194 Iowa 1161 | Iowa | 1919
Lead Opinion
West First Street in the city of Des Moines extends north and south along the river front. On the west side of the street, the city is quite compactly built up with stores, shops, and structures of various kinds. Threading their way through the streets and alleys of this section, the lines of several different railroads approach from the west across First Street at grade, and thence east over the bridges which span the river. The defendant’s track was the one farthest to the south. Plaintiff, driving a Cadillac omnibus, was driving his car southward on First Street, to obtain an item of repair at a shop immediately south of defendant’s track. For one moving from that direction, the view to the west was obstructed by a building or
I. The question thus presented is the familiar one, whether, admitting for this purpose the truth of the showing made by the plaintiff, and giving him the benefit of the most
“There is no question .here as to the extent upon which plaintiff might reasonably rely upon the company’s observance of the ordinance. ’ ’
If this be true, the road to an affirmance of the trial court’s ruling is easy. But the proposition so advanced is certainly not the law. To entitle him to recover damages resulting from the company’s confessed negligence, plaintiff is not bound to show that he exercised perfect care. It is enough if, from his showing, fair-minded junms could fairly find that he acted with reasonable care, — such care as. might reasonably be expected from a man of ordinary prudence, under the given circumstances. To use a phrase recently employed by this court in a similar case: “Super-care is not required.” Haven v. Chicago, M. & St. P. R. Co., 188 Iowa 1266. Perhaps in no recent case has this rule been more clearly stated‘or more happily illustrated than in Dusold v. Chicago G. W. R. Co., 162 Iowa 441, to which we will later make more extended reference. ■Whether a person exposed to peril has used reasonable care de
II. It is well at the outset to recall some of the familiar basic principles which govern the respective rights of the railway company and the general public, within the scope of which all cases involving accidents at public crossings are to be considered. Of the multitude of cases found in the books, a leading precedent is Continental Impr. Co. v. Stead, 95 U. S. 161, where the subject is discussed, and the opinion written by Mr. Justice Bradley is concurred in by the entire court. In that case, the plaintiff was struck by defendant’s train on a highway crossing. He was driving -his vehicle to the east across the track at right angles. The crossing was obscured by various obstacles to an extended view. As he approached the crossing, he looked south, the direction from which the next scheduled train was expected, but did not look north; his hearing was somewhat impaired; he did not stop; but, driving ahead, he was caught on the crossing by a special train from the north. There, as here, the defense relied largely upon its claim that plaintiff was chargeable with contributory negligence as a matter of law; but the court charged the jury that the obligations, rights, and duties of rail
“We think it is in accordance with well settled law and good sense. ’ ’
Then, after stating the general rule that, in the use of the crossing, the railway train is entitled to preference of right of way over the highway traveler, the court adds:
“But it is bound to give due warning of its approach, so that the wagon may stop and allow it to pass. * ■* * Such warning must be reasonable and timely. But what is reasonable and timely warning may depend on many circumstances. It cannot be such, if the speed of the train be so great as to render it unavailing. ’ ’
With special reference to the question of .contributory negligence, the court, after stating the duty of the highway traveler to “exercise ordinary care and diligence to ascertain, whether a train is approaching,” and that failure in this respect, if contributing to the injury, will defeat the right to recover damages, adds:
“The mistake of the defendant’s counsel consists in seeking to impose upon the wagon too exclusively the duty of avoiding collision, and to relieve the train too entirely from responsibility in the matter. Railway companies cannot expect this immunity so long as their tracks cross the highways of the country upon the same level. The people have the same, right to travel on the ordinary highways as the railway companies have to run trains on the railroads. ’ ’
The mistake of counsel which the court there corrects is, in principle, the mistake which permeates the argument of the appellee in the instant case. As still further appropriate to this discussion, we quote from the cited case the language of the Supreme Court, sustaining the trial court’s refusal of a request by the defendant for an instruction defining the plaintiff’s duty of care. It is there said that the request “states the duty of persons approaching a railroad with wagons and teams in a more absolute and unqualified form than we think admissible. It states such duty with the rigidity of a statute, making no al
This is the precise effect of the appellee’s assumption in the present case. The sole proposition on which the defense relies is that the fact that plaintiff was not able to stop his car in the single second of time after discovering the on-coming train, and thus avoid the collision, conclusively and as a matter of law establishes his contributory negligence, and this, too, without making any ‘ ‘ allowance for the, modifying circumstances” which Justice Bradley says are to be considered in such cases.
