265 Mo. 291 | Mo. | 1915
This is an action brought in the circuit court of Buchanan county for the negligent kill
As a foreword we may say that respondent, pending this appeal here, died and this cause has been properly revived in the names of John D. Richardson and J. Gr. Schneider as administrators of the estate ■of respondent, deceased. With this fact kept in mind we see no valid reason for disturbing the style of' this ■case and will refer to the substituted respondents as plaintiff, and to appellant herein simply as defendant.
The facts which are necessary to an understanding of the points discussed, are as follows:
Colonel John Donovan, originally plaintiff, now, as stated, deceased, sometime in the latter part of May, 1907, procured one Louis Pfingst, a resident of Boston, Massachusetts, and a friend of plaintiff, to purchase for him a valuable horse named “Plexo,” being the ■same which was killed by defendant’s negligence. The price paid for the horse Plexo by plaintiff was the sum of $2600. Plaintiff being desirous of having this horse shipped by express from Readville, Massachusetts, a suburb of Boston, to St. Joseph, Missouri, procured the delivery of the horse by said Pfingst at the office of defendant in Boston. A day or so prior to ■such delivery one Nichols, the agent of defendant at :St. Joseph, called on plaintiff with a view of procuring for defendant the transporting of the horse. Relating what occurred in his conversation with Nichols, plaintiff testified as follows:
‘ ‘ I told Mr. Nichols that I had a horse and a mare at Boston, and I asked him what it would cost me to deliver them at St. Joseph. He told me $135 each. I asked him if it was the same price for each horse, without regard to value. He said, ‘Yes.’ I asked him if a horse that I bought for twenty-six hundred dollars, and was worth that many thousand, ought not to be charged any more than a mare that cost two hundred
■ Shortly after the above conversation plaintiff became ill, though he had in the meantime and prior to his’ illness, apparently, sent the following telegram to said Pfingst, which, date, address and signature Omitted, is, to-wit:
The above telegram was shown by Pfingst to defendant’s agent at Boston, who thereupon wired Nichols at St. Joseph ¿s follows:
“A man whose responsibility is unknown to me shows despatch from John Donovan, St. Joseph, ordering two horses forwarded by Wells Fargo to St. Joseph, asks us to furnish whole car. Please interview consignee, telegraph us suitable instructions. Horses now at Readville, exclusive office Adams Express, ten miles from Boston, therefore shipment must be brought to Boston if Wells Fargo is to handle.”
In answer to the telegram last above Nichols wired the below message to agent of defendant at Boston: “Secure Donovan horses. Have them driven to Boston and forward by our line.. Don’t want whole car, but do want safe handling in portable stalls. Wire departure. Plave quoted him three rates on one thousand pounds each. No special valuation. ’ ’
Prior to sending the above telegram Nichols had called on plaintiff for further instructions, but plaintiff being ill was unable to see him, though the nature of Nichols’s business, which was to obtain certain and definite information as to the manner in which plaintiff desired to have the horse shipped, was communicated to plaintiff by the latter’s daughter. Plaintiff thereupon wrote a note to defendant’s agent, Nichols, as follows:
“Don’t want exclusive car. Don’t want man in charge. Do want horse [sic] brought to Boston and shipped by W. F. [Ex. at price named by you,, $13.5 each. ’ ’
This contract made at Boston, Mass., this 29 day of May, 1907, between Wells Fargo & Company, party of the first part, hereinafter called the Express Company, and L. Pfingst, hereinafter called the shipper, party of the second part.
Witnesseth: That the Express Company undertakes to forward to the railroad depot reached hy the Express Company, which is nearest to destination, the animals hereinafter mentioned, of which the shipper declares himself to be the' owner (or duly authorized agent of the owner), to-wit: One horse consigned to John Donovan at So. St. Joseph, Mo., for the sum, of one hundred thirty-five dollars and no cents, which charge is fixed by and based upon the value of said animals as declared by the shipper, as hereinafter mentioned. [Italics ours.]
And in consideration of the premises, said parties agree: That the shipper, before delivering the said animals to said Express Company, demanded to be advised of the rates to be charged for the carriage of said animals as aforesaid, and thereupon was offered hy said Express Company alternative rates proportioned to the value of said animals, such value to be fixed and declared by the shipper, and according to the following tariff of charges, viz.:
Charge for the shipment at these values:
For horses,, jacks or mules of a value not exceeding $75. ...
