198 So. 231 | Ala. | 1940
[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *179
[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *180 The questions which have primary consideration on this appeal are in respect to the force and effect of the "Sparks" Amendment to the Constitution. XXVI A, Article XXIV, Skinner's Alabama Constitution, page 991.
The argument is in two phases: 1. The validity of the amendment in so far as it purports to suspend all provisions of the Constitution which prohibit or restrict the legislature from decreasing or diminishing the salary of a public officer of the State, county or city, from September 1, 1933 (when, according to its terms, it had operation — since it was proclaimed to be ratified on August 2, 1933), until October 1, 1935.
2. The validity of it in so far as it purports to put a limitation of $6,000 on the salary of a city officer whose salary had been fixed by law (section 19, Act of August 15, 1923, Gen.Acts 1923, page 121), and was not subject to change by virtue of vested rights declared in sections 68 and 281, Constitution.
We accept the contention in the argument as made in both phases that the amendment has controlling influence. Appellant was elected to the office and began its service after the date when the amendment by its terms began to function.
The first phase of the argument has been often mentioned in our cases, but not given direct discussion or authoritative decision by this Court. But we have in several of them, without argument, treated the amendment as effective as against such claim. Storrs v. Heck,
It is argued that a suspension of certain unnamed sections or features of the Constitution is not such an amendment as may be made in the mode provided for in Article XVIII, Constitution, beginning with section 284. That article is confined to the procedure to be pursued in amending the Constitution, assuming that the amendment is one which is permissible. Section 2 of Article I of the Constitution is the only one which specifically authorizes an amendment. That section in full is as follows: "Sec. 2 That all political power is inherent in the people, and all free governments are founded on their authority, and instituted for their benefit; and that, therefore, they have at all times an inalienable and indefeasible right to change their form of government in such manner as they may deem expedient."
We can better treat the whole subject of amendments together, including the suspension feature of it, and the power to abrogate rights otherwise created by the Constitution itself.
Section 2, Constitution, is substantially the same as it appeared in all former constitutions of the State. See Skinner's Alabama Constitution, pages 44 and 45.
The mode of making amendments is mandatory and exclusive. Houston County v. Martin, supra; Johnson v. Craft,
But the character or nature of an amendment is not prescribed. It may extend to a "change [in the] form of [the] government." Section 2, Constitution. This may be in any respect, except that it must continue to be a "republican form", Article IV, section 4, Constitution of the United States; Luther v. Borden, 7 How. 1,
True, a constitutional convention cannot enact a law to be effective without *183
incorporating it in the Constitution for ratification by the people. Ex parte Birmingham Atlantic Ry. Co.,
Except as thus restricted, there is no limitation on the power to amend or rewrite the Constitution. Black on Constitutional Law, section 28, page 51; 16 Corpus Juris Secundum, Constitutional Law, §§ 7, 39, pages 29, 80; Collier v. Gray,
Every proposal which effects a change in the Constitution or adds or takes away from it is an amendment. 16 Corpus Juris Secundum, Constitutional Law, § 7, p. 31; 11 Am.Jur. 629, sections 24-25. It need not be germane to any other feature of it, nor to the feature which is thus amended, provided it is clear and definite in its provisions. 16 Corpus Juris Secundum, Constitutional Law, § 7, p. 31.
There is nothing said in any of the authorities of a limitation on this power to suspend a feature of the Constitution for a definite period, so as to take it out of the Constitution during that period and to put it back in at the end of that period, all in one process. But the all inclusive power to amend by taking out and adding features would logically include this power when its meaning is clear and definite, and adopted strictly in the mode provided by the Constitution.
As here applied, it means that there shall, be expunged from the Constitution all those features of sections 68, 118, 150 and 281, or elsewhere if there are any, which prohibit the legislature from diminishing the salary, fees and compensation of public officers there mentioned, and that there is fixed a maximum of $6,000 per annum for any of them, but that after October 1, 1935, all those features shall be automatically reinserted and continue thereafter as though they had never been expunged. Unless there is some other prohibition somewhere, such a "change [in the] form of government," which is said by section 2, Constitution, to be an "inalienable and indefeasible right," is inherent in the people.