Beduced to brief, practical terms, the precedent which ap-pellee asks us to establish permits it to say to the plaintiff:
“True, we were violating a valid ordinance; true that we were shooting our train through a populous city and over its streets at perilous speed, without warning or signal, and without watchman or guard or flagman; and it is also true that you were .rightfully on the street and (subject to our precedence in use of the right of way) your right to use the street was equal to our right thereon, and, had our train been moving within its lawful limit of speed, your attempt to avoid the collision would have been successful; nevertheless, you were bound, as a matter of law, to anticipate the danger created by our negligence, and your failure so to do permits us to run our train over you, without liability to answer therefor. ’ ’
That this assumption is as unsound in law as in morals is easily demonstrable.
III. It is wholly aside from the question in this case to repeat the rule which nobody denies, that a railway crossing is a place of danger; that a highway traveler is in duty bound to recognize such fact; and that, in exercising his right of using such crossing, he is bound to exercise reasonable care to discover approaching trains, and avoid injury therefrom. All this is admitted. But the inquiry remains, What is reasonable care in this respect? Appellee argues with much earnestness that, as a matter of law, reasonable care required plaintiff to have such control of his ear as would enable him to stop it, no matter
The case of Grand Trunk R. Co. v. Ives, 144 U. S. 408, is, in many essential features, quite parallel with the one at bar. There, a traveler in the city of Detroit drove along a street which was crossed by several parallel lines of railway. There, as here, was a city ordinance limiting the speed of trains to six miles per hour. Arriving at.the crossing, the driver stopped, to allow the passing of a train on one of the roads, and then went forward, and was struck by a train moving in the. other direction on another track. There, as here, the plaintiff’s evidence tended to show that the train was being operated at from 20 to 40 miles per hour, and that no danger signals were sounded by whistle or bell, nor was the crossing guarded by a flagman. In submitting the case to the jury, the trial court stated the law as follows:
“You fix the standard for reasonable, prudent, and cautious men, under the circumstances of the case as you find them, according to your judgment and experience of what that class of men do under these circumstances, and then test the conduct involved and try it by that standard; and neither the judge who tries the case nor any other person can supply you with the criterion of judgment by any opinion he may have on that subject.”
Approving this instruction, the Supreme Court, speaking by Justice Lamar, said:
“There is no fixed standard in the law by which a court is enabled to arbitrarily say in every case what conduct shall be considered reasonable and prudent, and what shall constitute
In the same case, defendant excepted to the court’s refusal to charge the jury that, if the deceased had a clear view of defendant’s tracks at a point 15 or 18 feet from the track, and failed to stop, but went forward with his back to the approaching train, he was chargeable with contributory negligence. This was refused because “it is too much upon the weight of the evidence, and confines the fury to the particular circumstance narrated, ivithout notice of others that they may think important.” The court there says:
“This reason is a sound one. In determining whether the deceased was guilty of contributory negligence, the jury were bound to consider all the facts and circumstances bearing upon that question, and not select one particular prominent fact or circumstance as controlling the case, to the exclusion of all the others.”
