576 F.2d 887 | Ct. Cl. | 1978
Lead Opinion
delivered the opinion of the court: This action, involving the statutory interpretation of the Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act,
Plaintiffs are general partners in D-E Office Buildings (D-E), an Illinois limited partnership engaged in the development of a major office building complex in San Bruno, California, a South Bay suburb of San Francisco. The financial arrangements finally settled upon by D-E and its lenders were apparently consistent with those usual and customary for this type of project.
The terms of Aetna’s permanent loan commitment
Once Aetna’s permanent loan commitment was assured, D-E was able to obtain an interim construction loan from Union, the terms of which required D-E to comply with all of the conditions of the Aetna commitment.
The document which really formalized the obligations of D-E, Aetna and Union in this complex three-party financing arrangement was the "Buy-And-Sell” Agreement (BSA) executed on June 26, 1972. The BSA obligated Aetna to purchase Union’s loan and to utilize as security the same mortgage (on the property being developed) which Union had recorded. Thus, under the BSA (which was never recorded), Aetna would succeed Union as mortgagee on the recorded mortgage and as holder of the promissory note.
One further provision of the BSA precluded prepayment of the note prior to the closing of Aetna’s permanent loan and prohibited Union from "releasing] any part of the security for its loan, accepting] payment or prepayment thereof, accelerating] the maturity, [or] assigning] or transfer[ing] the loan” except to Aetna.
In July 1972,
Pursuant to the D-E/USPS
At the closing of the sale of the real estate to USPS, D-E informed the Government representatives of the additional cost incurred in terminating its original financing arrangements and stated their possible intention to claim reimbursement for this additional cost under the Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act of 1970.
Seller acknowledges that it is aware of its right to claim reimbursement for costs incurred in conveying title to the Government in accordance with PL 91-646.
The evidence presented to us fails to indicate that the Aetna loan commitment was secured by a recorded mortgage on the property conveyed to the Postal Service.
D-E appealed this denial to the Director, Real Estate, USPS, on December 3, 1974, and thereafter complied with all requests for information which the USPS requested. For nearly two and one-half years, D-E awaited a decision and allegedly received "innumerable assurances” from the USPS that such a decision would be forthcoming. Finally, on March 25, 1977, D-E filed suit for reimbursement in this court. Then, on May 6,1977, the USPS denied D-E’s appeal, stating that "the payment for which you seek reimbursement was not made to the lender.”
Plaintiffs now argue before this court that Section 303 of the Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act of 1970 (the Act)
Plaintiffs further contend that, even though the clear language of the statute and its existing judicial interpretations necessitate no resort to the legislative history
Finally, plaintiffs assert that the USPS should be equitably "estopped” to change its rationale for denying DE’s claim on the ground that the change of position in the two and one-half year delay between USPS’ original denial and its denial of D-E’s appeal, represents the type of post hoc rationalization of agency action condemned by the Supreme Court in Burlington Truck Lines, Inc. v. United States, 371 U.S. 156 (1962).
Defendant, on the other hand, relies heavily upon two different facts to demonstrate that plaintiffs’ claim does not fall within the actual wording of the Act. Of prime importance, argues defendant, is the fact that the $99,000 fee was not a "prepayment penalty.” The Government notes that the D-E/ Aetna agreement characterized the sum as a "standby fee,” to be forfeited if the permanent loan did not close, and that the same agreement provided for an entirely separate "prepayment penalty,” which would become payable only after the Aetna loan closed. Thus, reasons the Government, since the Aetna loan never closed, the sum lost by D-E was the "standby fee” and not the "prepayment penalty.”
The defendant further asserts that, since only the mortgage instrument to Union was formally recorded, any payment to Aetna could not have been for or on account of a "preexisting recorded mortgage” as required by the Act. It concludes that an interpretation which requires the Government to pay hidden or secret fees would place an intolerable burden on its land procurement operations.