When the value declared by the shipper exceeds the value' stated in the preceding paragraph, an addition to the forego*298 ing charge will be made according to the following schedule, to-wit: When the merchandise rate is .’ . . over $3 per 100 lbs. and not over $5 per 100 lbs., the additional charge will be 12 per cent of excess valuation.
The shipper in order to avail himself of said alternative rates, and in consideration thereof, being asked by the Express Company to value said property, now declares the value hereinafter mentioned to be the true values of said animals so to be shipped as follows: Number and kind, one horse; value, $50. ... .
Wells Fargo & Compart, by M’Gowar, Agent.
Party of the first part.
Louis Peingst,
(Duly authorized Agent of the Owner.) Party of the second part.
The horse Flexo was in the course of transportation so badly injured by the negligence of defendant as to cause his death. This action thereupon followed and the trial below resulted in a verdict for plaintiff for the sum of $10,000, the same being the value of the horse as found by the jury.
Upon the trial, defendant, having duly pleaded all applicable provisions of the Interstate Commerce Act, offered among other things its duly filed and published tariff sheets, which were in force on the date of the making of this shipment, and which, together with regulations governing shipments, had theretofore been duly filed with the Interstate Commerce Commission as required by law.
In brief, these tariff sheets showed that the merchandise rate- from Boston to St. Joseph was $4.50' per hundred pounds; that the rate on horses was three times the said merchandise rate, based upon the arbitrary estimated weight of one thousand pounds for each horse, regardless of the actual weight thereof; thus making the charge for the carriage of a horse of a •declared value not to exceed $75, the sum of $135, as set out in the live stock contract.above. This tariff sheet further says that “when the value declared by the shipper exceeds that given above, ah additional
There is in the case as presented to us on this appeal, no contention as to the fact that defendant’s negligence caused the death of the horse; nor is any question raised as to the correctness of the jury’s verdict as to the value of said horse. The sole question is whether under the facts here plaintiff is entitled to recover the sum of $10,000, conceded, for the purposes of this appeal, to have been the value of the horse in question, or whether he is limited to the sum of $50, the declared value as set forth in the live stock contract executed by said Pfingst. Such further facts as may be necessary to make clear what we say, will be found in the opinion.
OPINION.
■Much testimony was taken and many instructions given upon the trial, but in the last analysis whether we shall affirm, or whether we shall reverse and remand this case, turns' upon the answer to this single question, viz.: May an interstate shipper in case of loss, recover more than the declared value of an article, where there are two rates based upon value, and where, though the true value is made known, a lower rate is taken upon such arbitrary declared value fixed by the shipper for the purpose of securing the lower rate? The question as put comprehends the compliance by the carrier with all of the provisions of the Interstate Commerce Act, as to filing and publishing its tariff sheets which were in force on the 29th day of May, 1907, the fact as to which in this case is not seriously denied.
Clearly and concisely this legislative intent to occupy the entire field of interstate shipments and to wholly oust the several states from control thereof, is expressed by the Supreme Court of the United States in its construction of said Carmack Amendment in the case of A., T. & S. F. Ry. Co. v. Robinson, supra, wherein at page 180 it is said:
“That the effect of the Carmack Amendment to-the Hepburn Act, sec. 20, Act of June 29, 1906-, chap. 3591, 34 Stat. 584, 593, was to give the Federal jurisdiction control over interstate commerce and to make-supreme the Federal legislation regulating liability for property transported by common carriers in interstate-commerce has been so recently and repeatedly decided in this court as to require now little more than a reference to some of the cases. [Kansas City Southern Ry. Co. v. Carl, 227 U. S. 639; Missouri, Kansas & Texas Ry. Co. v. Harriman, 227 U. S. 657; Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Ry. Co. v. Cramer, 232 U. S. 490; Great Northern Ry. Co. v. O’Connor, 232 U. S. 508.] We regard these cases as settling the proposition that the shipper as well as the carrier is bound to take notice of the filed tariff rates and that so long; as they remain operative they are conclusive as to the-rights of the parties, in the absence of facts or circumstances showing an attempt at rebating or false-billing. ’ ’
The applicable part of said Amendment to which reference is made in the excerpt supra, reads thus:
“That any common carrier, railroad or transportation company receiving property for transportation..
