28 W. Va. 113 | W. Va. | 1886
Opinion by
Before considering this cause on its merits we must first dispose of several formal objections to the manner, in which it is presented to this Court. It is assigned asan error in the court below, that it permitted the filing of the special replication to the answers of the defendants. As no affirmative relief was sought by the answers, it was obviously improper for the court to permit a special replication to be filed. This has been repeatedly decided by this Court (Enoch v. Mining Co., 23 W. Va. 314; Chalfants v. Martin, 25 W. Va. 394). As all the matters sot forth in this special replication were perfectly well known to the plaintiff, when the original bill was filed, it was obviously the duty of the plaintiffs, if they desired these matters to appear in the pleadings, to set them out in the original bill. The cases above referred to show this distinctly. The plaintiffs having failed to do this, after their answers had been filed, if they desired to introduce these matters into their pleadings, they should have asked
In' this case a general replication was filed to all the answers as well as this special replication. All the evidence, which was introduced under the pleadings in this cause including special replication and a rejoinder thereto, could have been properly introduced under the general replications. The answers claim, that the will of 1868, which the bill sought to set up and establish, was revoked by the fact, that the testator made a subsecpient will on January 9, 1876, which was duly probated on March 24,1876, by an order made by the county court ot Mason. This special replication sets out, that the order probating this will of January 9,1876, was declared null and void in a certain cliancery-suit in the circuit court of Mason county brought to set aside said will and the said order probating it. Mow that this order of the county court of Mason probating this will of January 9,1876, was subsequently set aside and annulled could as well have been proven under the issue made by the general replications to this answer as under the issue made by the special replication and rejoinder; for when this order of January 24, 1876, of the county court of Mason was declared null and void, and the paper dated January 9,1876, purporting to be the lastwilTand testament of John J. AMeaver, was declared not to be and no part of it ever to have been his will, then this order not only was inoperative from that time, but in Jaw it was the same thing precisely, as if no such will as that of date January 9,1876, had ever been executed, and no such order as that of the county court of Mason of January 24, 1876, probating it had ever been made. So that a denial by the general replication, that such a will had ever been made or probated, was proven, when under the general replication it was proven, that this order had been set aside and annulled and said paper declared not to be the will of John J. AMeaver. The defendants in
The court below ought to have decided, whether the demurrers to the plaintiff’s bill were good. If it had done so, the real question involved in this cause would have been presented in the simplest possible iorm. Its failure to do so has caused this question to be presented in a much more confused manner, Nevertheless, if upon the demurrer the court should have decided the bill to be good, the defendants can not have been-injured by the failure of the court to act upon these demurrers. The court by deciding the case on the final hearing in favor of the plaintiff thereby decided, that the bill was such, that the plaintiffs had a right to ask relief of a court of equity. The evidence in the cause establishes beyond doubt, that John J. Weaver did make a will in 1868, and that it was signed by him in the presence of two witnesses, who at his request and in his presence and in the presence of each other signed said will as subscribing witnesses, and that he was then of sound mind and disposing memory; and the contents of this will were, distinctly and clearly proven. If this will had been still in existence, without doubt it ought to have been probated upon the evidence of the witnesses of the.plaintiff in the court below, unless it had been revoked by the testator since it was executed (Code, ch. 77, sec. 3 p. 479 ; Warth’s Amended Code p. 569).
Our Code provides how a will may be revoked. (Code, ch. 77 secs. 6 and 7 p. 480 ; Warth’s Amended Code p. 568). The sixth section provides, that the testator’s marriage shall operate as a revocation of his will, except when the will is but the exercise of an appointment of another’s estate. Section 7 is as follows : ■ •
“No will or codicil or any part thereof shall be revoked, unless under the preceding section, or by a subsequent will or codicil, or by some writing declaring an intention to revoke the same, and executed in the manner in which a will is required to be executed, or by the testator, or some person in his presence and by his direction, cutting, tearing, burning, obliterating, cancelling, or destroying the same, or the signature thereto, with intent to revoke.”
The Code of 1785 ch. 61 secs. 6, 7 and 8 provided as follows : “No will in writing or any devise therein of chattels shall be revoked by a subsequent will, codicil or declaration, unless the same be in writing.”
In Barksdale v. Barksdale, 12 Leigh 540 et seq., Judge Baldwin speaking of this sec. 9 of ch. 104 of Rev. Code of 1819 says : “There are two modes of written revocation contemplated by this sec. 9, one by a will or codicil in writing, the ■other by a declaration in writing. For the sake of distinction, the first may be called a testamentary revocation, and the last a declaratory revocation. It is true, the declaratory revocation may assume the shape of a last will and testament; for that is a mere matter of form, if the paper be not also testamentary in its nature. The distinction between the two modes of revocation is not formal, but essential. In the testamentary revocation, the testator contemplates a now disposition of his property, and the revocation may be implied from inconsistency in the provisions of the two instruments, in which case it is a matter of comparison and construction ; or it may be express, in order that the testator may do his new testamentary work without being in any wise fettered by the contents of his former will. The declaratory revocation on the other hand, is always express, is not a matter of comparison and construction, and is in contemplation by the testator of that disposition of his property made by the law governing'in cases of intestacy.