Appellant contends that the benefits of sections 68, 118, 150 and 281, Constitution, are themselves inviolate, and that they cannot be affected by a subsequent constitutional amendment. He concedes that the salary of a public officer is not a contract, and that the office, if statutory, may be abolished without infringing upon the rights of the officer. But he argues that when the office continues the rights under the above sections which are inviolate by their very terms, continue to exist, and are not subject to constitutional change. This is of course true in so far as any subsequent legislation is concerned, when not authorized by an amendment to the Constitution. But all rights acquired under the Constitution are subject to the further provision of it which permits an amendment extending even to that exact right thus acquired, subject to the restrictions of the Federal Constitution, to which we have referred. No right can be acquired under the Constitution which cannot be abrogated by an amendment of the Constitution, in so far as that Constitution is concerned. This extends to contract and property rights, and would be effective in that respect but for the Constitution of the United States, which imposes a limitation on the state's power to that extent, whether manifested by the state's Constitution and amendments of it or by state legislation.
It has been seriously attempted to exempt from the operation of that principle the features of what is called in the Constitution the "Bill of Rights," such as is embraced in the first thirty-six sections of our Constitution, which comprise Article I of it. Emphasis has been placed on the last clause of that section, which is as follows: "and, to guard against any encroachments on the rights herein retained, we declare that everything in this Declaration of Rights is excepted out of the general powers of government, and shall forever remain inviolate." This was not in the Constitution of 1875 or 1868, but was in those of 1865, art. 1, § 36, 1861 and 1819, art. 1, § 30, with the added clause in them as follows: "and that all laws contrary thereto, or to the following provision, shall be void." This does not appear in the Constitution of 1901. See, Skinner on Alabama Constitution, page 223.
We have no case in Alabama which undertakes to express the meaning of that status of the Constitution as it now *184 appears in the light of its history, shown above. That it is a limitation on legislation only is clearly shown by the clause in the Constitution of 1865, 1861 and 1819, copied above. Its omission from the Constitution of 1901 is not persuasive that it was intended to prohibit any change in the Bill of Rights by constitutional amendment. Such a clause as that now appearing in section 36, Constitution, has been treated by some authorities in respect to the question of whether it is a limitation on constitutional amendment.
It seems that Arkansas has held that a natural right secured by the Bill of Rights is immune from impairment by subsequent constitutional amendment. Eason v. State, 1851,
We find no other feature of the Constitution which is supposed to limit the nature of amendments to it affecting this question.
In discussing the power to amend the Bill of Rights, no one has seemed to question it except as limited by the feature to which we have referred. In no quarter can we find a denial of the power to amend the Constitution by depriving one of rights created by it, except as prohibited by the Constitution of the United States. Certainly rights under sections 68, 118, 150 and 281, are no more inviolate than those under the Bill of Rights, in so far as the power to amend them is concerned in respects not controlled by the Constitution of the United States.
It is however remembered that the amendment was in effect when appellant was elected, and it did not therefore decrease his salary during the term to which he had been elected. Thomas v. Gunter,
But the idea of appellant in this connection seems to be that under sections 68 and 281, Constitution, appellant had a vested right to the salary fixed by law as it accrued. But when he was elected to the office the amendment had become operative and changed the status theretofore existing. As applied to appellant, sections 68 and 281, as here material, were not in the Constitution when he was elected and remained out of it until October 1, 1935, when they went back in. When he was elected, he knew what the status was in that respect and served under the only law then existing which fixed his salary at $6,000. Section 19 of the Act of August 15, 1923, page 121, was thereby amended in so far as it was conflicting.
But assuming that the amendment served to decrease appellant's salary during the term and after his election, contrary to sections 68 and 281, we think there is no valid reason why this cannot be done by such an amendment duly adopted as provided in the Constitution, since it would not infringe any guaranty of the United States Constitution.