Defendant’s final contention centers on justifying the apparent change of position of the USPS in denying D-E’s appeal; the use of one reason in denying D-E’s initial claim, does not, argues the Government, concede all other issues to D-E. The Government also urges that this court, if we decide that plaintiffs are entitled to reimbursement, must now remand the action to the same agency which just took two and one-half years to rule on the appeal, for a determination of what amount would be "fair and reasonable.”
Because we believe that the Government’s interpretation of the Act is far too narrow and that acceptance of the Government’s position would contravene the expressed intent of Congress in passing the Act, and because we find that remand to the agency is unnecessary under the facts in the present case, we hold that the plaintiffs are entitled to recover the $75,000 in issue as a "penalty [cost] for prepayment of [a] pre-existing recorded mortgage.”
The question now before us basically requires that we decide whether either the wording of the Act or the expressed intent of Congress necessitates a distinction between the more traditional, two-party financing arrangements which Congress undoubtedly had in mind in the course of its deliberations (and which the Government conceded at oral argument would be covered by the Act, even in a commercial setting) and the more modern and more complex three-party financing arrangements now in vogue in high-cost commercial real estate development.
Had D-E gone directly to Aetna to finance the entire project (i.e. had both the construction and permanent loans been combined into one) and had Aetna been the original
Such a conclusion is supported by Judge (now Justice) Stevens in the case of Goldman v. First Federal Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 518 F.2d 1247 (7th Cir. 1975). In that case, the loan agreement made no provision for a "prepayment penalty” and federal regulation prohibited the lender from charging such a penalty unless there was some such specific provision. The borrower in Goldman paid off his loan in advance, but the lender retained some $36.25 in prepaid interest covering a period for which (because of borrower’s prepayment of the principal) there was no principal outstanding on the loan. The court there was faced with the problem of determining whether such a "retention” constituted a "prepayment penalty” prohibited by the regulation. In reaching its decision
Nor do we believe the fact that a prepaid amount is retained by the lender, as opposed to the exaction of an additional charge, is of consequence. For surely if a borrower . . . had to forfeit amounts deposited ... he would incur a prepayment penalty.
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The proper test, it seems to us, is whether there is a charge imposed at the time of prepayment that would not be imposed if the note were paid at maturity instead of at an earlier date. Moreover, the nature of any such charge, rather than [the] amount, should be determinative. (emphasis in original.) 518 F.2d at 1251-52.
It is also significant that the Seventh Circuit apparently considered irrelevant the fact that the parties themselves had not termed the sum retained as a "prepayment
Accepting the test developed by Judge Stevens as a reasonable common sense approach to the "prepayment penalty” question, and applying that test, by analogy, to the case at hand, it appears, under the terms of Aetna’s loan commitment, the $75,000 retained by Aetna would clearly not have been retained had D-E paid off its loan at maturity, which it assumably would have done absent the intervention of the USPS. We do not find controlling the mere fact that the parties to the permanent loan commitment separated the possible penalties which could be assessed for early payment of the $4,950,000 principal in question into "standby” and "prepayment” categories. Any such distinction, for purposes of the "penalty costs” language of the Act, would simply not be in accord with the reality of the situation.
Turning our attention now to the requirement of the Act that the sum which we have determined to be a penalty cost must be incurred in prepayment of a "preexisting recorded mortgage,” we find no disagreement from the Government that there was, in fact, a "preexisting recorded mortgage” on the property in question. The Government’s argument, therefore, clearly hinges on the fact that Union, and not Aetna, was the named mortgagee in the recorded mortgage document. It is just this attempted distinction between the immediate and the ultimate mortgagee which raises the question of whether the wording of the statute places, or should place, borrowers in a two-party financing arrangement in a preferred position vis-a-vis borrowers in a three-party financing situation.