“In every testamentary revocation, the testator always acts upon the supposition that his whole purpose will be accomplished, and his entire testamentary act ■will be effectual, as well in regard to the new disposition of the subject as the revocation of that which he had made by the former iustrur meut; and that revocation is in fact part and parcel of his new testamentary action. This is manifestly true in relation
“It has been argued, however, with great ingenuity and force by the appellant’s counsel that the statute does not re-cluiré that an express revocation must necessarily be by last will and testament'; that any written declaration is sufficient for the purpose; that here we have such a declaration, and though we find it in a paper intended to opei’ate as a last will and testament, which is nugatory as such, not having been written altogether by the testator, nor attested by two witnesses, yet that still it is a declaration in writing, which is all the statute requires, and as such is unquestionable on the score of validity. All this I admit, upon the supposition of its having been shown that the revocation contemplated by the testator was not a subsidiary conditional exercise of power, but an independent, substantive act, without reference to the character of the instrument employed, and unaffected by the new disposition thereby made of his estate. But this in my opinion has not been shown; and it seems to me in the nature of things can not be shown. How can we know, that the testator contemplated the revocation as effectual, though the testament itself should be unaccomplished ? ITow could such an expectation exist, without a probability, in his mind, that his testament would prove abortive.? And who ever made his last will and testament under the influence of such a belief?
“In a case like thishio argument to prove the revocation, substantive and independent, can to my apprehension avail anything, unless it goes the length of proving, that the testator intended to die intestate, which is impossible here, it
All the other judges concurred in the views of Judge Baldwin.
His reasoning above is obviously even more applicable to our statute-law above quoted, sec. 7 of ch. 77 of Code of W. Va., than it was to sec. 9 of ch. 104, of 1 Rev. Code of 1819. Our statute above quoted even more obviously than this sec. 9 of eh. 104 of Code of 1819 contemplates these two modes of written revocation of a will, the testamentary and the declaratory revocation. And it is to my mind impossible to show that the testator by his will made January 9, 1876, could have contemplated the revocation of his will of 1868, even had there been in the last a clause revoking said will, except upon the condition that his last will of January 9, 1876, should be carried out and accomplished. If this will of January 9, 1876 was pronounced inoperative and void for any reason, any clause in it revoking the will ol 1868 would neeessairly be void also. But this is, if possible, still more apparent, when there was no express clause in the will of 1876 revoking the will of 1868, and the revocation is only implied from the fact that the two wills are inconsistent. If the last will had been operative, it would have impliedly revoked the first, as it was impossible that Anna Eliza Church and her children should have all the testator’s property after the death of his widow, as the will of January 9, 1876 provided, and that all the testator’s property should go to Anna Eliza Church and Theresa Dower to be equally de-vided between them after the death of the widow, as the will of 1868 provided. But if the will of 1876 is inoperative and void, then it of course can not impliedly revoke the will of 1868.
The appellant’s counsel is thus forced to contend, that this will of 1876 is not inoperative and void, because it was pro
But it is claimed, that, as the appellants the heirs of John J. Weaver, were not parties to this chancery-suit, it is not binding on them, and that this order of the county court of Mason county made January 24, 1869, is still in force, so far as these heirs are concerned. If this was so, they could have no standing in this Court; for, if this order was valid and binding, it would establish, that they had no sort of interest in the disposition of the estate of John J. Weaver, and however wrongful the decree of the court below establishing the will of 1868 might be, it could do these heirs ot John J. Weaver no injury, as they certainly would have no interest in the estate, if this order of the county court of Mason of January 24, 1876, probating the will of January 9, 1876, be valid. But so far from being valid this paper dated January 9, 1876, purporting to be the last will and testament has been authoritatively declared not to be his will; and this order of the county court of Mason of January 24, 1876, has been declared void by the decree of the circuit court of Mason county in the chancery-suit brought for that purpose under said statute, and this Court has affirmed this decree of the cii’cuit court of Mason and declared, that the effect of this decree was to render this paper dated January 9,1876, purporting to be the will of John J. Weaver inoperative as his will, it being a judgment in rem, it rendered this paper-writing inoperative and void as the will of John J. Weaver as to the whole world, and, so far as this effect was concerned, it was
The result of this is, that this case is legally precisely what it would have been, had this paper purporting to be the will of John J. Weaver of date January 9, 1876 never been executed, and this would of course have left in operation the will oí John J. Weaver made in 1868, it having been duly executed, when he was of sound mind and disposing memory, and witnessed in the manner in which the law requires a will to be executed and witnessed, unless after its execution it was cancelled in a legal manner by burning or in some other mode prescribed by our statute.
