Case Information
*1 Before FAGG, BOWMAN, and LOKEN, Circuit Judges.
___________
LOKEN, Circuit Judge.
In this § 1983 action, Iowa inmate Donald Duane Ochs claims that officials at the Iowa Men's Reformatory ("IMR") violated his First Amendment and Due Process rights by refusing to honor his religiously- motivated request to be housed with persons of his own race and by segregating him for making that request, and violated his Eighth Amendment rights by being deliberately indifferent to his allergic reaction to metal handcuffs. After a bench trial, the district court dismissed these claims. Ochs appeals. The primary issue is whether IMR's response to his request to be racially
The HONORABLE JOHN A. JARVEY, Chief United States Magistrate Judge for the Northern District of Iowa, who tried the case by consent of the parties pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c).
segregated substantially burdened his free exercise of religion and was not the "least restrictive means of furthering [a] compelling government interest," the new governing standard under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 ("RFRA"), 42 U.S.C. § 2000bb-1. We affirm.
I.
On February 2, 1994, sixty to seventy inmates housed in IMR's Living Unit B took part in a racially-charged fight between members of white and African-American gangs. This was the most serious disturbance at IMR since a major riot in the 1970s. It was followed by a smaller, but serious, racial incident on February 18, which began as a fight but evolved into a scheme by Unit B inmates to trap prison guards who responded to the fight. As a result, IMR officials locked down Unit B, confining its 550 inmates to their cells while the causes of these disturbances were investigated.
At this time, Donald Ochs was serving a ten-year sentence for second degree robbery, housed in IMR's Unit B. Although Ochs had lived with non- white cellmates in the past, on February 16, in the midst of these racial tensions, Ochs sent the following "notice" to IMR officials:
I am a white American. My race is Anglo-Saxon. The tone and color of my skin is white. My religious, political and moral beliefs forbid my integrating with any member of any other race. I therefore give notice that I do not wish to be integrated now or anytime in the future, and if I must be housed with another person (i.e., in the same cell) I request that person be of my own race.
On February 24, IMR officials lifted Unit B's lockdown status and began reintegrating its inmates "into the everyday flow of the institution," as Security Director Russell Behrends put it at trial. However, Ochs and twenty-five others were placed in "non-voluntary, non- disciplinary" status, and Ochs was randomly assigned *3 an African-American cellmate, Nelson McAlpine. Ochs filed a grievance, asking to be released to the general inmate population or transferred to the Iowa State Penitentiary. At a March 3 classification review hearing, Ochs stated that he is a "Neo-Nazi skinhead" who advocates white separatism and shaves his head to show his beliefs. He did not claim that his separatist views were religiously motivated. He was told that he would not be released from segregated status until his hair grew long enough to cover his shaved head. On March 22, Ochs was transferred to Iowa State Penitentiary. Two months later, he filed this damage action.
II.
Ochs first argues that IMR officials violated his First Amendment right to the free exercise of religion when they refused his request that he be assigned only caucasian cellmates. At trial, Warden Thalacker testified that it was IMR's policy not to racially segregate inmates because segregation would foster gang activity and escalate racial tensions, and because it would be very difficult to accommodate inmates' various preferences. The district court credited Thalacker's testimony and concluded that this policy did not violate Ochs's First Amendment rights.
RFRA provides: "Government shall not substantially burden a person's
exercise of religion [unless] application of the burden to the person (1)
is in furtherance of a compelling governmental interest; and (2) is the
least restrictive means of furthering that compelling governmental
interest." 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000bb-1(a) and (b). RFRA was enacted to
legislatively overrule Employment Division v. Smith ,
(b)(1). Congress intended that RFRA apply to prison inmate Free Exercise Clause cases. However, the legislative history urges courts to "continue the tradition of giving due deference to the experience and expertise of prison and jail administrators in establishing necessary regulations and procedures to maintain good order, security and discipline, consistent with consideration of costs and limited resources." S. Rep. No. 111, 103d Cong., 1st Sess., at 10 (1993), reprinted in 1993 U.S.C.C.A.N. 1892, 1900.
Under the prior law restored by RFRA, Ochs must first prove that
prison officials substantially burdened a sincerely held religious belief.
Iron Eyes v. Henry,
Like the district court, we are skeptical that Ochs's request to be racially segregated, first made in the midst of prison racial disturbances, reflected a sincerely held religious belief. See Winters v. Iowa, No. 95- 723, 1996 WL 333156 (Iowa June 19, 1996), rejecting a similar claim by another white separatist inmate at IMR. Purely secular views or personal preferences will not support a Free Exercise Clause claim. Frazee v. Illinois Employment Sec. Dept., 489 U.S. 829, 833 (1989). Though Ochs testified that he follows the "Church of Jesus Christ Christian," he did not explain why this religion suddenly mandated that he no longer share his cell with an African-American. However, we decline to decide the case on this ground. Courts must be cautious in attempting to separate real from fictitious religious beliefs. See Thomas v.
