50 Mass. App. Ct. 595 | Mass. App. Ct. | 2000
Lead Opinion
Ironstone Farm in Andover is a large parcel of land owned by the plaintiffs, Richard and Bernadette Donovan.
It is not necessary to chronicle in detail the history of adversary proceedings which followed. Suffice it to say, over the next eight years, the defendants apprehended a wide variety of environmental and nuisance violations at Ironstone Farm, and brought each one to the attention of various public agencies, e.g., the Andover zoning board, board of health, police department, conservation commission, fire department, town treasurer, building inspector, and the State Department of Environmental Protection. Several of these initiatives resulted in favorable rulings but most were unsuccessful.
In September, 1989, the Gardners hired a helicopter to fly over the farm and take photographs of the farm site to bolster their claims. In December of that year, John Gardner stood at the border between his property and the plaintiffs’ property and uttered several angry epithets in the presence of the plaintiffs’ son. A similar incident occurred on April 1, 1990, in front of some of the plaintiffs’ clients. During the period between 1990 and 1994, there were numerous additional incidents between the parties.
Finally, on December 8, 1994, the plaintiffs brought the action which led to this appeal. In six counts alleging abuse of process, invasion of privacy, civil conspiracy, intentional interference with advantageous business relations, civil rights violations, and intentional infliction of emotional distress, the plaintiffs complain that the defendants’ resort to various governmental agencies, the fly-over, and the name-calling constitute tortious harassment.
In due course the parties completed discovery, and on December 26, 1997, three years after the plaintiffs’ complaint was filed, the Mattos filed a special motion to dismiss under
1. Under the so-called “anti-SLAPP statute,” the applicable portion of which is set out in the margin,
Massachusetts is one of fifteen States that have enacted antiSLAPP legislation.
Here, the defendants made an adequate initial showing that the claims against them were based on their petitioning activities alone, or at least had no substantial basis other than those activities. While various regulatory agencies and the courts rejected most of their objections, their petitioning activity raised timely concerns with the proper authorities, including die zoning board, and the conservation commission concerning the environmental impact of the plaintiffs’ expansion of the farm.
After this threshold showing, the burden shifted to the plaintiffs to show that “(1) the moving party’s exercise of its right to petition was devoid of any reasonable factual support or any arguable basis in law and (2) the moving party’s acts caused actual injury to the responding party.” G. L. c. 231, § 59H. The plaintiffs failed to make the requisite showing as to either prong.
Aside from repeated assertions that the defendants were out to “get” them, the plaintiffs make no attempt to explain how the defendants’ actions were devoid of factual support or legal
In the instant case, no verified affidavits appear to establish a basis for labeling the defendants’ activities a “sham.”
2. The judge below awarded the defendants, as prevailing special movants, attorneys’ fees and costs as required by § 59H. He awarded the Gardners $6,723.00 in attorneys’ fees and $181.00 in costs, and the Mattos $7,300.00 in attorneys’ fees and $2,270.78 in costs. These amounts were significantly less than what both sets of defendants had sought and documented in their postjudgment motions.
Since the statute contemplates that a special motion to dismiss will be made within sixty days of the service of the complaint, and that once made, all discovery will be stayed until the motian is decided, this case is problematic. Over three years passed before the special motion was filed. Significant resources were spent on discovery by both parties in the meanwhile. The
To the extent that the plaintiffs, in their cross appeal, argue that the judge’s awards are excessive, their brief offers only conclusory statements that do not rise to the level of appellate argument as required by Mass.R.A.P. 16(a)(4), as amended, 367 Mass. 921 (1975). See Commonwealth v. Bowler, 407 Mass. 304, 310 (1990). There are no particulars indicated upon which the plaintiffs show the awards were excessive. The judgment is affirmed.
So ordered.
While the Gardners never filed a document entitled “Special Motion to Dismiss,” they did file a memorandum in support of such a motion. Since all the parties and the motion judge acted as if there had been a formal motion from both the Mattos and the Gardners, we treat the Gardners’ memorandum as if it had been accompanied below by a special motion to dismiss. Compare MacCormack v. Boston Edison Co., 423 Mass. 652, 658 n.8 (1996) (though motion judge’s formal order only denied two of three motions, all three considered denied because judge’s memorandum of decision discussed and denied all three). In any event, “because there was no objection below, the plaintiffs waived the opportunity to raise the procedural issue-on appeal.” Fox v. F & J Gattozzi Corp., 41 Mass. App. Ct. 581, 584 (1996).