It is not contended that this will of 1868 was ever revoked except by the paper purporting to be the will oí John I. Weaver dated January 9, 1876, or by the burning of it by the wife of Weaver at his direction either just beiore or just after his death. It was not revoked by this pretended will of January 9, 1876, we have seen. Was it revoked by this burning ? It would seem most obvious, that it -was not, for our statute on its very face declares how a will may be revoked in this mode, and the evidence clearly shows, that the mode prescribed by the statute was not followed in this case. The statute, ch. 77 secs. 6 and 7, declares, that a will may be revoked by the subsequent marriage of the testator or by a subsequent will or codicil or by some writing executed, as a will must be executed, or by some person in his presence and by his direction, cutting, tearing, burning, obliterating, canceling, or destroying the same or the' signature thereto, with the intent to revoke.” This or similar acts have been construed in Virginia and in England. This was done in Mahone’s Adm’r et al. v. Hobbs et al., 1 Rob. 379, decided in 1842, when the statute-law as contained in ch. 104 of 1 Rev. Code of 1819 with reference to the revocation of devises in a will was in force, that portion of it bearing on the question now' before us being in the following words :
*136 “No devise or any clause thereof, shall be revocable, but by the testator or testatrix destroying, canceling or obliterating the same or causing it to be done in his or her presence or by a subsequent will, codicil or declaration in writing made as aforesaid.” From this it will be perceived, that the mode of revoking devises remains unchanged, and that the only change, which has been made, is to put the mode of revoking as well as the making of wills bequeathing personalty on the same footing as the wills devising land; and this was partially done in efiect by the statute of 1835. The effect of this statute according to the opinions of Judges Stanard, Brooks and Cabell in Barksdale v. Barksdale, 12 Leigh 548-9, was “that the revocations of wills of personalty must be executed in the same manner, in which the wills of personals were required to be madethat is, in the same manner as the wills of lands. But by the Code of 1850, the making and revoking of wills of real and personal property, whether by writing or .otherwise were placed on the same footing, and so they remain in this State and in Virginia till this time. The opinion of the court therefore in Malone’s Adm’r et al. v. Hobbs el al., pronounced by Judge Baldwin, 1 Rob. 379 et seq. is applicable to our statute-law with reference to the revocation of wills stated hereinbefore. He says :
“The mere act most usually establishes itself; for it a will which had been executed by the testator, and retained in his custody, be found cancelled at his death, or after diligent inquiry can not be found at all, the legal presumption is that it was cancelled or destroyed by himself. But then this presumption is liable to be repelled by proof that the act of cancellation or destruction was done by some one else, with-outhisknowledgeand consent. So too, as thernind of the testa-. tor must accompany his physical act, every such case isopen to proof of a mistake in point of fact: as if he were to throw ink upon his paper instead of sand, or having two wills by him of different dates, should direct one of them to be cancelled or burned, and the person so directed should, through misapprehension or inadvertance cancel or burn the other. Still further, if the act in question be not a substantative, independent act, but dependent upon another, the whole forming together one transaction, we must look to the entire design*137 or purpose, in order to ascertain whether a revocation has been accomplished. Thus, where a testator knowingly cancels, or destroys his will, hut with the belief that he has substituted or is about to substitute another in its place, which consequential or preliminary object is defeated by some accident or mistake preventing the execution, or the complete and perfect execution, or the valid eftect of the new will; in such cases the work of revocation is incomplete and inefiectual. The purpose must concur with the act. And in this sense it is that there must be animus remcandi. But the purpose alone is unavailing, without performance of the act itself. A general intention of the testator, to alter his will or change the disposition of his estate; a particular design to cancel or destroy it; an abortive attempt to do the very act in question, even though prevented by accident, fraud or violence, do not effect the legality of the instrument. The will must be cancelled or destroyed. How far the work of destruction must proceed, is not yet settled. It would seem that where the testator has done all that he designed to do for the purpose of actual destruction, and believes that he has accomplished it, a literal compliance with the statute is not indispensable. (Moore, &c. v. Moore, &c., 1 Phill. 375). A slight tearing and burning was held sufficient in Bibb v. Thomas, 2 W. Blackf. 1043. A mere scorching of the envelope not extending to the will it embraced was held insufficient in Read v. Harris, 33 Eng. Com. L. R. 57.”
The decision in that case as set out in the last point of the syllabus is: “Although a testator directs his will to be destroyed and believes that it has been destroyed as requested, yet if it he not in tact, destroyed,-such direction and belief will not operate as a revocation of the will, even in relation to the personal estate.”
