot be had in the Court where such suit or action at law, issues or petitions, or presentment and indictment is depending, shall order and direct the rec *245 ord, etc.,” “to be transmitted to the Court of any adjoining-county.”
In reference to this provision, the Court in the case of
Griffin
v. Leslie,
By the Constitution of 1864, section 9, Art. 4, it was provided that: “The Judge or Judges of any Court of this State, except the Court of Appeals, shall order and direct the record of proceedings in any suit or action, issue or petition, presentment or indictment pending in such Cоurt, to be transmitted to some other Court in the same or any adjoining-circuit having jurisdiction in such cases, whenever any party to such cause, or the counsel of any party shall make it satisfactorily appear to the Court that such party cannot have a fair and impartial trial in the Court in which such suit or action, issue or petition, presentment or indictment is pending,” еtc.
We do not find any case dealing directly with this provision of the Constitution of 1864, which’ was changed by the Constitution of 1867, adopting, so far as the feature with which we are now dealing is concerned, substantially the provision of the Constitution of 1851, but in the case of
Hoyer
v.
Colton,
It was doubtless because of some abuse of the unqualified privilege of removal provided for in the Constitution of 1867 (see case of
Cooke
v.
Cooke,
By this amendment the Courts are again given the discretion in all criminal cases, except where the offence is punishable by deаth, provided for in the Constitution of 1864, and referred to by Judge Robinson in the case ”of
Hoyer
v.
Colton, a
nd in the case of
Smith
v.
State,
The nature of the duty imposed upon the Courts by this provision has never been definitely determined by this Court, but there are two things, we think, equally apparent: first, that the Legislature in proposing, and the people in adopting this amendment never intended to do away with a right that-had so long been secured by appropriate laws or constitutional provisions, and had been found in this State and elsewhere so essential to the proper administration of justice: seсond, that in order to preserve this right for cases in which its exercise is so important, and at the same time prevent abuses of the privilege, it was deemed advisable to leave it in all criminal cases, except where the offence is punishable by death, to the discretion of the Courts, in whom the people of this State have always imposed great confidence, believing that it would not be denied by them to the accused in any proper case.
Where, therefore, upon a suggestion for removal, it satisfactorily appears to the Court that the accused cannot have a fair and impartial trial in said Court, or that there is reason *248 able ground for the suggestion, Ms right to have his ease removed is just as absolute as it was prior to the adoption of the amendment,' but until it does so appear no such right exists. As it is now necessary to make it satisfactorily appear to the Court in which the suggestion is made that the party charged in the presentment or indictment is entitled to the order for removal, and as no other tribunal can determine when it does so appear to that Court, it follows as a logical conclusion that in the absence of evidence to show that the Court below acted arbitrarily and abused or refused to exercise the discretion given it by the amendment, this Court cannot say that the removal should or should not have been granted, and can only affirm the action of the lower Court.
This view is in entire harmony with the construction placed upon similar provisions elsewhere. In 12
Cyc.
243, where decisions from many of the States are cited, it is said that, “An application for a change of venue in a criminal сase is usually held to be addressed to the sound discretion of the Court, and for this reason its refusal is not reversible error unless it appears from the facts presented on the appplication that the Court acted unfairly, or that there was a palpable abuse of the judicial discretion. But it has been held that where the application for a changе of venue is based upon the prejudice of the judge he has no discretion to refuse it.” In 4
Ency. P. & P.
499-502, it is stated that, “Where the lower Court is vested with a discretion to grant or refuse a change of the place of trial, its action will not be revised unless there has been an abuse of the discretion. The reason for this rule is obvious. Whether a change of venue is necessary to obtain a fair and impartial trial is not a question of law, but of fact. A judge on the spot, viewing all the circumstances, and having knowledge of persons, facts and influences, is much better qualified than is an appellate Court at a distance, with only
ex parte
affidavits before it, to determine the fact whether or not it is true that the defendant cannot have a fair trial by an impartial jury in the county in which he is indicted or in which the plaintiff has commenced his suit.”
Mr.