At oral argument, the defendant’s only response to questions of this nature centered on the contention that Congress clearly didn’t have in mind the commercial land developer, the primary user of three-party financing, when it passed the Act, but was, instead, concerned with the displaced homeowner, who nearly always has only a single mortgagee. Such a response, however, misses the mark since a commercial developer who utilized only one lender and thus had only one mortgagee, would be covered to the
The purpose of the statutory language requiring a "preexisting recorded mortgage” particularly when read in conjunction with the "good faith” requirement which follows
The requirement of a "preexisting recorded mortgage” is met by the mortgage to Union, which was both "preexisting” and "recorded.” Such mortgage was sufficient both to establish the fact that financing existed prior to the Government purchase and to put the Government on notice that there was a financing arrangement. The promissory note was incorporated by reference in the recorded mortgage instrument, and a thirty-year repayment schedule to Aetna was specified in the note. The requirement that Aetna had to release D-E and Union in any prepayment situation and the coincident requirement that D-E forfeit the $99,000 were formalized and contained in easily discoverable documents, the BSA and the Aetna loan commitment. The "three-party” aspect of the financing arrangement was not hidden from the Government
Having thus determined that the payment made by D-E to Aetna falls within the statutory language "penalty costs for prepayment of any preexisting recorded mortgage . . we note in passing that, far from hindering the congressional purpose as claimed by the defendant, such an interpretation will plainly foster the achievement of declared congressional goals.
While much of the discussion in Congress, as would be expected, appears to have centered on the Relocation Assistance portion of Public Law 91-646, there are several statements of general purpose which apply with equal relevance to the Real Property Acquisition Policies portion of the Act
. . . culmination of lengthy and extensive efforts to develop legislation establishing a uniform policy for the fair and equitable treatment of persons who . . . have their real property taken for Federal . . . programs .... [and]
It establishes a uniform policy on real property acquisition practice for all Federal and federally assisted programs .... [however]
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The Congress . . . can only provide [the] tools. Their effective use depends upon the attitudes and skill of the officials ... of the Government responsible for their administration.21 (emphasis added.)
Beyond these general statements of policy, however, Congress has neatly set out its specific goals for Title III of the Act, which covers the Uniform Real Property Acquisition Policy.
*111 This section establishes a uniform policy for the acquisition of real property in order to encourage and expedite acquisition by agreements with owners, to avoid litigation and relieve congestion in the courts, to assure consistent treatment for owners . . ., and to promote public confidence in Federal land acquisition practices22 .
These clear statements of both general and specific congressional intent appear to be well served by our foregoing interpretation of the plain statutory language. The overriding goal of uniformity obviously would not be fostered by the Government’s overly-technical reading of the Act. Were we to adopt the defendant’s position, owners would be treated differently, with a resultant loss of uniformity, based, not on any rational distinction, but merely on the type of financing arrangement they chose. The commercial-residential distinction urged by the Government at oral argument fares no better upon close scrutiny. Not only would the commercial owner with two-party financing be eligible to recover his penalty costs (and the residential owner with three-party financing, if such exists, be ineligible), but no provision exists for the elderly couple who rent 50% of their home for commercial gain. Would they be "residential,” or "commercial,” or "half- and-half’?
The difficulties with the Government’s position do not end here. Since much of the major commercial development today is done with three-party financing arrangements, the Government’s refusal to pay the honestly assumed, financially significant, and very real "prepayment penalties” of the type now in issue would hardly "encourage and expedite acquisition by agreements with owners.” In fact, the owner faced with such significant, non-recoverable fees could very well refuse to sell and force condemnation proceedings — the very litigation and lengthy court proceedings Congress sought to avoid. Finally, it is not difficult to imagine the loss in public confidence caused by such proceedings.
For all of the above reasons, it appears that our interpretation of the statutory language is, by far, the
In its final fusillade, the Government argues that, even if we decide that plaintiffs were entitled to reimbursement, this action would have to be remanded to the USPS for its determination of whether $75,000 was a "fair and reasonable” penalty cost
Despite some facial similarity between the Egg City case and the case now at hand, and despite the fact that Egg City follows a readily acceptable procedure in cases where a significant record remains to be made
The first, and most important, distinction is stated in the very text of the Egg City opinion itself. It states that the matter must be
. . . remanded to the Secretary [of Agriculture] for a proper award — unless the record . . . mandates only one acceptable determination, (emphasis added.) 214 Ct.Cl. at 354, 556 F.2d at 1101.