If as stated by Angelina Heeds her husband, the testator, on January 9, 1876, very shortly after he made his will of that date, said to her the first time he saw her : “I have made another will, Mr. .Bingham has got it; he will give it to you,” and she asked him : “What are you going to do with the other will V” referring to the will of 1868, of which she held possession ; and he replied, “Burn it,” ,and she did so, hut. not until January 18, 1876, some three days after her
But even if it had been burned in his presence and by his direction, it seems to me, that under the circumstances it would not be regarded as a revocation of the will; for the facts seem to show clearly that in the language of Judge Baldwin in 1 Bob. 380: “the act was dependent on another the whole forming together one transaction and it would be a case ■where a testator knowingly destroyed his will, but with the belief he had substituted another in its place which object was defeated by the new will being held to have no valid effect.” In such case Judge Baldwin says: “The work of revocation is incomplete and ineffectual,” and it does seem to me it ought to be so held. But be this as it may, there can be no doubt upon the actual facts proven in this case, that this will of 1868 was never revoked and ought therefore to be set up and established. The plaintiffs below in this cause have unquestionably a right to have this done in some court. It would be a disgrace to any civilized community professedly governed by law, if there was not furnished an adequate and efficient mode of establishing and enforcing the rights of devisees and legatees under a will, which had been illegally destroyed, whether this destruction had occurred in the lifetime of the testator or after his death. And it is not
It is contended by the appellants, that under our constitution the county courts alone as courts of probate have jurisdiction to furnish redress for such a wrong; and by the appellees it is contended, that the circuit courts as courts of chancery have exclusive jurisdiction to set up and establish such destroyed will, as was doue in this case. It seems to us, that under our constitution and laws such a wrong may be redressed either by the county court as a court of probate or by the circuit court as a court of probate on an appeal from a decision of the county court as a court of probate, or by the circuit court as a court of chancery. A great deversity of opinion has existed in England and in many of the States of the Nnion, as to whether a court of chancery had any jurisdiction to set up and establish a destroyed will, or whether this could be done only by courts of probate. Some courts held, that the probate courts had exclusive jurisdiction to set up and establish a lost or destroyed will by receiving proof of its due and legal execution by the testator and its legal and due attestation and proof of its contents; and that having established such will the court should declare by an entry on its order-book the contents of such will and order its contents to be admitted to probate as the last will of the testator and duly recorded as such. Others contended, that a court of probate can admit to probate only such wills as exist and not those, which have been íost or improperly destroyed; and that such lost or destroyed wills can be set up and established only by the courts of chancery. Others, it seems to me, properly contended that a lost or improperly destroyed will may be set up and established in either of these modes; and that in such a case as the one before us the probate courts and the courts of chancery have concurrent jurisdiction.
This controversy as to what courts had jurisdiction in such a ease has been long pending having had its origin in England at an early day. For reasons, which I do not deem it necessary to state here, and which it would require almost a
Afterwards the crown in favor of the church invested the prelates witli this branch ot the king’s prerogative. This they grossly abused appropriating the decedent’s estate to the use of the church ; and from time to time efforts were made to correct this abuse by acts of parliament. Euglish history shows how jealous these prelates always were of the iuteference of all temporal courts in their offices whether spiritual or temporal, and again and again they involved England in serious conflicts in asserting their rights to have all matters concerning the clergy adjudicated in the ecclesiastical courts and that too without appeal except to Rome. It was natural therefore for them, when the crown conferred on them the king’s prerogative of administering the personal effects of intestates and the probate of wills of personal property to deprive the county courts ol the jurisdiction they had origin
Butin these early days real estate could not be devised in England; ou the death of the owner it descended immed-iatly to his heirs. This continued, till the Statute of Wills, 82 and 34 TIenry VIII. was passed. The barons of England had many valuable prerogatives on the lands of minors and were very jealous of the encroachments of the priests on these prerogatives. If objection was made, the ecclesiastical courts were prohibited from probating wills of lands, as they had no jurisdiction over wills of land. (Powell on Dev. 626 ; 3 Neb. 30, 54; Vent. 207; Cro. Car. 396). At first it wTas customary to grant a prohibition, when lands and chattels were included in the same will; but afterward the prohibition was only granted as to the lands. Finally when the will bequeathed chattels, though it also devised land, the ecclesiastical courts were not prohibited from probating it entire, as such probate did not prejudice the heirs, because the common law courts did not regard such probate as evidence, it being regarded as a proceeding c.oram non judice. (Egerton v. Egerton, Cro. Jac. 384; Hudson v. Fisher, Rep. T. Holt, 180. And Sir George Sands’s Case, 3 Salk 22; Habergham v. Vincent, 2 Ves. 230; Netter v. Brett, Cro. Car. 395; Wms. on Ex. 216). If a will was lost, suppressed or destroyed, and it bequeathed personal property, it would therefore, it would seem, follow as a matter of course, that such will might be established and probated in an ecclesiastical court as a court of probate. And accordingly Swinburn lays it down :
“If a testament be made in writing and, afterwards be lost by some casualty, if there be two unexceptionable witnesses, who did see and read the testament written, and do remember the contents thereof, these two witnesses so deposing to the tenor of the will are sufficient for proof in form of law. In which case the court will grant probate of the will
And Williams in his work on Executors, p. 209, says : “At this day it is quite clear, that the contents or substance of a testamentary instrument, may he thus established, though the instrument itself can not be produced, upon satisfactory proof given, that the instrument was duly made by the testator, and was not revoked by him, hut when allegations of the fact are made, they must be supported by the clearest and most satisfactory evidence.” And this could be done by the ecclesiastical courts, though all the witnesses to the will were dead; but the case had to be proven by the clearest and most stringent evidence. (Huble v. Clark, 1 Haggard, 115 Eng. Ecclesiastical R. 52; Foster v. Foster, 1 Adams 462, 2 Eng. Ecclesiastical R. 182.