Bishop,
*249
in speaking of the discretion of the judge, says: “The discretion, as just said, is judicial, not personal, in the individual judge. The course of the Courts in our States differs as to reviewing, in a higher Court, a judicial discretion exercised in a lower. There are States in which the higher tribunal will rarely or never interfere in this matter of changing the venue; but the better and more. common doctrine is, that the decision of the lower Court will be corrected in extreme cases of abuse, and in no other.” 1
Bishop’s New Criminal Proc.,
sec. 72, par. 2. In the case of
Commonwealth
v.
Allen,
So, in examining the record in this case we must do so not wilh the view of deciding whether upon the petition, affidavits and exhibits filed in the Court below, this Coui*t would have been satisfied that the appellant could not have a' fair and impartial trial in the Criminal Court of Baltimore City, or that there were reasonable grounds for the suggestion, but for the purpose of ascertaining whether there has been an abuse by that Court of the discretion given it.
The ground of the appellant’s petition was that he was *250 advised that there existed in Baltimore City suсh “an intense prejudice and bitter feeling against him,” by reason of the great publicity given by the newspapers to his alleged connection with the crime with which he is charged, and the statements of public officials and taxpayers of the city interested in his prosecution, that it would be impossible to have the testimony in the case “passed upon in an unprejudiced, dispassionate and just manner, by any jury impanelled in the City of Baltimore.”
As proof of the existence of such a prejudice there was filed, as we have said, seventeen affidavits, in which the affiants state their belief (based in some instances upon interviews had with various persons, and the fact that the appellant was associated in the mind of the public with the commission of the offense), that the appellant could not have a fair and impartial trial in said Court, and numerous clippings from the newspapers of Baltimore City, referring to the appellant and his supposed connection with the crime.
- We have examined these clippings from the newspapers- and do not .find in them
conclusive evidence
of the existence of such an intense public prejudice against the accused as would enable this Court to say that the Court below abused the discretion given it in refusing to grant a removal of the case. They do show that great publicity was given to the appellant’s supposed connection with the larceny of the City’s money, hut it does not
necessarily
follow that by reason thereof there existed such a prejudice against the accused as to render it impossible for him to secure a fair and impartial trial in Baltimore City. Crimes of the nature, of the one with which the appellant is charged naturally give rise to much newspaper and other comment, hut such comment does not always arouse such a general prejudice against the accused as to render it impossible for him to secure a fail-trial in the county or city where the crime is committed, and it is for the Judge to whom the suggestion is made, to determine, on the proofs presented to him, whether such prejudice exists. It is said in 4
Ency. P. & P.
401, that “Newspaper
*251
articles denunciatory of the accused are not in themselves sufficient to evidence the existence of such prejudice as will justify a change,” and in the case of
People
v.
Sharp,
5 N. Y. Crim. Rep. 155;
People
v.
Squire,
1 N. Y. St. Rep. 534, and
State
v.
Smarr,
Nor do the affidavits contain such positive evidence of the existence of prejudice against the appellant as would necessarily control the action of the Court below. These affidavits, as we have said, express the belief of the рarties, based on interviews had with various persons, without stating what was said in such interviews, and the fact that in the mind of the public the appellant was associated with the crime committed, and, in the judgment of the Court, the honest belief of the parties who made these affidavits may not have been well founded. Mr. Bishop says that, “The venue will not he changed for the mere belief of the party or his witnesses that he cannot have a fair trial in the cоunty. Eacts and circumstances must appear, satisfying the Court.” See also 12 Cyc. 246-7-8. And in 4 Ency. P. & P. 434, it is said that, “Facts must he shown from which the Court can deduce the conclusion that the ground relied on for the change actually exists; and,, as a rule, mere'belief, opinions or conclusions will not he sufficient to warrant the Court in exercising its power, unless the information upon which the belief is founded, or the grounds upon which the opinions or conclusions are based, are sufficiently shown.”
Without further prolonging this opinion, or discussing the numerous other authorities furnished through the commendable industry of counsel in their carefully prepared briefs, it follows from what we have said that the record does not show that the Court below abused the discretion given it, and that the order refusing to remove the case must, therefore, he affirmed, in accordance with the per curiam order filed on June 1, 1909. Order affirmed with costs.