That upon first blush the cardinal dominating intent of this Amendment may appear to have been to devise means by which (1) a shipper, suffering loss or damage, could have at his door a convenient defendant as well as a handy forum; and (2) that it was designed to lessen the expense and difficulty, amounting often to impossibility, of making proof of the place and facts of the actionable injury or loss and of the identity of the actual tortfeasor, is now wholly beside the question. The Supreme Court, however, had already in an earlier case, Adams Express Co. v. Croninger, supra, at page 504 et seq., succinctly ruled upon this question, as well as upon that previously herein mentioned, as mark this language:
“First: It affirmatively requires the initial carrier to issue ‘ a receipt or bill of lading therefor, ’ when it receives ‘property for transportation from a point in one State to a point in another.’
“Second: Such initial carrier is made ‘liable to the lawful holder thereof for any loss, damage, or injury to such property caused by it.’
‘ ‘ Third: It is also made liable for any loss, damage, or injury to such property caused by ‘any common carrier, railroad or transportation company to
“Fourth: It affirmatively declares that ‘no contract, receipt, rule or regulation shall exempt such common carrier, railroad, or transportation company from the liability hereby imposed.’
“Prior to that'amendment the rule of carrier’s’ liability, for an interstate shipment of property, as enforced in both Federal and State courts, was either that of the general common law as declared by this court and enforced in the Federal courts throughout the United States (Hart v. Pennsylvania Railroad, 112 U. S. 331); or that determined by the supposed public policy of a particular State (Pennsylvania Railroad v. Hughes, 191 U. S. 477); or that prescribed by statute law of a particular State (Railroad v. Solan, 169 U. S. 133).
“Neither uniformity of obligation nor of liability was possible until Congress should deal with the subject. The situation was well depicted by thé Supreme Court of Georgia in Southern Pacific Co. v. Crenshaw, 5 Ga. App. 675, 687, where that court said:
“ ‘Some states allowed carriers to exempt themselves from all or a part of the common law liability, by rule, regulation or contract; others did not; the Federal courts sitting in the various states were following the local rule, a carrier being held liable in one court when under the same state of facts he would be exempt from liability in another; hence this branch of interstate commerce was being subjected to such a diversity of legislative. and judicial holding that it was practically impossible for a shipper engaged in a business that extended beyond the confines ■ of his own state, or for a carrier whose lines were extensive, to know without considerable investigation and trouble, and even then oftentimes with but little certainty, what would be the carrier’s actual responsibility as to goods delivered to it for transportation from one state to
“That the legislation supersedes all the regulations and policies of a particular State upon the same subject results from its general character. It embraces the subject of the liability of the carrier under a bill of lading which he must issue and limits his power to exempt himself by rule, regulation or contract. Almost every detail of the subject is covered so completely that there can be no rational doubt but. •that Congress intended to take possession of the subject and supersede all State regulation with reference-to it. Only the silence of Congress authorized the exercise of the police power of the State upon the subject of such contracts. But when Congress acted in such a way as to manifest a purpose to exercise its conceded authority, the regulating power of the State ceased to exist. [Northern Pacific Ry. v. State of Washington, 222 U. S. 370; Southern Railway v. Reid, 222 U. S. 424; Mondou v. Railroad, 223 U. S. 1.] ”
•Therefore, whether the effect of thus extending Federal control and authoritative Federal judicial con•struction over questions arising out of interstate shipments, to the entire preclusion of conclusive interpretation by the State courts, was adventitious or intentional, confessedly this effect has followed this amendment pursuant to a construction thereof neither harsh nor unduly violent and in this construction we acquiesce ungrudgingly, as in duty bound.
In the case of Adams Express Co. v. Croninger, supra, at pages 509 to 511, the Supreme Court said:
“That a common carrier cannot exempt himself from liability for his own negligence or that of his servants is elementary. [York Mfg. Co. v. Illinois Central Railroad, 3 Wall. 107; Railroad Company v. Lockwood, 17 Wall. 357; Bank of Kentucky v. Adams Express Company, 93 U. S. 174; Hart v. Pennsylvania Railroad, 112 U. S. 331, 338.] The rule of the common law did not limit his liability to loss and damage due to his own negligence, or that of his servants. That rule went hevond this and he was liable for any loss or damage which resulted from human agency, or any cause not the act of God, or the public enemy. But the rigor of this liability might be modified through any fair, reasonable and just agreement with the shipper which did not include exemption against the negligence of the carrier or his servants. The inherent right to receive a compensation commensurate with the risk involved the right to protect himself from fraud and imposition by reasonable rules and regulations, and the right to agree upon a rate proportionate to the value of the property transported.