Under the common law there was no mode, by which a devise of real estate could be probated and recorded once for all. It was simply a muniment of title, and the devi-see or those claiming under him, where they offered it in evidence before any court, and it was attacked, had to prove the due execution of the will. If the will contained not only a devise of land but a bequest ot personal property, it might be, as we have seen, probated in the ecclesiastical courts. But such probate the common law cou rts entirely disregarded, so far as it concerned the lands devised, and in a controversy concerning the lands devised the common law courts would not permit such probate to he given in evidence, it being considered coram non judies. This was a most serious defect in the common law, for which the English chancery courts furnished a remedy to some extent by entertaining a bill to establish a will of realty in favor of’ the devisee against the heirs. This it did under one of its general grounds of jurisdiction, that of quieting titles and perpetuating testimony. This establishing & will of lands in a court of chancery was almost the equivalent of a probate of the will, as the decree of the chancery court establishing such a will of lands hound not only the heirs but their privies.
It has however been strenuously contended, that this jurisdiction of a chancery court to establish a will of real property was confined to cases, where the devise of lands had connected
In this country very generally if not universally courts of probate have complete jurisdiction of the probate of wills both of real and personal estate; and the probate is conclusive upon all parties until set aside or reversed in some proceeding instituted or carried on for the express purpose of reviewing such probate. And now an act of parliment has conferred upon courts of probate in England jurisdiction to determine the validity of Avills of real as well as personal property; and such jurisdiction may be granted in such manner as to make such probate conclusive evidence in all the courts of the validity of the will (20 and 21 Viet. ch. 77 secs. 12, 61-65). Since the passage of this Act of Parliament the practice of establishing a will in chancery is of comparatively rare occurence in England. As was well said in the case of Harris v. Tisereau, et al., 52 Ga. 160, et seq.:
“As to wills of personality, the defect of which we have spoken did not exist, and there was no call for chancery to remedy it. Probate of wills of personalty against the world
*144 and ouee for all, was made in the ecclesiastical court. It was of the utmost importance to society that this should be done. The death ot the owner of personal estate devoted his personalty of evei’y diseription to his debts, his legatees and distributees. It was, therefore, necessary that it should forthwith appear whether his personal property should be distributed, or go to legatees, and that his debts should be paid before it went to either. Some mode, therefore, of settling once for all whether there was a will, was a necessity of society. This for certain reasons which are a part of the history of England, fell to the ecclesiastical courts, and was performed in all its details by those courts under rules as wide and as little cramped by common law narrowness as were the proceedings of equity courts. That there was a will, or that there was not, was enquired into, its precise terms were ascertained, it was spread upon a book for the registry of wills, and the court undertook the superintendence of its execution. In the doing of this it exercised powers and followed methods unknown to the common law, derived from the same source, the civil law, as the powers and methods of the court of chancery. It established lost, mutilated and destroyed wills ; it set aside its own judgment, and allowed rehearings and reviews for good cause, and examined questions of fraud, accident and mistakes as keenly and searchingly as did a court of chancery. Under such a system even the broad jurisdiction of chancery over fraud might well be considered unnecessary in matters within the scope of the powers of the probate court. And long since it has been settled that fraud in the procurement of a will is not within the jurisdiction of a court of equity. Whether there he or be not fraud is one of the issues settled by the probate. If there be’fraud it is no will. li the will be set up, the judgment settles the matter. And if the application to chancery be before judgment, the reply is the ecclesiastical court is competent to settle it. And though at one time equity would interfere to redress fraud in the probate as it Avould fraud in a common law trial, by acting personally on the parties and compelling them to go into the probate court and do rightly, yet in England that jurisdiction has been rarely exercised, and may now he said to bo abandoned, the*145 power of the probate court to grant new trial, to search the conscience of the parties and to punish for contempt, being ample and complete : See the cases collected and the subject discussed in Perry on Trustees, see. 182. But both in England and in this country, this limitation of the jurisdiction of ohaueery over frauds has not extended so far as to deny the jurisdiction where a will has been fraudulently destroyed. In Tucker v. Phipps, 3 Atk. 368, Lord Hurdwick asserts the jurisdiction in the very broadest terms. The case goes upon the general jurisdiction of equity over frauds, and recognizes the rights of the legatee to come into equity against the spoli-ator, to enforce against him the bequest as a trust. A distinction is taken between the general probate of the will which properly pertains to .the ecclesiastical court, and enforcing the title or right of the legatee, and the chancellor says, that as against the spoliator, the court would not put the legatee to the hardship of establishing the words of the will against the world by probate before the ecclesiastical court. And so far as I can find there is no decision of a case in England contrary to this. In Duttons v. Coatsworth, 1 P. Williams 731, which was for relief against the fraudulent suppression of a deed, two cases are cited by the chancellor when the court decreed the spoliator of a will to hold the bequest in trust for the legatee, though there was no probate of the will; and in Haynes v, Haynes, 2 Ver. 441, the same question was made and decided.”