In Egg City, the Secretary was required to make a determination of the "fair market value” of over three million chickens. Clearly, the determination of such a scrambled issue would require the compilation of mountainous facts and figures, plus a large element of "educated guess” which this court felt only the Secretary, with his administrative expertise, could make.
Further compelling us to decide this matter now and put an end to this litigation is the three-year delay which plaintiffs have already suffered. Especially in a situation such as this one, where the final result is clear, it is a longstanding rule that a court may cut short an administrative process where interminable and unexplained delays have already rendered plaintiffs’ rights in the administrative process nugatory. See, e.g., Smith v. Illinois Bell Telephone Co., 270 U.S. 587, 592 (1926); Walker v. Southern R.R. Co., 385 U.S. 196 (1966).
For all of the above stated reasons, we hold that the plaintiffs’ $75,000 payment to Aetna was a "penalty [cost]
Upon consideration of the submissions of the parties, including defendant’s supplemental submission, and after oral argument, plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment is granted, defendant’s cross-motion for summary judgment is denied, and judgment is entered for plaintiffs in the amount of $75,000.
The statute in question here reads, in pertinent part:
The head of a Federal agency, as soon as practicable after the date of payment of the purchase price or the date of deposit in court of funds to satisfy the award of compensation in a condemnation proceeding to acquire real property, whichever is the earlier, shall reimburse the owner, to the extent the head of such agency deems fair and reasonable, for expenses incurred for—
*101 (2) penalty costs recorded for repayment of any preexisting recorded mortgage entered into in good faith encumbering such. . . . property ....
Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act of 1970, § 303, 42 U.S.C. § 4653 (1970).
See, e.g., Haggerty, Procedures, Forms and Safeguards in Construction Lending with a Permanent Takeout, 85 Banking L.J. 1035 (1968).
The terms of Aetna’s permanent loan commitment were detailed on several documents which, together, made up the "commitment”: (1) D-E’s mortgage loan application for $4,950,000 at 9)4% interest repayable over 30 years; (2) Aetna’s letter to D-E of November 16, 1971; (3) Aetna’s letter to D-E of December 16, 1971; (4) Aetna’s letter to Coldwell Banker (D-E’s leasing agent) of March 15,1972; (5) Aetna’s letter to Coldwell Banker of May 9, 1972, and (6) Aetna’s letter to D-E of July 12,
Aetna’s obligation was conditioned on D-E’s constructing a building and parking structure on the land not later than the June 30, 1973 "take out” date.
The promissory note, although never recorded, was, according to defendant, incorporated by reference in the recorded mortgage instrument (Deed of Trust). The note provided for payments to Union only from August 1, 1972 to June 1, 1973, at which time all principal and interest was due. The note further provided, however, a 30-year repayment schedule, with prepayment privileges and penalty, which was to become effective if (and when, under the terms of the BSA) Aetna, the permanent lender, purchased the note.
D-E, Aetna and Union were all in full compliance with the terms of the BSA, and the project was progressing satisfactorily toward the planned "take out” by Aetna.
The purchase price agreed upon by the parties was $5,781,000. This sum was allocated as $925,000 for the land and $4,856,000 for "improvements.” The parties here agree that this amount represented the fair market value of the real estate purchased and that no amount was included in the purchase price to defray additional costs such as the one now claimed by plaintiffs in this action.
The contract with D-E was actually entered into by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, Sacramento District, "acting for and on behalf of the United States Postal Service.”
This decision by Aetna to "retain $75,000 out of the $99,000 standby fee we hold” as the price of "terminating our commitment” is evidenced by an Aetna internal communication dated February 28, 1973, one day before Aetna’s formal release was sent to Union.
D-E went so far as to insist on the inclusion, in the Agreement of Sale, of Paragraph 4.7 which states:
See note 1, supra.