“It has therefore become an established rule of the common law as declared by this court in many cases that such a carrier may by a fair, open, just and reasonable agreement limit the amount recoverable by a
“That such a carrier might fix his charges somewhat in proportion to the value of the property is quite as reasonable and just as a rate measured by the character of the shipment. The principle is that the charge should bear some reasonable relation to the responsibility, and that the care to be exercised- should be in some degree measured by the bulk, weight, character and value of the property carried.
“Neither is it conformable to plain principles of justice that a shipper may understate the value of his property for the purpose of reducing the rate, and then recover a larger value in case of loss. Nor does a limitation based upon an agreed value for the purpose of'adjusting the rate conflict with any sound principle of public policy. The reason for the legality of such agreements.is well stated in Hart v. Pennsylvania Railroad, cited above, where it is said (p. 340):
“ 'The limitation as to value has no tendency to exempt from liability for negligence. It does not induce want of care. It exacts from the carrier the measure of care due to the value agreed on. The carrier is bound to respond in that value for negligence. The compensation for carriage is based on that value. The shipper is estopped from saying that the value is greater. The articles have no greater value, for the
Regard being had to the duty under which we labor of conforming in all things to the views held by the Supreme Court, we hold that a limited-liability contract for the valuation and shipment of live stock is not void if “the carrier by a fair, open, just and reasonable agreement limit the amount recoverable by a shipper in case of loss or damage to an agreed value for the purpose of obtaining the lower of two or more rates of charges proportioned to the amount of the risk.” [Boston & Maine Railroad Co. v. Hooker, 233 U. S. 97.] Neither does this view differ very largely, if at all in principle, from the rule long held in this State. [Paddock v. Railroad, 155 Mo. l. c. 544; George v. Railroad, 214 Mo. 551.]
III. Coming now to the several bones of contention ; and in order to be exact as well as fair, we state the precise position of counsel for plaintiff in his own language. Stating his attitude (a little bit negatively, it may be), he says:
Elaborating his position as we gleam it from other parts of his argument, plaintiff urges that since he informed Nichols, the general agent of defendant, of the true purchase price of the horse killed, viz., $2600 (as well as the pretium affectionis, viz., $26,000), it then and there became the duty of defendant under the provisions of the Interstate Commerce Act to charge and collect the true and correct tariff rate upon this value (Query, the purchase price value, or the pretium affeciionis value? — a large part of which latter at least was recovered below) and that the neglect and failure of the defendant’s agent to charge this sum (again the query arises, which sum?), was in effect a.fraud and evasion of the provisions of the letter and spirit of the Interstate Commerce Act, and a creation of a preferential rate, or rebate, and that thus and thereby the transaction so far ceased to be “fair, open, just and reasonable,” as to render the carrier liable to pay the true value of the horse killed.
Let us see if this is true. In determining the applicable law we may concede two facts that are either not. denied, or which folloAV as true in law from well-known and settled fundamental principles, (a) that plaintiff at St. Joseph and plaintiff’s agent Pfingst at Boston informed defendant of the value of the horse in question; the former valuing him at-from $2600 to $26,000, and
In passing we note that learned counsel for plain.tiff complains with some bitterness and sarcasm that if plaintiff had declared the value of the horse killed as the jury found it, then pursuant to the rates set forth in defendant’s filed tariff sheets, plaintiff would have been compelled to pay $1326 for the carriage of this horse from Boston to St. Joseph, and counsel suggest that the horse could have been driven from Boston to St. Joseph “on the hoof” much more cheaply. From this fact plaintiff argues “that instead of this twelve per cent rate being imposed in good faith for the production of revenue, it was devised solely for the purpose of forcing the public to surrender by contract the remedies which the law provided against carriers for the negligent performance of their public
“If the charges filed were unreasonable, the only attack that could be made upon such regulation would be by proceedings contesting their reasonableness before the Interstate Commerce Commission. While they were in force they were equally binding upon the railroad company and all passengers whose baggage was transported by carriers in interstate commerce. This being the fact, we think the limitation of liability to $100 fixed the amount which the plaintiff could recover in this case, and there was error in affirming the recovery for the full value of the baggage, in the absence . of a declaration of such value and payment of the additional amount required to secure liability in the greater sum. ’ ’