In this country there is considerable conflict in the decisions on this subject. In the case, from which the above quotation is made, it was decided, that in Georgia “A court of equity has jurisdiction over all cases of fraud except fraud in the execution of a will, and this jurisdiction includes fraud in the destruction of a will, notwithstanding the exclusive jurisdiction of the ordinary in general over probate and intestate matters.” (Point 2 of Syll).
In the ease of Buchanan v. Matlock, 8 Humph. 390 (47 Am. Doc. 622), it was decided, that “A court of chancery has jurisdiction to set up a will which has been1 lost, suppressed or destroyed.” Much that I have above said with reference to the origin ot the jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical courts in England in matters of probate, has been taken from what
“Let us, in the second place, inquire, what changes have been effected upon this subject in this State (Tennessee). We have no ecclesiastical courts, no jealousy of conflicting jurisdictions. The county courts have to á certain extent been substituted for the ecclesiasticals. The probate of wills, both for the real and personal property, has been given them by statute. But no other powers of the ecclesiastical courts have been devolved upon the county courts, save those expressly given by statute. ' The power to receive probates of wills in existence, does not necessarily confer the power to set up wills, which have been lost, suppressed or destroyed; if they have it at all, they must have it in cases for realty as well as personalty, a more extensive-jurisdiction on the subject than belongs to the ecclesiastical courts of England. This power, if it exists, must be by implication, for it is not expressly given; if there was no other place where a will under such circumstances could be set up, it would be necessary to insist upon its existence by implication, but, where there is a tribunal, viz: the court of chancery, where such relief can be more effectually given, there is no reason for insisting on it. But on the contrary, there is in our opinion, every reason for denying it.
“There is no similarity between the county .courts of our State, and the ecclesiastical courts of England, in their facilities for giving relief in such eases. The ecclesiastical courts, are at all times filled with judges of the highest skill and*147 ability — there are always iu attendance, the most learned doctors, in the common and civil law, and a machinery is possessed by them equal perhaps to any in the world for the investigation and elucidation of doubtful and conflicting facts. Not so with our county courts ; the judges are men of no skill in law, entirely disqualified by their vocations and pursuits, from the patient and tedious investigation oí facts, necessary to be ascertained for the purpose of setting up a will, either for realty or for personalty, which has been lost, suppressed or destroyed by fraud or accident.
“The jurisdiction for those purposes ought not to be vested in those tribunals. The legislature has felt this so strongly, that it has taken from them the right to try an issue of devi-savit vel von. How redieulous then, would it be, to leave with them, the more difficult and more important power to set up wills, by parol proof, both for real and personal property. Such jurisdiction is not given by statute, and we will not given it by implication.
“We therefore think, that in any case, where a will has been lost, or destroyed, or suppressed, either by accident or fraud, that it can only be set up in a court of chancery in this State, however it may be done elsewhere.”
This reasoning seems to me to be very strong ; and with the conclusion, that in any case, where a will has been lost, destroyed or suppressed either by accident or fraud, it can be set up in a court of chancery, I heartily concur; but whether under our statute-law it may not also be done in a county court in the State of West Virginia we will hereafter consider. Though jurisdiction to set up and establish wills, which have been lost, suppressed or destroyed, is no where conferred by statute, yet it is recognized as existing under the general rules, whereby the jurisdiction of equity courts is fixed, as recognized by the common law independent of any statute in a number of States other than Georgia and Tennessee. Thus in Allison’s Devisees v. Allison’s Heirs, 7 Dana 90, it was decided that in Kentucky “chancery has jurisdiction to establish a will that is lost or destroyed.” (Point 2 of Syll.) And it was in that case also decided, that “the statute requiring the'question of will or no will to be tried by a jury in certain cases applies, only where a
In New Jersey in the case of Bailey v. Stiles et al., 1 Green’s Ch’y 220 (see syllabus) it was decided: “In case of spoliation of a will equity has jurisdiction, and the will may bo established in this court. And in order to establish a will in a court of chamaery, all the witnesses to the will, if within the power of the court, must be examined. ■ But if either of the witnesses be dead or insane or without the jurisdiction of the court, the will may be established without the evidence of such -witnesses.”