And here we may repeat that the proposition affirmed by the appellee is clearly'open to the same-condemnation, in that it selects one particular fact as controlling the ease, to the exclusion of all others. While appellant does not contend, nor does any court hold, that the traveler approaching a crossing may rely absolutely upon the assumption that the railway company will obey the law with respect to the safety of the crossing or operation of its trains, it is universally held that, although he is not thereby excused from the duty to exercise reasonable care to look out for his own safety, he may place some degree of reliance on the assumption that the company will obey the law, and not recklessly expose him to danger; and his right to so assume is always a very material fact in considering what is reasonable care on his part. Upon this subject, our own eases'
“It seems reasonably probable that, if the defendant’s train had been moving at a lawful rate of speed, the person in charge of the plaintiff’s stock would have been able, by the efforts made by him, to prevent the injury; that his conduct would have been consistent with due care on the hypothesis that he supposed the train to be moving at a lawful rate of speed. This he had a right to assume,-until the contrary appeared.” Correll v. B. C. R. & M. R. Co., 38 Iowa 120.
Applying that rule to the case at bar, it may be said, in the same language, that:
“If the defendant’s train had been moving at. a lawful rate of speed, plaintiff would have been able, by the efforts made by him, to prevent the injury. ’ ’
It is conceded in argument that plaintiff, was not negligent in swinging his car to the left. In so doing, he succeeded in keeping off the track, though not quite far enough to avoid contact with the overhang of the locomotive. Had the train been moving within the lawful limit of speed, there would have been no collision. This proposition we have reaffirmed in Moore v. Chicago, St. P. & K. C. R. Co., 102 Iowa 595; Case v. Chicago G. W. R. Co., 147 Iowa 747, 751; Cummings v. Chicago, R. I. & P. R. Co., 114 Iowa 85, 88; Doherty v. Des Moines City R. Co., 144 Iowa 26, 35; Dusold v. Chicago G. W. R. Co., 162 Iowa 441; Perjue v. Citizens Elec. Lt. & G. Co., 131 Iowa 710; Dow v. Des Moines City R. Co., 148 Iowa 429, 445; Ward v. Marshalltown L. P. & R. Co., 132 Iowa 578; Platter v. Minneapolis & St. L. R. Co., 162 Iowa 142; Gray v. Chicago, R. I. & P. R. Co., 160 Iowa 1, 11; Hartman v. Chicago G. W. R. Co., 132 Iowa 582; Wolfe v. Chicago G. W. R. Co., 166 Iowa 506; Davitt v. Chicago G. W. R. Co., 164 Iowa 216; Burnett v. Chicago, M. & St. P. R. Co., 172 Iowa 704, 714; Barrett v. Chicago, M. & St. P. R. Co., 190 Iowa 509, 525; Maman v. Chicago, R. I. & P. R. Co., 156 Iowa 457, 462; Rupener v. Cedar Rapids & I. C. R. & L. Co., 178 Iowa 615, 618; Willfong v. Omaha & St. L. R. Co., 116 Iowa
“Anticipation of negligence in others is not a duty which the law imposes. On the contrary, it is a presumption of law that every person will perform the duty enjoined by law or imposed by contract. Where, for instance, the traveler knows that the law requires a railroad company to ring a bell or sound a whistle, he has a right to rely upon the performance of such duty by the company.” Chicago C. R. Co. v. Fennimore, 199 Ill. 9 (64 N. E. 985).
See, also, 2 Jaggard on Torts 970, and 1 Shearman & Red-field on Negligence (6th Ed.), Section 92.
In Henry v. Cleveland, C. C. & St. L. R. Co., 236 Ill. 219 (86 N. E. 231), the Illinois court had to deal with a case quite like the one now in hand. There, the plaintiff undertook to drive over a street crossing, and was struck by a train running at a speed in excess of an ordinance limit. He did not stop his team, nor did he look in either direction. Just as he reached the track, he discovered the train bearing down upon him. Thereupon, as did the plaintiff in this ease, he sought to avoid the collision by turning to the left, but was caught and injured. The court there said:
“It cannot be said, we think, therefore, as a matter of law, that he was guilty of such contributory negligence in driving upon the appellant’s track as to defeat a right of recovery. * * * Undoubtedly a failure to look or listen,- especially where it affirmatively appears that looking or listening might have enabled the party exposed to injury to see the train and thus avoid being injured, is evidence tending to show negligence. But they are not conclusive evidence, so that a charge of negli
This application of the rule, the court there -emphasizes by saying that the injured traveler “had the right to assume that appellant would obey the law and give him warning of the approaching train by proper signals.”
