Lead Opinion
Opinion for the court filed by Circuit Judge RICH. Dissenting opinion filed by Circuit Judge NEWMAN.
Dorf & Stanton Communications, Inc. (Dorf & Stanton), the public relations firm for Labatt’s USA, Inc., appeals from the 19 January 1995 Order of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York in M-885, requiring Dorf & Stanton to produce certain documents that it asserts are protected by the attorney-client privilege.
I
BACKGROUND
This case originated when Molson Breweries, Molson Breweries USA, Inc., Miller Brewing Co., Martlet Importing Co., and Molson Breweries of Canada, Ltd. (collectively Miller) filed a motion in the Southern District of New York, where Dorf & Stanton is located, to compel the production of “certain documents” by Dorf & Stanton. In this appeal, we must decide whether the district court abused its discretion when it held that Dorf & Stanton failed to establish that the documents are protected by the attorney-client рrivilege and ordered Dorf & Stanton to produce them.
James Emmerton, General Counsel of John Labatt Limited;
Bernard Beasley, the Intellectual Property Officer of John Labatt Limited;
Rick SkawinsM, Legal Compliance Officer of Labatt’s USA, Inc.;
Steven Hauser, Brand Manager of La-batt’s USA, Inc.;
Judy Cunningham, Brand Manager of La-batt’s USA, Inc.;
Alex Stanton, the President of Dorf & Stanton;
Jock Soper of Dorf & Stanton;
Beth Jabiek, Account Supervisor of Dorf & Stanton; and
Various employees of Hill Holliday Connors Cosmopoulos Advertising, Inc.
The documents are ostensibly relevant to two ongoing lawsuits, which have been consolidatеd for discovery, between Labatt’s and Miller pending in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. Dorf & Stanton is not a party in either Michigan lawsuit.
At the hearing before the Federal Circuit, the panel requested the documents from Dorf & Stanton’s attorneys and deferred action on the appeal. After several months of discussions with the Second Circuit, the district court, and the attorneys, the Chief Deputy Clerk of the Southern District of New York sent 114 pаges of material to us. After sifting through that material, we have determined that three documents, totaling 13 pages, are at issue. Miller, however, mentions “four documents” at various places in its brief, but its confusion undoubtedly stems from changes that Dorf & Stanton made to the description of a single document between two versions of its privilege log, as discussed further below. Miller, not having the benefit of seeing this document, is сounting it twice. We are confident that Miller wants unredact-ed copies of the handwritten notes taken by the three Dorf & Stanton employees who attended the 9 May 1994 meeting.
The appendices to this opinion includes two privilege logs. Log 1 is a copy of Dorf & Stanton’s original privilege log at issue in Miller’s motion to compel. Log 2 is a more recent, expanded version of original Log 1. We have added letters to the left edge of each log to be able to readily identify key documents in this opinion.
Looking first at Log 1, documents (a), (b), (d), and (A) are the original four documents that Miller wanted produced! In response to Miller’s motion to compel production of these documents, Judge Patterson of the Southern District of New York held a hearing on 22 November 1994. At the hearing, Judge Patterson offered to review the four documents in camera. Dorf & Stanton, however, had failed to bring the four documents to the hearing. Nevertheless, from his review of Log 1, the judge concluded that he did not need to see the documents to order them produced, stating, “From what I saw [Log 1] they were not entitled to privilege, period.”
In accordance with Judge Patterson’s 22 November Order, Dorf & Stanton produced documents (a), (b), and (d). It did not, however, produce document (A), which rеlates to the 9 May 1994 meeting. Instead, it filed a motion for modification of the 22 November 1994 Order to shield document (A) from production. In its motion papers, Dorf & Stanton not only tried to justify withholding document (A) as privileged, but also wanted the court to go further and hold that documents (B) and (C) (see Log 2), which were not involved in the 22 November hearing and which were not listed on Log 1, but which relate to the same 9 May meeting, are also рrivileged. Documents (A), (B), and (C) are the handwritten notes taken by Alex Stanton, Jock Soper, and Beth Jabiek, respectively, during that meeting. Apparently, while scrutinizing the four documents that Judge Patterson had ordered it to produce, Dorf & Stanton first realized the connection between documents (A), (B), and (C). Dorf & Stanton had previously produced documents (B) and (C) in redacted form several weeks before Miller filed its motion to compel production of the documents in Log 1.
On 8 December 1994, Miller received Log 2 from Dorf & Stanton. Log 2 includes
With its motion for modification of the 22 November 1994 Order, Dorf & Stanton gave documents (A), (B), and (C) to the district court under seal;’ this was the first timе the court had actually seen any of these documents. In its memorandum supporting its motion, Dorf & Stanton made the following claim:
On grounds of privilege, [Dorf & Stanton] withheld from production all of the notes taken by all of its employees who attended the May 9 meeting: Alex Stanton, Beth Jabick, and Jock Soper.... However, Miller objected only to withholding Mr. Stanton’s notes [document (A)], not those of Ms. Jabick [document (C) ] or Mr. Soper [document (B)]...,. [Dorf & Stanton] has provided the Court, under seal, copies of the unredacted versions of Ms. Jabick’s and Mr. Soper’s notes to demonstrate that all three sets of notes are privileged, and none should be produced.