Plaintiff could therefore if the rate fixed was excessive (and herein lay his recourse in such contingency), have paid the full sum demanded, and then have recovered back any unreasonable excess charge by a reparation order. [Great Northern Ry. v. O’Connor, 232 U. S. l. c. 515.] In the case last above cited, at page 515, it was said:
“The shipper had the right, by appropriate proceedings, to attack the rate or the classification and if either or both were held to be unreasonable could secure appropriate relief either by Reparation Order, or by suit in court, after such finding of unreasonableness. But so long as the tariff rate, based on value, remained operative, it was binding upon the shipper and carrier alike and was to be enforced by the courts in fixing the rights and liabilities of the parties. The tariffs are filed with the Commission and are open to inspection at every station. In view of the multitude
Going back as a basis for what we shall next say, to the evidence upon which we base the first of the above conceded facts, we think it fairly manifest that the minds of Nichols, the agent at St. Joseph of defendant, and that of plaintiff never met in truth, upon the matter of value. It is plain that the plaintiff had in mind the value of the horse as a basis of rate of carriage; while Nichols, it is fairly obvious, referred to weight and to the fact that “a horse is a horse” without regard to whether such horse weighed 2300 pounds (as did a Percheron horse shipped formerly by plaintiff), or only 900 pounds, as did the little mare shipped here with the horse in controversy, and that any horse whether large or small, was arbitrarily held to weigh but 1000 pounds. "We say so much here, and bear with us' this thought, for use when we shall come to consider, whether there was present in the mind of either plaintiff or defendant’s agent a conscious intent to undervalue, and to connive at undervaluation, in order to fraudulently evade the published tariff rates, and thus give a preferential rate or rebate to plaintiff, and thereby to take an unlawful advantage of competitive carriers.
Live Stock:
Any charge for valuation will be assessed according to Rule 10 (i), page 4.
Receive only upon the execution of the company’s live stock contract, except that live stock contracts need not be taken for shipment of calves and sheep for market, which may be accepted on the ordinary freight receipt, subject to owner’s risk of injury, death or escape.
Live Stock — In carloads, estimate at 10,000 lbs., subject to rules provided above.
*313 Horses — Estimate single animal at 1,000 lbs., minimum $25 (See Rule 12); tbe minimum applies to each borse- in the shipment, but the'total charge must not exceed the carload rate.................................................3 t Mdse.
If defendant had the right to make different rates baseduponthevalue of the horse transported, and some higher than others in proportion to the risk — and as •to this, in the light of the authorities, there can be no two diverse views — then indubitably it had the right to prescribe such regulations as were necessary to enforce these different rates and make them uniformly effective. It is fairly obvious that absent a contract in writing it would be next to impossible to carry out the provisions as to a tariff rate based upon the value of the property transported. Since defendant had filed and published its tariffs together with the requirement quoted above herein as to the execution of the company’s live stock contract as a condition precedent to the acceptance of live stock for shipment, notice of the fact that before Pfingst could ship the horses from Boston he would be required to execute a contract in accordance with the filed tariffs, must be imputed to plaintiff. [Boston & Maine Railroad v. Hooker, supra.] In the case last above cited, there was a regulation contained in the filed and published passenger tariff sheets that in the absence of a declaration of value in excess of $100 for baggage carried upon a passenger’s ticket and the payment by the passenger on the excess of such value at the rate of fifteen cents for each one hundred dollars thereof, no greater sum than $100 for the loss of any such baggage could be recovered. In stating the position of the defendant in that case the court sets it forth thus boldly:
“The precise position of the defendant is that as the limitation of liability for baggage was filed and posted as a part of its schedules for passenger tariff, the limitation thereby became and was an essential part of its rate, from which under the interstate com
Held, nevertheless, that the limitation of recovery at the sum of $100 only was valid and ought to be, and the same was upheld.
