Rafael DOMINGUEZ, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. TOM JAMES COMPANY, Defendant-Appellant.
Nos. 95-3233, 95-3367.
United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.
May 15, 1997.
113 F.3d 1188
Petitioners’ motion to recuse rests primarily upon the premise that the district court judge is, along with other persons, subject to a criminal investigation now being conducted by the public integrity section of the Department of Justice. Assuming for present purposes that that is true, the petitioners have not carried their burden of demonstrating that denial of their motion to recuse constitutes a clear abuse of discretion or usurpation of judicial power. No decision binding on this Court requires the recusal of a judge in these assumed circumstances.
Moreover, on September 5, 1996, the Eleventh Circuit Judicial Council adopted a protocol concerning recusal of judicial officers in the event of arrest, indictment, or possible criminal investigation. That protocol contains standards, the most relevant of which is Standard 3, which provides as follows:
Judicial officers who are implicated in a federal criminal process by way of arrest, or who are informed that they are the subject or target of a federal criminal investigation for a crime that is punishable by imprisonment of one year or more may continue with their criminal and civil dockets and administrative duties until the Judicial Council determines to adopt limitations that the nature of the investigation and charges justify. However, after consultation with other judges of his or her court, the implicated judge may discontinue handling civil, criminal and administrative duties that the judge concludes the nature of the investigation and charges justify.
That standard, like the protocol of which it is a part, was adopted pursuant to a report of the United States Judicial Conference urging each circuit judicial council to adopt policies on the subject.
In view of Standard 3 of the Eleventh Circuit Judicial Council‘s protocol, the refusal of a district court judge to recuse himself from every criminal case on his docket if he is under criminal investigation by the Department of Justice is not a clear abuse of discretion or usurpation of judicial power warranting mandamus relief. Nor is there anything about the specific facts and circumstances of this particular case which would make it so. The petitioners have not carried their burden of showing their right to issuance of a writ of mandamus.
Accordingly, the petition for writ of mandamus is DENIED.
Mark H. Floyd, Floyd & Tudor, P.C., Nashville, TN, for Defendant-Appellant.
Joseph Egan, Jr., Tobe Lev, Egan, Lev & Siwica, Orlando, FL, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
Before TJOFLAT, DUBINA and CARNES, Circuit Judges.
Rafael Dominguez brought this suit under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967,
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL POSTURE
The Company is a men‘s clothing retailer that provides tailoring services. Rafael Dominguez worked for the Company as a tailor in its Orlando office until he was terminated from that position. At the time of his termination, Dominguez was sixty-five years old and had worked as a tailor his entire adult life. Dominguez began working for the Company in the early 1980‘s, when he was around fifty-five years old. For the first six and one-half years of his employment with the Company, all went well; Dominguez‘s tailoring work was entirely satisfactory.
In 1991, David Hester took over the management of the Company‘s Orlando office. According to the Company, Hester learned when he took over that the quality of Dominguez‘s work was becoming increasingly less satisfactory. However, Dominguez contends that he maintained a very high quality of work, and that whenever mistakes occurred, he corrected them free of charge and without complaint.
Hester discussed Dominguez‘s status with Sarah Morgan, the Operational Manager at the Orlando office. According to Morgan, Hester asked her to tell Dominguez that he
One or two weeks after Dominguez was fired, Hester and Morgan received a phone call from the Company‘s in-house counsel, Tom Harvey. Harvey called to investigate whether Dominguez might have legal recourse against the Company because of his termination. During the course of the conversation, Morgan repeated to Harvey the substance of her prior conversation with Hester. Harvey told them he agreed with Morgan‘s assessment that firing Dominguez because of his age would be illegal discrimination.
After his termination, Dominguez attempted to find other tailoring work. However, the Company was the only employer in the area looking for a tailor. For about a month, Dominguez worked busing tables in a small cafeteria owned by his sister, but he found that work to be unsatisfactory. Unable to find anything in the tailoring field or other suitable work, Dominguez retired and began receiving Social Security retirement benefits. Dominguez continues to perform out of his home as much tailoring work as he can get, but it generates only a small income which is not enough to affect his Social Security benefits.
After exhausting his administrative remedies, Dominguez filed an ADEA claim against the Company. After a trial, the case was submitted to a jury which rendered a verdict in favor of Dominguez and awarded him back pay in the amount of $65,000.00. Because the jury found that the Company‘s action was a willful violation of the ADEA, the court awarded Dominguez liquidated damages in the same amount. Finding that reinstatement was not a realistic alternative for Dominguez, the court instead awarded him $11,900.00 of “front pay.” Including prejudgment interest, Dominguez‘s total award was $151,264.00, plus costs. The district court rejected the Company‘s request that it reduce the award by the amount of Social Security benefits Dominguez had received following his termination.