To the same effect is Payne v. Burnett, (Ind. App.) 133 N. E. 147; Southern R. Co. v. Aldridge’s Admr., 101 Va. 142 (43 S. E. 333); Hutchinson v. Missouri P. R. Co., 161 Mo. 246 (84 Am. St. 710); Nichols v. Chicago, B. & Q. R. Co., 44 Colo. 501 (98 Pac. 808); Morgan v. Pere Marquette R. Co., 162 Mich. 573 (127 N. W. 683); Stearns v. Boston & M. R. Co., 75 N. H. 40 (71 Atl. 21); Tennessee C. R. Co. v. Gilbert, 131 Tenn. 201 (174 S. W. 812); Texas & P. R. Co. v. Cody, 166 U. S. 606, 615; Baltimore & O. R. Co. v. Griffith, 159 U. S. 603; Wilson v. Central R. Co., 88 N. J. L. 342 (96 Atl. 79); Doody v. Boston & M. R. Co., 77 N. H. 417 (92 Atl. 801); Same case, 77 N. H. 161 (89 Atl. 487); Texas & N. O. R. Co. v. Diaz, (Tex.) 234 S. W. 919; Texas & N. O. R. Co. v. Harrington, (Tex.) 235 S. W. 188, 192; Omaha, N. & B. H. R. Co. v. O’Donnell, 22 Neb. 475 (35 N. W. 235); Thomas v. Chicago & G. T. R. Co., 86 Mich. 496 (49 N. W. 547); Staal v. Grand Rapids & I. R. Co., 57 Mich. 239 (23 N. W. 795); Johnson v. Chicago, R. I. & P. R. Co., 77 Mo. 546; Brunswick & W. R. Co. v. Hoover, 74 Ga. 426; Hooper v. Boston & M. R. Co., 81 Me. 260 (17 Atl. 64); Kennayde v. Pacific R. Co., 45 Mo. 255; Weller v. Chicago, M. & St. P. R. Co., 120 Mo. 635 (23 S. W. 1061); Bunting v. Central P. R. Co., 14 Nev. 351; Evans v. Concord B. Corp., 66 N. H. 194 (21 Atl. 105); Ernst v. Hudson River R. Co., 35 N. Y. 9; Atlanta & W. P. R. Co. v. Lovelace, 121 Ga. 487 (49 S. E. 607).