Review Bd. of Ind. Employment Sec. Div.,
We also question whether IMR officials "substantially burdened" a
sincere religious belief, a RFRA term discussed at some length in Young v.
Crystal Evangelical Free Church, 82 F.3d 1407, 1418 (8th Cir. 1996).
RFRA's legislative history urges courts to weed out "false religious claims
that are actually attempts to gain special privileges or to disrupt prison
life." S. Rep. No. 111, 1993 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 1900. Ochs claims a
"religious" mandate directed at an entirely secular aspect of life, the
race of his cellmate. Inmates could similarly claim religious preferences
for the timing of meals, the number of showers, the television programs and
movies to be viewed, or most any other aspect of prison life. In Green v.
White,
We note these threshold RFRA issues but do not decide them. Rather, we hold that IMR officials properly rejected Ochs's request for racially segregated living quarters even if that substantially burdened his sincerely held religious beliefs. IMR's decision was made to further the most compelling governmental interest in a prison setting, institutional security. IMR policy makers believe
that random cell assignments lessen racial tensions and promote security, and that no less restrictive policy can meet their security objectives, particularly at a time of racial tension like February and March of 1994. We must give great deference to these penological judgments regarding security. See Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 550-51 & n.32 (1979); Hamilton, 74 F.3d at 1554. Thus, while Ochs argues that it would be relatively easy for IMR to quietly accommodate the requests of a few white racists, we may not ignore defendants' response that allowing such exceptions would create serious administrative and security problems. In these circumstances, we affirm the dismissal of this claim.
III.
Ochs next argues that IMR officials violated his First Amendment and Due Process rights when they segregated him from the general inmate population as punishment for his request for white cellmates. The district court rejected this claim because it found that IMR officials segregated Ochs not to punish him, but to protect him and others because he had identified himself as a racist at a time of racial tensions in the prison. We agree.
When IMR officials began to integrate Unit B inmates into the general population after the racial disturbances, they segregated Ochs (and four others who had expressed similar views) because his blatant racism -- reflected in the notice of separatist views and
It is also relevant that Ochs seeks to compel IMR, in the
name of his religion, to violate the public policy of this country
against racial segregation. IMR would risk § 1983 litigation if it
assigned cells based upon inmate racial preferences. Finney v.
Arkansas Bd. of Correction,
his shaved head -- made him a risk to prison security, and because they were still investigating whether Ochs had played any role in the recent disturbances. At the March 3 review hearing, Ochs admitted to being a Neo- Nazi. Accordingly, IMR officials kept him segregated until he could be transferred to another prison.
Ochs argues that the district court's finding that he publicly
espoused his racism is clearly erroneous because he did not publicize his
request for white cellmates to other inmates. But Ochs's shaved head and
blatantly racist comments at the review hearing justified defendants'
belief that his immediate release into the general prison population after
two racial disturbances would create an unacceptable security risk. Ochs
had no First Amendment right to flaunt beliefs that jeopardized prison
security. See Leonard v. Nix,
IV.
Finally, Ochs argues that defendants violated his Eighth Amendment rights when they were deliberately indifferent to his serious medical need for protection from metal handcuffs. See generally Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104 (1976). Following the racial disturbances, Ochs and other inmates were taken to the shower in handcuffs. Because of his allergy condition, IMR Health Services had issued Ochs stockinettes to protect his wrists when handcuffed. However, the stockinettes were lost, and two or three
It is not clear whether Ochs intended to raise a separate due
process claim regarding his segregation. If so, it is without
merit, because his administrative segregation was not "the type of
atypical, significant deprivation" to which due process protections
attach under Sandin v. Conner,
We agree with the district court that Ochs failed to prove a "serious
medical need." IMR Health Services diagnosed Ochs's allergy and provided
him with stockinettes to protect his wrists while handcuffed. The
stockinettes were missing when Ochs needed to be handcuffed during a
lockdown. As a result, Ochs experienced mild discomfort from two or three
brief exposures to metal handcuffs. He was issued new stockinettes as soon
as he requested help from a medical professional. In these circumstances,
Ochs has not established that IMR officials "ignored an acute or escalating
situation involving a serious medical condition." Givens v. Jones, 900
F.2d 1229, 1233 (8th Cir. 1990); see also Beyerbach v. Sears,
The judgement of the district court is affirmed.
A true copy.
Attest:
CLERK, U. S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.