After the verdict, the Company renewed its motion for a judgment as a matter of law and, alternatively, for a new trial. The district court denied those motions, and this appeal ensued.
II. DISCUSSION
We review a motion for judgment as a matter of law de novo. Daniel v. City of Tampa, 38 F.3d 546, 549 (11th Cir.1994). We review for abuse of discretion a district court‘s ruling on a motion for a new trial. F.D.I.C. v. Stahl, 89 F.3d 1510, 1514 (11th Cir.1996).
The Company appeals the judgment of the district court on a number of grounds, including the district court‘s actions: (1) admitting, over the Company‘s assertion of attorney-client privilege, testimony concerning the conversation between Harvey, Hester, and Morgan; (2) awarding liquidated damages; (3) awarding front pay instead of reinstatement; (4) failing to reduce Dominguez‘s award because of his failure to mitigate damages; and (5) considering a late-filed motion for attorneys’ fees and costs. As for the admission of the conversation between Harvey, Hester, and Morgan, any error was harmless. Most of that testimony was either cumulative of other evidence proving essentially undisputed facts, or it had to do with indisputable propositions of law. The little of the conversation that was not of that nature actually favored the Company. None of the Company‘s other issues that we have listed above merit any further discussion.
The Company does raise one additional issue that deserves some discussion. The Company contends that the district court erred in failing to deduct from Dominguez‘s award the amount of Social Security benefits he has received since his termination. The district court held that Social Security benefits should not be subtracted from an ADEA award. That holding presents us with an issue of first impression which we review de novo, as we do with all questions of law. Jackson v. Chater, 99 F.3d 1086, 1092 (11th Cir.1996).
In Brown v. A.J. Gerrard Manufacturing Co., 715 F.2d 1549, 1550 (11th Cir.1983) (en banc), we held that unemployment compensation benefits should not be deducted from Title VII back pay awards. Given the analogous nature and purpose of Title VII and the ADEA, our holding in Brown applies to ADEA cases as well as Title VII cases. See McKennon v. Nashville Banner Pub. Co., 513 U.S. 352, 357-58, 115 S.Ct. 879, 884, 130 L.Ed.2d 852 (1995) (“ADEA and Title VII share common substantive features and also a common purpose: ‘the elimination of discrimination in the workplace.’ “); McKelvy v. Metal Container Corp., 674 F.Supp. 827, 831 (M.D.Fla.1987) (declining to deduct unemployment compensation benefits from a back pay award in an ADEA case in view of our rationale in Brown). Because there are no significant, relevant differences between Social Security benefits and unemployment benefits insofar as back pay awards are concerned, see Maxfield v. Sinclair Int‘l, 766 F.2d 788, 795 (3d Cir.1985). We extend our Brown decision and hold that Social Security benefits are not to be deducted from ADEA awards.1
We are aware that several other circuits appear to have left to the discretion of the district courts whether to deduct Social Security benefits from back pay awards in ADEA cases. See Guthrie v. J.C. Penney Co., Inc., 803 F.2d 202, 209 (5th Cir.1986) (“[T]he trial court did not abuse its discretion for refusing to deduct social security.“); EEOC v. Wyoming Retirement Sys., 771 F.2d 1425, 1432 (10th Cir.1985) (“We cannot say that the trial court abused his discretion in deducting Social Security payments from the back pay awards in this case.“). However, we agree with the position of the Third Circuit in Maxfield, and “reject[] the argument that the decision whether to offset should be left to the discretion of the district court, favoring instead to fashion uniform rules to further statutory objectives.” Id. at 793-95 (citations and internal quotations omitted).
In order to further the statutory objectives of the ADEA and to avoid a disparity of results, we decline to leave to the discretion of the district courts the decision whether to deduct Social Security from back pay awards in ADEA cases. As we explained in Brown, “[a] consistent approach to this legal question seems preferable to a virtually unreviewable discretion which may produce arbitrary and inconsistent results.” Brown, 715 F.2d at 1551. Consequently, the district court was correct when it concluded that Social Security benefits should not be deducted from Dominguez‘s damage award. It would have been incorrect to rule otherwise.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.2
CARNES
CIRCUIT JUDGE