Thus it is established beyond all cavil that, upon the question of contributory negligence of the traveler injured in a railway crossing accident, the fact that he may ’have been deceived or misled by the failure of the company to obey the law established for his protection is proper to bg considered upon the question whether he exercised reasonable care; and this is
As illustrating the universality of the rule and its application to this ease, we venture to quote a few concrete examples of its recognition by the courts. Even in Pennsylvania, where the traveler on the highway is held by an inflexible rule (not recognized in other jurisdictions) to stop, look, and listen, before venturing upon a crossing, it has been discussed in language so clear and in reasoning so cog;ent that we cannot forbear quoting it. There, the traveler was struck upon a crossing where the warning signal had not been given; and although the train .was visible for a distance of more than 600 feet, the question of contributory negligence was left to the jury, Pennsylvania R. Co. v. Ogier, 35 Pa. St. 60. The court there says:
"If there was no notice by blowing the whistle, a thing required to be done before reaching the point, and usually done,. a traveler accustomed to expect this would not only not be so likely to look out for danger or be in such a pi-eparedness to avoid it as he otherwise might have been, and this without any ■culpable negligence on his part. For if, by the negligence or omission of those in charge of the train, his vigilance was allayed, they are not at liberty to impute the consequence of their acts to his want of vigilance, a quality of xohich they deprived him. If their acts brought him within the boundaries of peril, they must answer for the results of that condition. If, therefore, he had a right to expect to hear the whistle sounded at a sufficient distance from the crossing, and did not, it is evident a different degree of care or vigilance might follow. Care is, undoubtedly, a relative term, or rather, conveys a relative idea as to the degree necessary to be observed under- circumstances. It is different, certainly, when there is reason to apprehend danger, from that degree to be exercised where it is not to be ap-
To the same point, it has been recently said by this court in Dusold v. Chicago G. W. R. Co., supra:
“While a railroad crossing suggests danger, the absence of danger signals, the absence of that which usually and ordinarily exists, which suggests danger, may have the effect of lulling the mind into a sense of security. * * * It is true that the absence of statutory signals does not relieve a party attempting to cross a railway track from the duty of vigilantly using all his senses to ascertain if there is danger in crossing; but this fact is proper to be considered by the jury, with all the other facts, in determining whether or not he exercised reasonable care and caution for his own safety.”
And again, in the same ease, we said:
' “ It is clearly true that, if the want of vigilance on the part of one injured was provoked and induced by the omission of a duty which the other party owed to the party injured, and was-the inducing cause of that want of vigilance, the other party ought not to be heard to complain. At least, it is a factor to be'considered in determining the question of want of vigilance. Or, in other words, if the party charged with contributory negligence was led into the omission of an act of vigilance which might have avoided the injury, by the omission of the complaining party to discharge some positive duty which he owed to the injured person, the performance of which would have suggested greater vigilance, and the want of which tended to lull him into the thought of security, the other party ought not to be permitted to profit thereby.”
To the same effect, see Wolfe v. Chicago G. W. R. Co.,
“The jury had a right to take this fact into consideration, in deciding whether plaintiff exercised ordinary care in attempting to go upon the crossing.”
Says the Colorado court:
“The law does not hold it imprudent in anyone to act upon the assumption that another, in his conduct, will act in accordance with the rights and duties of both. A railroad company cannot' impute a want of vigilance to one injured by its own negligence if that very■ want of vigilance is the consequence of an omission of duty on-its part.” Nichols v. Chicago, B. & Q. R. Co., supra.
In Wilson v. New York, N. H. & H. R. Co., 18 R. I. 491 (29 Atl. 258), the Rhode Island court states it to be the doctrine of all the courts) with perhaps the exception of Pennsylvania, that the omission by the railway company to observe its statutory duties respecting the use of crossings is “an implied assurance that no train or engine is approaching the crossing with intent to cross the street, upon which travelers on the street have a right to rely, and that, if a traveler on the street be injured while crossing the railroad in such circumstances, the question whether he was guilty of contributory negligence is for the jury.” See, also, Glushing v. Sharp, 96 N. Y. 678, and Palmer v. New York C. & H. R. R. Co., 112 N. Y. 234 (19 N. E. 678), where it is said that the statutes requiring the giving of signals cannot be disregarded, and the company then be allowed to say “that the traveler should not be influenced by these omissions.” In Hutchinson v. Missouri P. R. Co., supra, the Missouri court, referring to a city ordinance regulating the speed of trains, said that the fact of such ordinance might enter into plaintiff’s calculation, “unless she had reason to apprehend the train was moving in violation of the ordinance, and that that made a question for the jury.” In an English case, Directors, etc., of North Eastern R. Co. v. Wanless, L. R. 7 H. L. 12, decided by the House of Lords, where the railway company had negligently failed to close its crossing gate, and it was urged that the plain
Such, indeed, is the united voice of the precedents; and the rule so settled is so clearly in accord with sound reason and an enlightened sense of justice as to be no longer open to question.