The parties agree, and our research confirms, that "penalty costs for prepayment,” in the context of 42 U.S.C. § 4653, has not heretofore been subject to judicial interpretation.
Citing Ex Parte Collett, 337 U.S. 55, 61 (1949).
Citing Whitman v. State Highway Commission, 400 F. Supp. 1050, 1056 (W.D. Mo. 1975).
Citing Will-Tex Plastic Mfg., Inc. v. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, 346 F. Supp. 654, 659-60 (E.D. Pa. 1972), aff'd., 478 F.2d 1399 (3d Cir. 1973).
The court, applying the tests set forth, infra, determined that there was no "prepayment penalty” because the borrower would have faced the same "additional charge” had he paid off his loan at maturity.
Defendant has raised no question in this case that D-E, Union and Aetna were all operating in good faith at all times material to the case at hand.
Indeed, the Government admits full knowledge of the three-party financing arrangements.
Certainly the Government could, either by regulation or by provision in the contract, require the seller to disclose, as a precondition to reimbursement, any associated “penalty costs” which seller intended to claim.
It should be noted that the House Report on P.L. 91-646, in its section-by-section explanation of the Act, specifically designates the acquisition programs of the USPS as being one of the prime factors necessitating such legislation. H.R.Rep. No. 91-1656, 91st Cong., 2d Sess., reprinted in [1970] U.S. CODE CONG. & AD. NEWS 5854.
Id. at 5850-52.
Id. at 5871.
The Government now claims that, although the USPS had this action before it for more than three years, it was concerned only with the "entitlement” of D-E, and thus never reached the question of whether the amount was "fair and reasonable.”
This remand procedure has hardened to a rule in "Wunderlich” cases where the amount of damages remains in issue and the Board of Contract Appeals, because of an earlier holding of no liability (subsequently reversed by this court), has made no record whatsoever on which this court could base a finding of amount of damages. See, e.g., United States v. Anthony Grace & Sons, 384 U.S. 424 (1965).
The Government does note that it was not asked to take part in the "negotiations” which reduced the penalty from $99,000 to $75,000, but makes no sound arguments as to why it should have been included in what was essentially, the negotiation of a release from a private financing arrangement. Ironically, an internal memorandum from Aetna, contained in the record, indicates that the reduction itself was not "negotiated,” but was merely a "grace” allowed by Aetna.
This court has previously exercised its judgment in not remanding a case where the record demonstrates the legal possibility of only one conclusion. See, e.g., Sherwin v. United States, 193 Ct.Cl. 962, 979, 436 F.2d 992, 1002 (1971); Maxwell Dynamometer Co. v. United States, 181 Ct.Cl. 607, 631, 386 F.2d 855, 870 (1967).
Concurrence Opinion
concurring:
Judge Kunzig has ably demonstrated that the $75,000 which plaintiff forfeited to Aetna was, in the terms of 42 U.S.C. § 4653(2) (1970), an expense necessarily incurred as a penalty cost for prepayment of a pre-existing recorded mortgage entered into in good faith encumbering real property sold to the United States. The statute requires that the head of the purchasing agency, "as soon as practicable after the date of payment of the purchase price,” reimburse the seller for such expenses "to the extent the head of such agency deems fair and reasonable.” I construe this language to require a determination of the extent to which reimbursement is fair and reasonable, not merely of the extent to which the penalty cost incurred by plaintiff was fair and reasonable. Not having been presented with a case requiring us to do so, we need not rule that reimbursement of penalty costs, in addition to the negotiated purchase price, will invariably be required once the penalty costs themselves are found reasonable. Of course, here the agency head, by refusing to recognize the expense as a penalty cost, avoided decision on the extent to which reimbursement would be fair and reasonable. Although the statute appears to confer some discretion upon the agency head in making such determination, I agree with the court that, in the circumstances of this case, and there being no allegation even of bad faith or collusion in arriving at the figure, it would be an abuse of discretion for him to order the reimbursement of any amount less than $75,000. Since the record mandates only one acceptable determination, remand to the agency is not necessary.