Much in point also is the case of Atchison, etc., Ry. Co. v. Robinson, 233 U. S. l. c. 180, where, in an action like this based upon an oral contract, but defended upon a written live stock contract) it was said:
“To give to the oral agreement upon which the suit was brought, the prevailing effect allowed in this case by the charge in the tidal court, affirmed by the judgment of the Supreme Court of the State, would be to allow a special contract to have binding force and effect though made in. violation of the filed schedules which were to be equally observed by the shipper and carrier. If oral agreements of this character can be sustained then the door is open to all manner of special contracts, departing from the schedules and rates, filed with the Commission. [Kansas City Southern Ry. Co. v. Carl, 227 U. S. l. c. 652.] To maintain the supremacy of such oral agreements would defeat the primary purposes of the Interstate Commerce Act, so often affirmed in the .decisions of this court, which are to require equal treatment of all shippers and the charging of but one rate to all, and that the one filed as-required by the act. ’ ’
Indeed, so far as the record of the facts before us discloses there is not the faintest suggestion in plaintiff’s instructions to his friend and agent Pfingst, that the plaintiff did not expect said Pfingst to comply
In fact, plaintiff under the provisions of the Interstate Commerce Act could not have legally made with Nichols, the defendant’s agent, an oral contract for the carriage of the horse upon the basis of value he says he declared to Nichols, for the sum of $135, which he says he contracted to pay to defendant. This is so for the reason that defendant by its published tariff sheets filed with the Interstate Commerce Commission, held out to all shippers that its rate for the carriage of a horse by express from Boston to St. Joseph was $135 plus 12 per cent additional for all excess in value of such horse above $75. If it gave to plaintiff a lower rate, without requiring plaintiff to obtain such lower rate in the same manner all others .of the shipping public obtained it, to-wit, by executing a limited liability live stock contract, it manifestly gave plaintiff thereby a forbidden preferential rate or rebate. Apposite to this very point, as well as upon another one here of vital importance, it was said in the case of Kansas City Southern Ry. Co. v. Carl, 227 U. S. l. c. 652:
“The valuation declared or agreed upon as evidenced by the contract of shipment upon which the published tariff rate is applied, must be conclusive in an action to recover for loss or damage a greater sum. In saying this we lay on one side, as not here involved, every question which might arise when it is shown that the carrier intentionally connived with the shipper to -give him an illegal rate, thereby causing a discrimination or preference forbidden by the positive terms of the act of Congress and made punishable as
So, we think it fairly follows that where in an interstate shipment an oral contract is made, the terms of which are forbidden by a law which the shipper and the carrier must both notice, and where a published interstate rate is filed containing regulations prescribing conditions precedent to the acceptance of goods for carriage, he who delivers such goods at the owner’s request for shipment, must be held to be authorized by the owner to comply with the law and with all reasonable published regulations as to the terms and conditions of shipment, and that the shipper will not be heard to assert the contrary.
The case of Great Northern Ry. v. O’Connor, 232 U. S. 508, presents a question which is similar to that here involved touching whether Pfingst had authority to bind plaintiff by his execution of the live stock contract under consideration. It was held nevertheless (syllabus), following the earlier case of Int. Com. Comm. v. Delaware, L. & W. Railroad Co., 226 U. S. 235, “that carriers are not concerned with questions of title, but must treat the forwarder as shipper and
V. Which brings us to the question of whether, since the agent of defendant at St. Joseph and its agent at Boston both knew from information obtained respectively from plaintiff and from Pfingst that the horse’s value largely exceeded that dee^are(^ the ^ve stock ' contract, such knowledge of itself made the limited-liability contract a violation of the Interstate Commerce Act, and thereby made it liable to pay any actual value of the horse which the proof might allow. We do not think this result follows in the absence of collusion between plaintiff and defendant’s agents to declare a false value for the purpose of securing a quasi-rebate or preferential rate. We are not passing upon the question whether even in the presence of such collusion between defendant and plaintiff, a recovery could be had, or whether an unlawful conspiracy to defeat the rates published would not as to all participants so far tinge the entire transaction with fraud as to prevent a recovery of the true value; in short, would leave both plaintiff and defendant where it found them. The latter point cannot be gotten into this case upon the pleadings or points raised; so we will leave it till a case comes up with such collusion well lodged therein.
It seems so obvious as to be self-évident, that the mere fact that defendant’s agents knew at the time the rate was made that the actual value of the horse was in excess of the declared value could not so far overthrow the fairness, openness, justness and reasonableness of the contract limiting liability to such declared value as to render such contract void. In fact, the frank knowledge, ordinarily, of the existence of two
But we need not pursue this matter further at the expense of space. Whatever of authority may be lacking for the views held herein will be found in the several late cases which we cite. Those interested may read' them there.
It follows that the amount which plaintiff may recover is limited by the declaration of value made in the shipping contract, and therefore that the judgment herein should be reversed and remanded to be retried in accordance with the views expressed herein.