The rule for which appellee contends is, in effe.ct, quite identical with the point sought to be made by the defense in Owens v. Iowa County, 186 Iowa 415, and in Kendall v. City of Des Moines, 183 Iowa 866, where it was insisted that contributory negligence as a matter of law should be predicated upon the fact that the driver of an automobile did not have his car under such control that he could bring it to a standstill in the distance within which he could easily see objects or depressions in the highway ahead of him. This contention we overruled, and distinctly refused to follow the lead of one or two other courts which had apparently so held. It was our view then, as it is now, that, under the old and settled rule, the question was for the jury, which could take into consideration all the circumstances surrounding the accident, and therefrom say whether the plaintiff was, at the time, in the exercise of reasonable care. We have recently repeated this ruling in Spiker v. City of Ottumwa, 193 Iowa 844. There is no valid reason for creating a more stringent rule in actions predicated on alleged negligence of railway companies than where negligence is charged against counties or cities. Again, the duty of the driver of a ear to have the same under control does not necessarily imply a control which enables him to stop instantly, or within any fixed or certain distance. It is a matter of common knowledge and observation that all vehicles, whether self-propelled or moved by animal power, when put in motion, acquire mo-
“There is no fixed standard in the law by which a court is enabled to arbitrarily say in every case what conduct shall be considered reasonable and prudent, and what shall constitute ordinary, care, under any and all circumstances. The terms ‘ordinary care/ ‘reasonable prudence/ and such like terms, as applied to the conduct and affairs of men, have a relative significance, ánd cannot be arbitrarily defined.”
In other words, while the court may state in abstract terms what is meant by reasonable care and prudence, it is for the jury to say whether the act or omission under consideration is, under all the circumstances, consistent with that standard. It is not within the province of this court to establish a rule by which any specific act or omission shall constitute negligence as a matter of law, without any consideration of the circumstances attending and surrounding it. To adapt the language of Mr. Justice Bradley in the Stead case, 95 U. S. 161, the mistake of defendant’s counsel consists in seeking to impose upon the driver of the car too exclusively the duty of avoiding the collision, and to relieve the railway too entirely from responsibility in the matter. And such would be the effect of sustaining' the defendant’s position in this case. If we proclaim the rule that every driver approaching a crossing must stop his car, or have it under such control that he can stop it in time to avoid a collision, at the peril of being held negligent as a matter of law, without consideration of the circumstances which have led him into the place of danger, he will thereby be compelled to become his own
This opinion has been prolonged to perhaps a wearisome length; but to the mind of the writer, it has been justified by the vigorous and determined efforts of eminent counsel in this and other cases of its class to restate the law and engraft upon it an arbitrary rule by which the right of a party to the verdict of a jury upon a vital question of fact shall be extinguished. It is not the province of the court to enter the field of legislation, and create arbitrary rules having the force and effect of law, either narrowing or enlarging the rights of litigants, in disregard of the rules and principles which have had universal judicial approval and direct and implied legislative recognition from time immemorial. If the time has come when other rights should be created, of either the railway on the one hand or of the public on the other, it should be sought through the lawmaking department of our government, and not by an unauthorized assumption of judicial power.
In concluding, we repeat, for the sake of emphasis, that we express no opinion whatever as to whether the plaintiff in this case was or was not chargeable with contributory negligence. We simply hold that the case as made by the record is sufficient to take that question to the jury.
For the error of the trial court in directing a verdict, the judgment below is reversed, and cause remanded for a new trial. — Reversed and remanded.
Concurrence Opinion
(specially concurring.) I concur in the result reached in the foregoing opinion upon the following ground only. According to the testimony of appellant and a companion who was with him, the car was traveling at a moderate rate of speed, and the attempt made by him to avoid a collision was very nearly successful. He turned the bus in the direction the train was going, and the side of the automobile collided with the left side of the engine. The morning was sloppy, and it is not improbable that appellant’s car skidded, to some extent.