In New York in the case of Grant v. Grant el al., 1 Saudi. Ch’y 235, it -was decided that a will, which had been lost or destroyed, might be established in a court of chancery ; and in Vorhees v. Vorhees, 12 N. Y. 463, it was decided, that by a liberal construction of a New York statute a will might be admitted to probate, though destroyed by the testator in his <- lifetime while acting under the undue influence of his son.
In South Carolina in Legare, v. Ashe, 1 Nay 464, the chancery court established a lost will.
In Vermont I would inter, that it was there held, that a coui't of chancery had jurisdiction to setup and establish a lost or destroyed will, from the case of Mead et al, v. Heirs of Langdon, decided in 1834, but never reported, but which is approved in the Heirs of Adams v. Adams el al., 22 Vt. 59, where it is said, that in this unreported case “the chancery court set up and decreed the payment of legacies, given in a will never proved in a court of probate, but which had been suppressed by'those interested in the estate, and administration obtained without regard to the will.”
In all these cases except Harris v. Tisereau et al., 52 Ga. 153, and Buchanan v. Matlock, 8 Humph. 390, which have been quoted from above, there is little or no argument by' the court, but it is assumed as clearly law, that under its general powers as a court of chancery a court of equity can establish a lost, suppressed or destroyed will.
In opposition to these numerous decisions it has been decided in Ohio, that, “a court oí chancery can not entertain jurisdiction to set up and establish a lost or destroyed last
These views seem to me perfectly sound; but.-they do not sustain the conclusion which was reached by the court. I3ut what they rely upon specially as compelling them to hold, that a court of chancery even had4)0 jurisdiction to establish a lost or destroyed will, is an Ohio statute, which declares, that “no will shall be effectual to pass real or personal.estato, unless it shall be duly admitted to probate or record as provided by the act.” (Samestatute, sec. 33, p. 996). Themetis silent about any method of establishing a will by a proceeding in chancery. There is no appeal from the decision',,no writ of error or Oil] ot review, no way óf vacating it except the pe
This was the course which the court below pursued in its final decree establishing the destroyed will of John J. "Weaver, which is now before us for review. Perhaps the difficulty presented by this statute-law of Ohio, might be got over in the same way, that the courts have got over the statute of frauds, that “ no action shall be brought upon any contract
But if this Ohio decision can be sustained at all, it is only because the Ohio statute takes from the courts of equity their power ot setting up lost, suppressed or destroyed wills; and if that is the case, the decision would have no weight except in Ohio, unless there was found a similar provision in the statute.-law of the State, where this Ohio decision was relied upon as authority. It is I suppose also true, from, what is said in Gaines v. Chew, 2 How. 619, and Gaines v. Hennen, 24 How. 558, that in Louisiana a lost or destroyed will can be set up only in a court of probate. But this can have no effect in aiding us to reach a conclusion in this case on the point, which we are considering, because the entire basis of the Louisiana law is variant from the basis of the law in this State. Their law is founded on the civil law; ours on the common law. And perhaps in Massachusetts (see Waters v. Stickney, 12 Allen 1), a lost or destroyed will can be sot up only in a probate court. It is cei'tain it can- be set up in a probate court in Massachusetts. (Clarket al. v. Wright, 3 Pick. 67, and Dacis et al. v. Sigournoy, 8 Metc. 487). But we can not thence infer, that a court of chancery has not like jurisdiction ; for the jurisdiction might well be concurrent in chancery courts and courts of probate, just as courts of common law and chancery courts have concurrent jurisdiction in eases of fraud.
As tar as I have been able to ascertain, there is but one case, in which it was decided, that a court of probate had not jurisdiction to set up and probate a will, which had been lost, suppressed or destroyed, and that is the case of Buckhanon v. Matlock, 8 Humph. 390 (47 Am. Dec. 629). Wé have seen, that the probate courts may set up and establish and admit to probate lost, suppressed and destroyed wills in England, in
My conclusion then is, that in the various States of the Union chancery courts have and ought to have jurisdiction to setup and establish wills, which have been lost, suppressed or destroyed, except where by some peculiar provision of the statute-law equity courts are deprived of jurisdiction in such cases; and that probate courts have in such cases concurrent jurisdiction with the chancery courts, unless their jurisdiction is'so restricted by statutory law as to clearly indicate, that the legislature did not design in any case to permit them to admit
Thus in Lemon v. Reynolds, 5 Munf. 552, decided in April 1817, it was held, that a county court or a court of probate can set up and establish a will and have the same recorded. In Banks v. Booth, 6 Munf. 385 it was decided, that a court of chancery can set up and establish a lost or destroyed will; and that in such a case issue out of chancery should be directed to ascertain facts essential to a just decision, of the cause. This case was decided in April, 1819. The same was decided in March, 1821, in the case of Brent v. Dodd, Gilmer 211. These cases assumed that a court of probate in Virginia could set up a lost or destroyed will and probate the substance of it as proved by witnesses and have the will thus established recorded as the last will of the deceased; and that the same could be done by a court of chancery in effect by its setting up and establishing the will, which had been lost or destroyed; but these eases do not show, what should be the form of a decree of a court of chancery establishing and setting .up such a will. Though no reasons are assigned for these decisions, yet, as we have seen, they are supported both by reason and the weight of authority and must be regarded as binding authority on us, unless the law has been changed either by constitutional provisions or changes in the statute-law.
