Plaintiff, a New Hampshire State Trooper, brought an action in the district court claiming his assignment from troop I, patrol # 17, to troop G, which effectuated a change in duties and work schedule, violates the Veterans Readjustment Assistance Act, 38 U.S.C. §§ 2021 — 2026. The action was submitted for determination on cross-motions for summary judgment. 1 The court denied plaintiff’s motion, granted defendants’, and entered judgment dismissing the complaint. We reverse.
Plaintiff, who has been employed as a state trooper since 1968, is a member of the military reserves. In the summer of 1978 *1026 he informed defendant Knowlton, the director of the division of state police, that his transfer from the New Hampshire Air National Guard to the United States Air Force Reserve required him to attend two six-week training sessions. Upon his return to work after the completion of the first session, Colonel Knowlton informed him that he was transferred from troop I to troop G effective immediately. This transfer resulted in no loss of pay, seniority, or personnel benefits under the state personnel system. Plaintiff’s duties and work schedule were, however, changed. I troopers, whose duties include the approval of motor vehicle inspection stations and automobile dealerships, inspection of school buses, and investigation, generally work from 8:00 a. m. to 5:00 p. m. on four days and from 1:00 p. m. to 10:00 p. m. on a fifth. No weekend work is ordinarily required except on holiday weekends when I troopers may supplement the regular highway patrol. G troopers, on the other hand, are assigned to the patrol of interstate highways and work nine-hour rotating shifts which include weekends. 2
In contrast to G troopers, whose duties may be adequately performed by trooper trainees, I troopers receive some special training to enable them to carry out their tasks. Consequently, a temporary absence from troop I occasions some inconvenience to the service for either the work must await the absentee’s return, which may result in some backlog and inconvenience to operators seeking immediate inspection approvals, or else another trooper must be trained for the assignment. In an effort to minimize any disruption which might be caused by plaintiff’s military leave, Colonel Knowlton had another trooper trained to fill permanently the slot plaintiff had formerly occupied in troop I and transferred plaintiff to troop G.
Pursuant to State Police Regulation 3.5, troopers are subject to being assigned at any time “to such Bureau, Troop, or Unit as the Director may order, or to any other duty he may deem for the good of the service.” A lateral transfer from one troop to another officially constitutes neither a promotion nor a demotion; pay scale, seniority, vacation, and other personnel benefits are unaffected by such transfers. Plaintiff, prior to his service in troop I, had been assigned to troops G and D.
Plaintiff contends his transfer from troop I to troop G because of the absences occasioned by his military obligation violates 38 U.S.C. §§ 2024(d) and 2021(b)(3). The first provides that a reservist away from work to attend a training period of less than three months’ consecutive duration “shall be permitted to return to such employee’s position with such seniority, status, pay, and vacation as such employee would have had if such employee had not been absent for [reserve duties] . . .. [emphasis added].” Plaintiff argues that his position within the meaning of § 2024(d) is specifically I trooper, not merely state trooper as defendants contend and as the district court concluded. Section 2021(b)(3) provides that a reservist such as plaintiff “shall not be denied retention in employment or any promotion or other incident or advantage of employment because of any obligation as a member of a Reserve component of the Armed Forces [emphasis added].” As we agree with plaintiff that the change in his duties and work schedule because of his military leave constitutes a denial of an incident or advantage of employment and that therefore plaintiff must be restored to troop I, we need not and do not reach the separate issue whether § 2024(d) was also violated. 3
*1027 Section 2021(b)(3) is meant to preclude an employer from disadvantaging a covered employee because of his reserve obligations. We cannot say that the transfer, due to plaintiff’s reserve training, from a basically 8 to 5 weekday job to one with weekend work and shifts which may fall during any hour of the day or night is not a denial of an incident or advantage of employment. 4 The fact that plaintiff has no vested right under state law in the particular work assignment he filled prior to his military leave and was subject to being reassigned at the discretion of the Director does not alter our conclusion that § 2021(b)(3) prohibits the Director from transferring plaintiff “because of” 5 his reserve obligation. True, the Director would be free to transfer plaintiff at any time, including while his reserve duties were in progress, for reasons unrelated to his reserve obligations; but the Director was not free to transfer him to an assignment involving denial of a previously enjoyed incident or advantage of employment for reasons causally related to the employee’s reserve obligations. Here there can be no doubt that the reason for the transfer was so related.
Nor is it sufficient that defendants treated plaintiff as they would have treated any employee on a leave of absence. Under § 2021(b)(3) reservists are “entitled to the same treatment afforded their coworkers not having such military obligations . ..” S.Rep.No.1477, 90th Cong., 2d Sess., at 2, U.S.Code Cong. & Ad.News 3421 (1968). (legislative history of § 9(c)(3) of the Military Selective Service Act of 1967, a predecessor statutory provision to § 2021(b)(3)). The mandated standard of comparison is not, as defendants would maintain, to “those coworkers away on non-military leave of absence” but to the more embra-sive class of “coworkers not having [reserve] obligations.”
See Lott v. Goodyear Aerospace Corp.,
Because plaintiff was improperly transferred from troop I patrol # 17 to troop G in violation of 38 U.S.C. § 2021(b)(3), he must be restored to his former work assignment. 38 U.S.C. § 2022. The judgment of the district court is vacated, and the court is directed to enter summary judgment for plaintiff. 6
So ordered.
Notes
. The mere filing of cross-motions for summary judgment is not equivalent to the submission of a case for final determination on the basis of the various attachments to the motions and any other evidence presented. 10 C. Wright & A. Miller,
Federal Practice and Procedure
§ 2720 at 466-67 (1973). In the latter situation, the district court may resolve material factual disputes while in the former such resolution is, of course, impermissible.
Thyssen Plastik Anger KG v. Induplas, Inc.,
. Plaintiffs schedule now requires him to work three out of four weekends.
. Defendants argue that plaintiff referred to § 2021(b)(3) in the district court only to support his argument that the word “position” in § 2024(d) must be interpreted to mean “same job duties and hours” and that plaintiff may not for the first time on appeal argue defendants violated § 2021(b)(3). Defendants are incorrect. Plaintiffs complaint states that his action arises under 38 U.S.C. §§ 2021-2026 and plaintiff argued in his district court brief in support of his motion for summary judgment: “There is no doubt that a comparison of the position held by the plaintiff in this action before and after his military leave of absence points unalterably to a denial of an ‘incident or *1027 advantage’ of his employment.” We think the argument was presented sufficiently below to enable plaintiff to press it on appeal.
. While it has been held that an employer may restore a veteran returning from active service to a different shift than he had previously worked,
Boone v. Fort Worth & Denver RR Co.,
. We are aware of defendants’ purported distinction that the reason for plaintiffs transfer was not his military obligation per se but was the needs of the service occasioned by his two six-week absences. This semantic distinction does not change the fact that but for plaintiffs reserve commitment he would not have been transferred from troop I to G.
. We need not now decide to what extent an employer would ever, in truly exceptional circumstances, be justified in making a change in a reservist’s work schedule because of the effect the anticipated absences would have on the employer’s business. If there are circumstances where the employer’s business would be so greatly disrupted by a reservist’s temporary military leave that some accommodation would be in order, this is not one of them. *1028 Defendants’ evidence, taken most favorably to them, would not support a finding that exceptional hardship would have occurred had not plaintiff been transferred. Whether the replacement for plaintiff was temporary, which would have been permissible, or permanent, which we have concluded is forbidden by 38 U.S.C. § 2021(b)(3), another trooper still had to be trained to perform troop I type work.