The acronym “SLAPP” stands for “Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation.” See G. L. c. 231, § 59H. The relevant part of the statute reads as follows:
“In any case in which a party asserts that the civil claims, counterclaims, or cross claims against said party are based on said party’s exercise of its right of petition under the constitution of the United States or of the commonwealth, said party may bring a special motion to dismiss. The court shall advance any such special motion so that it may be heard and determined as expeditiously as possible. The court shall grant such special motion, unless the party against whom such special motion is made shows that: (1) the moving party’s exercise of its right to petition was devoid of any reasonable factual support or any arguable basis in law and (2) the moving party’s acts caused actual injury to the responding party. In making its determination, the court shall consider the pleadings and supporting and opposing affidavits stating the facts upon which the liability or defense is based.
"All discovery proceedings shall be stayed upon the filing of the special motion under this section; provided, however, that the court, on motion and after a hearing and for good cause shown, may order that specified discovery be conducted. The stay of discovery shall remain in effect until notice of entry of the order ruling on the special motion.
“Said special motion to dismiss may be filed within sixty days of the service of the complaint or, in the court’s discretion, at any later time upon terms it deems proper.
“If the court grants such special motion to dismiss, the court shall award the moving party costs and reasonable attorney’s fees, including those incurred for the special motion and any related discovery
*598 matters. ...
“As used in this section, the words ‘a party’s exercise of its right of petition’ shall mean any written or oral statement made before or submitted to a legislative, executive, or judicial body, or any other governmental proceeding; any written or oral statement made in connection with an issue under consideration or review by a legislative, executive, or judicial body, or any other governmental proceeding; any statement reasonably likely to encourage consideration or review of an issue by a legislative, executive, or judicial body or any other governmental proceeding; any statement reasonably likely to enlist public participation in an effort to effect such consideration; or any other statement falling within constitutional protection of the right to petition government.”
The fifteen States include California (Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 425.16 [West 1999]); Delaware (Del. Code Ann. tit. 10, §§ 8136-8138 [1999]); Florida (Fla. Stat. § 768.29 [2000]); Georgia (Ga. Code Ann. § 9-11-11.1 [1998]); Indiana (Ind. Code §§ 34-7-7-1 to 7-7-10 [1998]); Louisiana (La; Code Civ. Proc. Ann. art. 971 [West 1999]); Maine (Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 14, § 556 [1995]); Minnesota (Minn. Stat. Ann. §§ 554.01 — 554.05 [West 1994]); Nebraska (Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 25-21,241 — 21,246 [1994]); Nevada (Nev. Rev. Stat. §§ 41.637, 41.650 [1997]); New York (N.Y. Civ. Rights Law §§ 70-a, 76-a [McKinney 1992]; N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 3211[g], 3212[h] [Me-Kinney 1992]); Oklahoma (Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 12, § 1443.1 [1981]); Rhode Island (R.I. Gen. Laws §§ 9-33-1 to 9-33-4 [1993]); Tennessee (Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 4-21-1001 to 4-21-1004 [1997]); Washington (Wash. Rev. Code §§ 4.24.500 to 4.24.520 [1989]). A sixteenth State, Colorado, follows a judicially created anti-SLAPP doctrine. See Concerned Members of Intermountain Rural Elec. Assn. v. District Ct., 713 P.2d 923, 924-925 (Colo. 1986).
Given the result we reach as to the special motion to dismiss, we need not address the defendants’ motion for summary judgment, as to which the motion judge correctly took no apparent action. Were we to address the merits, however, we observe that the plaintiffs complain that the defendants’ resort to governmental agencies constitutes abuse of process, invasion of privacy under G. L. c. 214, § IB, civil conspiracy, intentional interference with business relations, violation of civil rights under G. L. c. 12, § 111, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. However, of the various incidents documented in the materials submitted by the plaintiffs, only some of the defendants’ reports to the fire department, board of health, conservation commission, and building inspector occurred recently enough to survive the three-year statute of limitations under any of their theories. It is undisputed that most of the defendants’ complained-of conduct occurred prior to December 8, 1992, more than three years from December 8, 1995, the date the plaintiffs’ complaint was filed in the Superior Court. In fact, the plaintiffs have admitted that the allegations contained in paragraphs 10 through 102 of their complaint occurred prior to December 8, 1992. See G. L. c. 260, § 2A; Flynn v. Associated Press, 401 Mass. 776, 782 (1988) (invasion of privacy, civil rights violations, and infliction of emotional distress); Cuddy v. Sweeney, 7 Mass. App. Ct. 880, 881 (1979) (abuse of process); Pagliuca v. Boston, 35 Mass. App. Ct. 820, 821-822 (1994) (tortious interference and civil conspiracy).