The constitution of Virginia in force, when these decisions were rendered, was the first constitution of the State adopted June 29, 1776, and to be found in the Revised Code of Virginia of 1814, pp. 3-7. This constitution simply recognized the existence of the county court (sec. 15, p. 6). It did not define its jurisdiction; this was left to the legislature. Its jurisdiction in reference to probating wills was defined by ch. 42 of the Code of 1814, p. 224 et seq. By sec. 10 of this chapter it was provided : “The several district, county
The present constitution of West Virginia as amended in 1880, provides with reference to the probate jurisdiction of the county courts as follows : “They shall have jurisdiction in all matters of probate, the appointment and qualification of personal representatives, guardians, committees, curators and the settlement of their accounts, and in all matters relating to apprentices” (Article VIII., sec. 24 of Constitution, Warth’s Amended Code of W. Va., p. 27). In defining the j urisdietion of the circuit courts the Constitution declares. “They shall, except in cases confined exclusively by this constitution to some other tribunal, have original and general jurisdiction of matters at law where the amount in controversy exclusive of all interest, exceeds $50.00 ; and of all cases in equity and of all crimes and misdemeanors. They shall also have such other jurisdiction whether supervisory, original, appellate, or concurrent as is or may be prescribed by law,” (Constitution, Article VIII., sec. 12, Warth’s Amended Code p. 25). These provisions are the same as those found in the Constitution of 1872, except that the last clause in sec. 12, of Article VTII., was simply. “It shall have such other original jurisdiction, as may be prescribed by law.” (Acts of 1872-3 p. 27). In the exercise of its power under this provision of the Constitution the Legislature on November 21, 1873,
Be this as it may, it seems to me immaterial, so far as the case before us is affected, whether the circuit courts have or have not original and concurrent jurisdiction with the county courts in matters of probate. Sec. 22 of ch. 77 of'Warth’s Amended Code of W. Va., passed in 1882, p. 572, provides that “the county court shall have power and jurisdiction to hear proof of and admit wills to probate.” And sec. 26 of said ch. 77 p. 573, provides that “the clerk of any county court during the recess of the regular sessions of said court may admit wills to record upon the same proof and with like effect, as the said county court could do if in session; but no contest as to such probate or record shall be heard or determined by the clerk,” and then proceeds to declare how such probate by the clerk is to be confirmed by the count-y court, and how wills are to be offered for probate and probated in the county court. These provisions are contained in sections 26, 27 and 28 of ch. 77 of Warth’s Amended Code pp. 573-4. Section 29 provides for appeals from the decision in matters of probate by the county courts to the circuit court, where it is to be tried and determined regardless of the proceedings before the county court or the clerk thereof and iii all respects as if the application for such probate had been originally made to the circuit court. . Section 30 provides for an issue of devisamtvel non on such appeals to
There is not in the provisions of our present Constitution or in any provisions of our statute-law anything, which I can see, which renders the decision before cited in 5th and 6th Munford and Gilmore’s Reports inapplicable in this State now. There has been no change in the Constitution or in the statute-law, which would take from a court of chancery its jurisdiction, which it has always had in Virginia and West Virginia, to set up and establish lost, suppressed or destroyed -wills. There may be less occasion for .such bills, now that the parties may by appeal bring such a case before the circuit court for trial de novo, and there have a jury to try the issue of devisavit vel non, which would seem to be as efficient a remedy, as could be obtained by a bill in chancery to set up or establish a will which has been lost or destroyed. But as there is no provision in the statute, which provides this new remedy, whereby any party interested may obtain in the circuit court as an appellate court of probate atrial by a jury of an issue of devisa,vit vel non, where he asks a probate of a lost or destroyed will, (ch. 77 of Amended Code of West Virginia, p. 568 et set/.), which takes away the then existing remedy of a bill in chancery to set up or establish a lost or destroyed will, such remedy continues on general principles often recognized.
I can not see, that the tact, that the county courts have!
The court obviously did not err in refusing to exclude entirely the deposition of Angelina Seeds. She certainly was competent to testify, that she after her husband's death destroyed his will; and this is all of her testimony, which the plaintiffs'needed.
For these reasons the decree of the circuit court of May 8, 1885, must be affirmed; and the appellees must recover of the appellants, J. S. Stone and Elizabeth Stone, his wife, Charles Weaver, Henry Weaver, G. B. Rayburn, Oassie-Sayre, Cassie Rayburn, Jake Brinker, Joseph McKinley and Adley.McKinley their costs in this suit expended and $80.00 damages; and as to all the other appellants the appeal must be dismissed as improvidentiy awarded, none of them having appeared in the circuit court of Mason county in this cause.
AEEIRMED.