On 4 January 1995, the district court conducted a hearing on Dorf & Stanton’s motion for modification. In its resulting 19 January 1995 decision, the district court stated that it adhered to its original order. 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS, *4,
[Dorf & Stanton] still [has] not established that the privilege ever existed as to any of the documents sought to be protected.... There has been no showing that [Dorf & Stanton was] seeking legal advice at the [9 May] meeting.[1 ] ... The documents themselves do not indicate either the seeking of legal advice or the confidentiality of their contents.
Id. at *3-*4,
II
Standard of Review
Dorf & Stanton asserts that, although the normal standard of review regarding discovery is an abuse of discretion standard, the application of the attorney-client privilege presents a mixed question of law and fact, which should be reviewed de novo. Dorf & Stanton also asserts that the Second Circuit must be looked to for the proper standard of review. Miller disagrees with the standard of review asserted by Dorf & Stanton and asserts that the abuse of discretion standard applies.
Because an order compelling discovery is not unique to patent law, we agree that Second Circuit law must be considered for the proper standard of review. Cf American Standard Inc. v. Pfizer Inc.,
Ill
Failure to Establish Privilege
We have reviewed documents (A), (B), and (C) and are not convinced that Judge Patterson clearly abused his discretion when he ordered them рroduced. In response to Miller’s motion to compel production of document (A) and other documents, Dorf & Stanton faded to convince the district court with either its written or oral arguments that document (A) was privileged. Dorf & Stanton did not even take the documents in Log 1, including document (A), to the first hearing for the judge to review in camera. Only after being ordered to produce document (A) did Dorf & Stanton sсrutinize that document and only after scrutinizing that document did Dorf & Stanton realize that it had treated the production of related documents (B) and (C) differently. Then, in its motion for modification of the 22 November Order to produce document (A), Dorf & Stanton finally put forth both its best arguments and evidence for withholding document (A) as privileged and its first clear attempt to shield documents (B) and (C) from production as privileged. Thе district court was not, however, convinced by Dorf & Stanton’s arguments.
Dorf & Stanton thus had multiple opportunities to bolster its claimed privilege in these three documents, but failed to do so. This is not a case where a party inadvertently omitted documents from its privilege log and is getting “nailed” for its inadvertence. It also is not a ease where a party merely failed to comply with what it asserts are technicalities of а demanding local rule. Rather, this is a ease where a party failed to meet the requirements of a valid local rule, failed to treat related documents consistently, and then failed to use its best efforts to cure the problems created by its first two failures until it was too late, coming in with full throttle only after a crash was imminent.
IV
Waiver of Privilege
Judge Patterson’s 22 November Order compelled production of document (A) оn the ground that Dorf & Stanton had waived its claim to privilege by failing to satisfy Local Civil Rule 46(e) and Rules 45(d)(2) and 26(b)(5) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. In particular, Dorf & Stanton “fail[ed] to provide a complete privilege log demonstrating sufficient grounds for taking the privilege.”
The Second Circuit has held that “[a] district court’s finding that a defendant has waived the attorney-client privilege is reviewed under the abuse of discretion standard.” United States v. Bilzerian,
V
Conclusion
We cannot say that the district court clearly abused its discretion in determining after in camera review that Dorf & Stanton’s documents are not privileged. Similarly, we cannot say thаt the district court abused its discretion when it determined that Dorf & Stanton had waived any attorney-client privilege that it may have been able to claim for documents (A), (B), and (C) on attached Log
AFFIRMED.
PAULINE NEWMAN, Circuit Judge, dissents.
Notes
. It is clear from the Dorf & Stanton affidavits submitted with the documents under seal that Labatt’s USA, Inc. organized the meeting, not Dorf & Stanton.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
The Miller Brewing Company served third party subpoenas, returnable in the Southern District of New York, on Dorf & Stanton Communications, Inc. and Hill, Holliday, Connors, Cosmopulous, Inc., the public relations and advertising agents of the Labatt companies. Labatt is engaged in patent and trademark litigation with Miller Brewing and the other appellees, in federal court in Michigan. The subpoenas seek discovery, document production, and testimony related to issues involved in the Michigаn litigation.
This appeal concerns a claim of attorney-client privilege for certain refcords of a meeting among Labatt’s lawyers and employees, representatives of Dorf & Stanton, and representatives of Hill, Holliday. The records are handwritten notes taken at the meeting by three Dorf & Stanton principals. Included in the notes are details of the issues in litigation, statements оf Labatt’s legal strategy in the litigation, legal advice concerning advertising use of the trademarks that are in litigation in view of the litigation positions, legal advice concerning public relations in view of the litigation positions, and other information concerning litigation issues as they relate to the advertising and public relations activities of Dorf & Stanton and Hill, Holliday on behalf of Labatt.