The substance of the report to the building inspector does not appear in the record, and so the plaintiffs perforce have failed to show that it lacked any reasonable factual or legal basis.
As to the definition of sham litigation, see Professional Real Estate Investors, Inc. v. Columbia Pictures Indus., Inc., 508 U.S. 49, 60 (1993), in which the Court outlined a two-part test to define sham litigation. “First, the lawsuit must be objectively baseless in the sense that no reasonable litigant could realistically expect success on the merits.” Ibid. Second, “the court should focus on whether the baseless lawsuit conceals an attempt to interfere directly with the business relationships of a competitor . . . through the use [of] the governmental process — as opposed to the outcome of that process — as an anticompetitive weapon . . .” (citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted). Id. at 60-61. Essentially, then, a sham involves a defendant whose activities are not genuinely aimed at procuring favorable governmental action in any form. Video Intl. Prods., Inc. v. Wamer-Amex Cable Communications, Inc., 858 F.2d 1075, 1082 (5th Cir. 1988), cert. denied, 490 U.S. 1047, and cert. denied, 491 U.S. 906 (1989).
The Gardners sought $19,551.00 in attorneys’ fees and $181.00 in costs, and the Mattos claimed $23,462 in attorneys’ fees and $4,996.83 in costs.
This is not to say that such an award is never appropriate. Some situations may require extensive discovery before a party learns the facts that indicate that a special motion to dismiss is warranted. We leave such determinations, as the statute indicates, to the motion judge’s discretion.
The defendants’ request for attorneys’ fees and costs in connection with this appeal is denied.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting). The majority has made a dangerous and quite surprising announcement: NIMBY
By requiring the plaintiffs to pay damages for being harassed by the defendants, this opinion has turned the law on its head. The majority has wrongly concluded that the conduct of the defendants here was entitled to the legislatively created protection of our anti-SLAPP statute, G. L. c. 231, § 59H. I would like to believe the wise pronouncement of former Justice Good
Here, the defendants’ intentions could not have been clearer; their meritless claims against the plaintiffs were not merely transparent, but were foredoomed.
In my view, this case is controlled by our holding in Vittands v. Sudduth, 49 Mass. App. Ct. 401, 413-415 (2000). “Even if [I] were to assume . . . that the neighbors had met their burden [which in my view, they have not] as the special movant, [the plaintiffs] nonetheless met [their] own statutory burden of showing that the neighbors’ suit was devoid of reasonable factual or legal support.” Id. at 414. They and their counsel had to have been aware that the likelihood of the defendants prevailing on the merits was zero as this court had said as much in its 1991 decision. As an aside, it is well known that the possibility of upsetting a variance is real, but the prospect of upsetting a special permit in circumstances, as here, is nil. The plaintiffs also demonstrated the defendants’ acts caused them injury. See Duracraft Corp. v. Holmes Prods. Corp., 427 Mass. 156, 168 (1998). In short, the defendants’ counsel took a position that is beyond reasonable or thoughtful legal analysis.
One additional comment is warranted. Even if some of the causes of action pleaded by the plaintiffs may, as the majority notes, be time-barred, I believe the underlying events may still be relied on as evidence of the defendants’ true intentions and their state of mind.
“This is yet another painful example of how ‘courts are too frequently called upon to expend the[] limited resources [available] to assist the needy by the machinations of the [selfish and] greedy.’ ” Long v. Martha’s Vineyard Land Bank Commn., 35 Mass. App. Ct. 546, 550 (1993) (Brown, J., concurring), quoting from Piccicuto v. Dwyer, 32 Mass. App. Ct. 137, 140 (1992).
Not in my backyard.