It is also insisted that the Sparks' Amendment is not self executing so as to apply to offices theretofore created by law providing for a fixed salary, but only to new offices created by law while it was operative. Its terms certainly include the salaries of existing officers. A constitutional provision is not necessarily, nor always, as we have shown, a limitation or grant of power though such is its primary and chief purpose. It is sometimes self executing and legislative in character, and is so when it is complete in itself and becomes operative without the aid of supplementary or enabling legislation. In re Opinions of Justices,
The delegation of such power to the legislature, as done in the Constitution, *185 is effective only so long as that delegation remains operative in that respect in the Constitution. It could be otherwise provided by a new Constitution or an amendment to the old one, and legislation can at any time be inserted in the Constitution itself by pursuing the method provided in it for amendments. A Constitution as prepared by a convention and adopted by the people often contains self executing matter primarily legislative in character. There is nothing in the situation which prevents that from being done in an amendment duly adopted as provided.
The city commission had prior to the election of appellant reduced the salaries of all city officers and employees in an amount less than that fixed by the Sparks' Amendment for the city commissioners, and it was on this basis that appellant received his compensation until after October 1, 1935. He then filed a claim for the difference between what he was paid and the amount fixed by the Act of 1923, supra. On July 27, 1937, by resolution of the city commission, it was ordered that he be paid an amount equal to the difference between the amount he had been paid and that fixed by the Sparks' Amendment, to-wit, $2,100.83. He is now claiming the difference between the sum fixed by that amendment and the sum fixed by the Act of 1923, supra. We think he is controlled by the Sparks' Amendment, and that since he has received all that is provided in it, he is not entitled to anything further.
The agreed facts show that the claim was filed October 2, 1935. Appellee argues that this was not in good faith since appellant was a member of the commission, and did not cause it to be acted on until July, 1937. We see no merit in that contention.
It is also insisted that some of the items accrued more than twelve months before the claim was filed, and that the statute barred them.
Another reason why it should not have been allowed in July, 1937, and paid by the city, as it contends, was that in receiving his salary warrant or check appellant signed a written acknowledgment that it was in full payment for services rendered for the period named. The argument is that the city was paying a claim which had no legal existence and was subject to recovery as for money had and received.
Section 10 of the Act of 1915, supra, is a modified form of section 1907, Code. Section 12 of the Act is akin to section 2031, Code. Sections 10 of the Act and 1907, Code, are non-claim acts which may be waived (see, Rikard v. O'Reilly,
But sections 12 of the Act and 2031, Code, are prerequisite to the right of recovery and cannot be waived by the city so as to estop it from defending a suit on that ground, when they have not been complied with, McCall v. City of Birmingham,
But there is no law which prohibits a city from paying a claim not filed under either statute. In the absence of such prohibition the city can recognize a moral obligation founded on a just claim of substantial pecuniary right, and pay it, though no recovery might be available by suit at law. State v. Clements,
Section 10 of the Act, supra, is here applicable if either that or section 12 is so. It is more favorable than section 12 in this respect. In fact the claim was *186
filed within twelve months of many of its items. Whether that is a compliance as to some of them we need not inquire. The city could and did waive the requirements of section 10 by paying the claim, certainly to that extent. To the extent that it was not paid, the claim, as we are holding, was without legal support on other grounds. The city commission had no right to reduce the amount of a salary fixed by law. The fact that the officer accepts such reduced amount as in full payment is not a discharge of the obligation. Jeffers v. Whorton,
We do not wish to imply that such a claim for salary fixed by law payable to a public officer is subject to the non-claim statute. See, Hasty v. Marengo County Bank,
From every standpoint there appears to be no right in the city to recover from appellant the amount which was paid in July, 1937. It is shown to have been the true amount due him at that time. The city has no legal claim to it, and he has none against the city in respect to the transactions here pertinent.
On both original and cross-assignments of error, the judgment is affirmed.
Affirmed.
GARDNER, C. J., and BOULDIN, and LIVINGSTON, JJ., concur.