The panel majority holds that these notes and the mеeting itself do not warrant the protection of the attorney-client privilege or work product immunity. I can not agree. The information recorded in the notes is directly concerned with litigation issues, is confidential legal advice and litigation information, and was exchanged between Labatt’s counsel and agents of Labatt in order to protect Labatt’s legal interests. Federal Rule of Civil Proсedure 26(b)(3) requires the court to “protect against disclosure of the mental impressions, conclusions, opinions, or legal theories of an attorney or other representative of a party concerning the litigation.” The information here at issue involves mental impressions, conclusions, opinions, and legal theories of Labatt’s attorneys concerning the ongoing litigation. Thus I respeсtfully dissent from the panel majority’s holding that there is no privilege or that it has been waived or otherwise lost.
The Agency Relationship
It is well established that communications between the lawyer and agents of the chent, concerning the chent’s legal interests as necessary and reasonable to the agency function, do not destroy the privileged nature of such communications. Applying Second Circuit law, see United States v. Kovel,
Privilege attaches to communications with agents in part because of their role in the chent’s ability to act upon and give effect to the legal advice that the privilege encouraged the chent to obtain. See Paul R. Rice, Attorney-Client PRIVILEGE IN THE UNITED States § 5:7 at 334 (1993). Rice explains that agents who communicate with the chent’s counsel on legal and htigation matters within the scope of their аgency represent the confidential interest of the chent in such communications. Id. Further, the precedent of the Southern District of New York illustrates that the presence of a third-party agent does not destroy the attorney-client privilege. In H.W. Carter & Sons, Inc. v. The William Carter Co.,
Violation of Local Rule 46(e)
The panel majority proposed the alternative ground of loss of the privilege based on the respondents’ inadequate compliance with the district court’s local rule. Again, I respectfully dissent. The procedures followed do not warrant this result.
Miller Brewing served a broad discovery subpoena on Dorf & Stanton to take depositions of unnamed persons on broad subjects including: “Any work performed by Dorf & Stanton on behalf of Lаbatt in connection with (a) ‘ice beer’ including without limitation Labatt Ice; or (b) the Ice Litigation ...;” “Communication plans or publicity plans for (a) ‘ice beer’ including without limitation La-batt Ice; or (b) the Ice Litigation ...;” press releases, promotions and media tours for Ice Beer and “[a]ny instructions, objectives, or goals provided to Dorf & Stanton by Labatt concerning (a) ‘ice beer’ including without limitation Lаbatt Ice; (b) the Ice Litigation; or (c) the use of the' term ‘ice.’ ” In sum, the subpoena demanded all documents in Dorf & Stanton’s' possession relating to the deposition topics, including “the Ice Litigation.”
Dorf & Stanton replied to the subpoena within the 14 days set in Fed.R.Civ.P. 45(c)(2)(B), and raised the issues of attorney-client privilege and work-product protection. Subsequently, Dorf & Stanton produced responsive non-privileged documents and filed a brief description of the four documents that had been withheld as privileged. See Fed. R.Civ.P. 45(d)(2). Miller Brewing moved to compel production of the documents listed on the first privilege log, without objecting to the description of the privileged documents. The trial judge ordered production of the documents. Dorf & Stanton produced three of the four documents, and provided a secоnd, more detailed, privilege log to which was added two documents that had previously been produced in totally redacted form but that had not also been listed on the first log. The trial judge found this description insufficient under the court’s Local Rule 46(e). Rule 46(e)(2)(ii)(A) lists the information that shall be provided in the objection to a document request:
(A) for documents: (1) the type of document; (2) general subject matter of the document; (3) the date of the document; (4) such other information as is sufficient to identify the document for a subpoena duces tecum, including, where appropriate, the author of the document, the addressee of the document, and, where not apparent, the relationship of the author and addressee to each other;
The logs attached to the panel majority’s oрinion show how these requirements were met. Indeed, the panel majority does not mention any alleged deficiencies. Neither does Miller Brewing.
Miller Brewing argues that because Dorf & Stanton did not provide a complete privilege log within two weeks of the service of the subpoena, with all documents for which a claim of privilege was made, Dorf & Stanton failed to comply with the rules. The consequence, according to Millеr Brewing, is loss of the privilege. The premise is incorrect. Dorf & Stanton responded to the subpoena within 14 days stating that it was claiming the attorney-client privilege, provided a privilege log at the time of responding, and corrected its minor errors without any assertion by Miller Brewing that it had been prejudiced. Local Rule 46 does not require that a complete privilege log be filed within 14 days of servicе of the discovery subpoena. Cf. Ventre v. Datronic Rental Corp.,
Even if there were inadequate initial compliance with the local rule, if the inadequacy was remedied and absent prejudice the consequence is not automatic loss of the privilege. Cf. Ventre,
In reviewing the denial of a claim of privilege it is always necessary to consider the nature of the proposed discovery and the content of the withheld documents. Dorf & Stanton provided five affidavits describing the basis of its privilege claims for the three documents at issue. The panel majority has not discussed the local rule, its reasonable compliance, the subject matter of the challenged documents, and the absence of prejudice. All of these factors should be considered before endorsing a blanket elimination of the attorney-client privilege on the ground of a local rule that was not, in fact, violated. Thus I can not agree that the privilege was correctly deemed waived in these circumstances.